vii
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENT
vii
LIST OF FIGURE
x
LIST OF TABLE
xi
LIST OF CHART
xii
LIST OF APPENDIX
xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xiv
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1 Background
1
1.2 Problem statement
3
1.3 Aims and objectives of the study
3
1.4 Methodology
4
1.5 Limitations of Dissertation
5
1.6 Organization of the dissertation
6
GREEN DEVELOPMENT
8
2.1 Introduction
8
2.2 Green Building
9
2.3 Demonstration Buildings
10
2.4 Green Building Index (GBI)
11
2.5 Component of GBI
13
2.6 Energy Efficiency in Industrial Existing Building
17
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2.7 Types and nature of building’s energy consumption
19
2.8 Consumption analysis of building energy consuming systems
20
2.9 Description and its classification of “Office Building”
21
2.10
21
Office building energy performance benchmark
2.10.1
3
4
Breakdown of Chiller Energy
22
2.11
Energy efficiency application in office building
24
2.12
Approaches use to measure building energy saving potential
26
2.12.1
Basic method
26
2.12.2
Benchmarking
27
2.12.3
Whole building metered approach
27
2.12.4
Retrofit isolation approach
28
2.13
Computer simulation
29
2.14
Estimation by experts’ through experience approach
30
2.15
Summary
31
DATA GETHERING
33
3.1 Introduction
33
3.2 Data gathering
34
3.3 Physical characteristics of the selected buildings
35
3.3.1
Functions of the surveyed buildings
35
3.3.2
Age of the surveyed buildings
36
3.3.3
Height distribution of the surveyed buildings
37
3.3.4
Floor Area distribution (GFA) of surveyed buildings
37
3.3.5
Building Space Usage
38
3.3.6
Building Occupancy
39
3.3.7
Building Functioning Time
39
3.3.8
Building Indoor Environment
40
3.3.9
Central plant air conditioning systems
40
3.4 Identification of energy consuming equipment and systems
41
3.5 Summary
44
DATA ANALYSIS
45
4.1 Introduction
45
4.2 Total building HVAC system energy consumption
46
4.2.1
To derive the peak load requirement:
47
4.2.2
To derive the yearly cooling load required for each of the building: 47
ix
4.2.3
Operating cost based on calculated RT
48
4.2.4
To derive the possible cost saving of the surveyed buildings:
48
4.3 EE technology implemented in surveyed Buildings
50
4.3.1
Lighting Power Density
53
4.3.2
Lighting Control
54
4.3.3
HVAC Sizing Design Practices
55
4.3.4
AHU Efficiency
56
4.3.5
Chiller Efficiency
57
4.3.6
Multiple Chillers
57
4.4 Auditing and Retrofitting Existing Buildings into Energy Efficient
5
Buildings
58
4.5 Summary
58
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
60
5.1 Introduction
60
5.2 Review and achievement of research objectives
61
5.3 Physical properties of build in relation to EE
63
5.4 Recommendation and Contribution of this study
64
5.5 Significance of the research
65
5.6 Limitations of study
65
5.7 Further studies
66
5.8 Summary
67
Bibliography
69
Appendix A
71
Appendix B
77
x
LIST OF FIGURE
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Energy Index Breakdown...................................................................... 22
3.1
GFA, Age & height of surveyed buildings ........................................... 38
4.1
Samples of LED light & Tech data ....................................................... 53
xi
LIST OF TABLE
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
GBI Point allocation (non residential)
14
2.2
Green Building Index classification
15
2.3
Assessment Criteria for industrial existing Building
15
2.4
IEB Assessment criteria score card
16
2.5
EE score breakdown
18
3.1
Configuration of surveyed buildings
36
3.2
Distribution of GFA and usage space
38
3.3
Occupancy rate and operating hours of surveyed buildings
39
3.4
General data for GFA, Age, Height, and operating hours
40
3.5
Number of Buildings and Electric Energy Use per Square Foot of
Floor Area by Census Division
42
3.6
Type of Building Installation for the Buildings
43
4.1
Peak load for the yearly cooling load required
47
4.2
Performance of the chiller plant cost of production, in RM/ year.
48
4.3
Energy consumption of the retrofitted building
49
4.4
Energy consumption of the various Energy Efficient designed
building
50
xii
LIST OF CHART
CHART NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Distribution of energy consumption of central air conditioning
20
4.1
Samples of controllable LED lights
55
xiii
LIST OF APPENDIX
APPENDIX
A
TITLE
Survey form for a conventional AND Energy
PAGE
71
Efficient designed building
B
Survey form for retrofitted building
77
xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AC
Air conditioning
ACA
Air-conditioning area (m2)
AHU
Air handling unit
ASEAN
Association of south-east Asian nations
BSP
Building simulation program
CA
Common area
CAC EC
Central air-conditioning energy consumption (kWh/year)
CAC EE
Central air-conditioning energy efficiency (kWh/m2/year)
CBECS
Commercial buildings energy consumption survey
CH EC
Chiller system energy consumption (kWh/year)
CH EE
Chiller energy efficiency (kWh/m2/year)
CHWP EC
Chilled water pump energy consumption (kWh/year)
CHWP EE
Chilled water pump energy efficiency (kWh/m2/year)
CPA
Car park Area
CT EC
Cooling tower energy consumption (kWh/year)
CT EE
Cooling tower energy efficiency (kWh/m2/year)
CWP EE
condensing water pump energy efficiency (kWh/m2/year)
DSP
Detailed simulation program
ECM
Energy conservation measurement
EC
Energy consumption
EE
Energy efficiency
EMCS
Energy management and control system
EPA
Environmental protection agency
ESCO
Energy Services Company
EUI
Energy use intensity
FCU
Fan coil unit
GFA
Gross floor area (m2/FT2)
xv
GFA ex cpa
Gross floor area excluding car park area (m2/FT2)
GLA
Gross lettable area (m2/ft2)
HBLC
Heat balance loads calculator
HVAC
Heating, ventilating and air conditioning
LSAC
Standalone air-con of the landlord
M&E
Mechanical and electrical
MEPR
M&E plant room area
M&V
Measurement and verification
OHF
Operating hours factor
OR
Occupancy rate (%)
PC
Personal computer
RCU
Remote control unit
SE
Savings estimate
SP
Saving potential
TSAC
standalone air-con of the tenant