vii TABLE OF CONTENT CHAPTER 1 2 TITLE PAGE DECLARATION ii DEDICATION iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv ABSTRACT v ABSTRAK vi TABLE OF CONTENT vii LIST OF FIGURE x LIST OF TABLE xi LIST OF CHART xii LIST OF APPENDIX xiii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiv INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Problem statement 3 1.3 Aims and objectives of the study 3 1.4 Methodology 4 1.5 Limitations of Dissertation 5 1.6 Organization of the dissertation 6 GREEN DEVELOPMENT 8 2.1 Introduction 8 2.2 Green Building 9 2.3 Demonstration Buildings 10 2.4 Green Building Index (GBI) 11 2.5 Component of GBI 13 2.6 Energy Efficiency in Industrial Existing Building 17 viii 2.7 Types and nature of building’s energy consumption 19 2.8 Consumption analysis of building energy consuming systems 20 2.9 Description and its classification of “Office Building” 21 2.10 21 Office building energy performance benchmark 2.10.1 3 4 Breakdown of Chiller Energy 22 2.11 Energy efficiency application in office building 24 2.12 Approaches use to measure building energy saving potential 26 2.12.1 Basic method 26 2.12.2 Benchmarking 27 2.12.3 Whole building metered approach 27 2.12.4 Retrofit isolation approach 28 2.13 Computer simulation 29 2.14 Estimation by experts’ through experience approach 30 2.15 Summary 31 DATA GETHERING 33 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 Data gathering 34 3.3 Physical characteristics of the selected buildings 35 3.3.1 Functions of the surveyed buildings 35 3.3.2 Age of the surveyed buildings 36 3.3.3 Height distribution of the surveyed buildings 37 3.3.4 Floor Area distribution (GFA) of surveyed buildings 37 3.3.5 Building Space Usage 38 3.3.6 Building Occupancy 39 3.3.7 Building Functioning Time 39 3.3.8 Building Indoor Environment 40 3.3.9 Central plant air conditioning systems 40 3.4 Identification of energy consuming equipment and systems 41 3.5 Summary 44 DATA ANALYSIS 45 4.1 Introduction 45 4.2 Total building HVAC system energy consumption 46 4.2.1 To derive the peak load requirement: 47 4.2.2 To derive the yearly cooling load required for each of the building: 47 ix 4.2.3 Operating cost based on calculated RT 48 4.2.4 To derive the possible cost saving of the surveyed buildings: 48 4.3 EE technology implemented in surveyed Buildings 50 4.3.1 Lighting Power Density 53 4.3.2 Lighting Control 54 4.3.3 HVAC Sizing Design Practices 55 4.3.4 AHU Efficiency 56 4.3.5 Chiller Efficiency 57 4.3.6 Multiple Chillers 57 4.4 Auditing and Retrofitting Existing Buildings into Energy Efficient 5 Buildings 58 4.5 Summary 58 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 60 5.1 Introduction 60 5.2 Review and achievement of research objectives 61 5.3 Physical properties of build in relation to EE 63 5.4 Recommendation and Contribution of this study 64 5.5 Significance of the research 65 5.6 Limitations of study 65 5.7 Further studies 66 5.8 Summary 67 Bibliography 69 Appendix A 71 Appendix B 77 x LIST OF FIGURE FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE 2.1 Energy Index Breakdown...................................................................... 22 3.1 GFA, Age & height of surveyed buildings ........................................... 38 4.1 Samples of LED light & Tech data ....................................................... 53 xi LIST OF TABLE TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE 2.1 GBI Point allocation (non residential) 14 2.2 Green Building Index classification 15 2.3 Assessment Criteria for industrial existing Building 15 2.4 IEB Assessment criteria score card 16 2.5 EE score breakdown 18 3.1 Configuration of surveyed buildings 36 3.2 Distribution of GFA and usage space 38 3.3 Occupancy rate and operating hours of surveyed buildings 39 3.4 General data for GFA, Age, Height, and operating hours 40 3.5 Number of Buildings and Electric Energy Use per Square Foot of Floor Area by Census Division 42 3.6 Type of Building Installation for the Buildings 43 4.1 Peak load for the yearly cooling load required 47 4.2 Performance of the chiller plant cost of production, in RM/ year. 48 4.3 Energy consumption of the retrofitted building 49 4.4 Energy consumption of the various Energy Efficient designed building 50 xii LIST OF CHART CHART NO. TITLE PAGE 2.1 Distribution of energy consumption of central air conditioning 20 4.1 Samples of controllable LED lights 55 xiii LIST OF APPENDIX APPENDIX A TITLE Survey form for a conventional AND Energy PAGE 71 Efficient designed building B Survey form for retrofitted building 77 xiv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AC Air conditioning ACA Air-conditioning area (m2) AHU Air handling unit ASEAN Association of south-east Asian nations BSP Building simulation program CA Common area CAC EC Central air-conditioning energy consumption (kWh/year) CAC EE Central air-conditioning energy efficiency (kWh/m2/year) CBECS Commercial buildings energy consumption survey CH EC Chiller system energy consumption (kWh/year) CH EE Chiller energy efficiency (kWh/m2/year) CHWP EC Chilled water pump energy consumption (kWh/year) CHWP EE Chilled water pump energy efficiency (kWh/m2/year) CPA Car park Area CT EC Cooling tower energy consumption (kWh/year) CT EE Cooling tower energy efficiency (kWh/m2/year) CWP EE condensing water pump energy efficiency (kWh/m2/year) DSP Detailed simulation program ECM Energy conservation measurement EC Energy consumption EE Energy efficiency EMCS Energy management and control system EPA Environmental protection agency ESCO Energy Services Company EUI Energy use intensity FCU Fan coil unit GFA Gross floor area (m2/FT2) xv GFA ex cpa Gross floor area excluding car park area (m2/FT2) GLA Gross lettable area (m2/ft2) HBLC Heat balance loads calculator HVAC Heating, ventilating and air conditioning LSAC Standalone air-con of the landlord M&E Mechanical and electrical MEPR M&E plant room area M&V Measurement and verification OHF Operating hours factor OR Occupancy rate (%) PC Personal computer RCU Remote control unit SE Savings estimate SP Saving potential TSAC standalone air-con of the tenant