International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 2, Issue 5, M ay-2013
ISSN 2278-7763
414
Studies on growth, yield and economic parameters of
kasthuri turmeric (Curcuma aromatica Salisb.) under
organic manuring practices
Bhende Siddhesh Shamrao1, P. C. Jessykutty1, Shrishail Duggi2, Santoshkumar Magadum3,
Harish K Handral4 and Shruthi S.D5*
1
Department of Plantation Crops and Spices; Vellayani
Thiruvananthapuram- 695 522,Kerala.
2
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, Vellayani Thiruvananthapuram- 695 522, Kerala.
3
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, GBPUA&T,
Pantnagar - 263145, Uttarakhand.
4
Department of Solid State Crystal Unit, Indian Institute of Science,
Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India.
5
P.G. Department of Biotechnology, The Oxford College of Science,
Bangalore 560102, Karnataka, India.
Corresponding author: sdshruthi@gmail.com*
ABSTRACT
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Experiment was conducted at Vellayani (Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala) to study the combined effect of
organic manures and microbial inoculants in kasthuri turmeric. The combinations of different organic manures such
as Farm yard manure, Vermicompost and Neem cake and four microbial inoculants such as Azospirillum,
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, Trichoderma and Pseudomonas were taken for the study. The results indicated that
application of treatment M 2 d recorded significantly superior values for plant height, leaf area, rhizome and root
characters followed by M 3 d, M 4 d and M 1 d. Highest fresh and dry rhizome yield was produced by M 2 d.
Equivalent yield was also obtained from M 3 d. Significantly superior yields compared to control were also
registered by M 4 d, M 1 d, M 2 d/2 and M 4 d/2. Economic analysis revealed that, treatment M 3 d recorded the highest
B: C (Benefit: Cost) ratio (3.05) followed by M 3 d/2 (2.92). Better B: C ratios were also observed with treatments
M 4 d/2, M 1 d/2, M 4 d, M 1 d and M 2 d/2 (2.57, 2.55, 2.53, 2.49 and 2.43) respectively. M 2 d recorded a B: C ratio
of 2.37. There was significant increase in the growth and yield of turmeric with the supplements and hence become
cost effective.
Key words: Curcuma aromatica Salisb., kasthuri turmeric, microbial inoculants, organic manures, yield
1 INTRODUCTION
K
asthuri turmeric (Curcuma aromatica
Salisb.)
belonging
to
the
family
Zingiberaceae is a medicinal and aromatic
plant with multiple uses. Several commercially
produced cosmetics and ayurvedic preparations
contain kasthuri turmeric. Skin care is the major
domain of application of this aromatic plant.
Rhizomes of C. aromatica are also used in medicines
as a stomachic, carminative and emmenogogue, for
skin diseases and recently as a health food in Japan
[1]. Throughout the world India stands as largest
producer of turmeric (93.3% of the total world
production) and its cultivation is done in 150,000
hectares in India [2]. Turmeric covers 6% of the total
area under the spices in the country, which are
mainly used for domestic purpose as condiment and
Copyright © 2013 SciResPub.
occupies. Only 8% of the total production is
exported annually and the rest is consumed in the
domestic market. Maximum area under turmeric is in
Andhra Pradesh followed by Maharashtra, Tamil
Nadu, Orissa, Karnataka and Kerala. The genus
Curcuma L. (Zingiberaceace) contains many taxa
which are economically important as food,
condiment and as coloring, medicinal and
ornamental materials [3].
Due to lack of a comprehensive taxonomic revision,
still there is little consensus on the number of species
that should be recognized. Recent species may vary
from 503 to 80 species [4]. Their number will
probably reach 120 in the near future due to ongoing
detailed Botanical exploration of India and South
East Asia [3]. The genus exhibit wide variations at
intra and inter-specific levels. Turmeric is having
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International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 2, Issue 5, M ay-2013
ISSN 2278-7763
415
anti-inflammatory, hypocholestraemic, choleratic,
anti-microbial, insect repellent, anti-rheumatic, antifibrotic, anti-venomous, anti-diabetic, anti-viral,
anti-hepatotoxic as well as anti-cancerous properties
in day to day domestic use as a folk lore medicine
from time immemorial. With curcumin, oleoresin oil
and other complex compounds it is lately gaining
importance as potential source of drugs for various
ailments. Turmeric oil is used as aromatherapy and
in perfume industry. Apart from religious, cultural
and magical uses, it has been an inseparable part of
Ayurvedic system of medicine in India and China
[5],[2]. Many authors are attempting to collect the
information
to
provide
a
comprehensive
ethanobotanic treatment on Turmeric in India with
special reference to its use as medicines based on the
information available in literature along with those
collected by authors.
of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram,
Kerala. The area is situated at 8o 30' North latitude
and 76o 54' East longitude at an altitude of 29 m
above sea level during May 2010 to January 2011.
The soil of the experimental site was red loam and
belongs to Vellayani series which comes under the
order Oxisol. The pH of the soil was 6.5 (Pen type,
HI2215, Hanna), electrical conductivity was 0.233 d
S m-1 (Deci siemens per meter) and with a high
organic carbon of 0.820% estimated by Walkley and
Black’s rapid titration method [7]. The soil was high
in available nitrogen (233.35 kg ha-1), available
phosphorus (57.01 kg ha-1) and available potassium
(371.28 kg ha-1) which were estimated by alkaline
permanganate method [8], Bray No.1 method using
spectro-photometer [7] and Neutral normal
ammonium acetate method using flame photometer
[7] respectively.
Considering the world demand for organic food, the
improvement of soil health and productivity and the
availability of local resources, the organic farming
practice can be encouraged. Our farmers can take
advantage of this opportunity presently available in
the international market by offering organically
produced spice, aromatic and medicinal products.
Use of bio-fertilizers for crop production is gaining
momentum as they are environmentally safe when
compared to chemical fertilizers. Though organic
manures have beneficial effects on soil health and
crop productivity, their limited nutrient content and
requirement in large quantity is a constraint for their
wider usage. Dwindling availability and huge cost
of bulky organic manures warrants the need for
reducing their quantity through appropriate
substitutes. As a cost effective supplement to
chemical fertilizers and as a renewable energy
source, microbial inoculants can economize the high
investment needed for fertilizer usage of Nitrogen
and Phosphorus [6]. Microbial inoculants like
Azospirillum, Phosphobacteria and Arbuscular
Mycorrhizal Fungi are capable of enhancing the
fertilizer use efficiently, soil fertility status and thus
help in improving the yield and quality of crops.
2.2 Treatment of sample:
The treatments consisted of different combinations
of three organic manures such as Farm yard manure,
Vermicompost and Neem cake and four microbial
inoculants such as Azospirillum, Arbuscular
Mycorrhizal Fungi, Trichoderma and Pseudomonas.
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The present research was conducted to evaluate the
significant and combined effect of different organic
manures and microbial inoculants on kasthuri
turmeric towards the growth, yield and economic
improvement of it.
The experiment was laid out in a randomized block
design with nine replications. The combinations are
as shown in table 1. For statistical analysis,
treatments were divided into four different groups
viz., FYM + mi group (M1),Vermicompost (VC) +
mi group (M2), Neemcake (NC) + mi group (M3)
and FYM + Vermicompost (VC) + Neemcake (NC)
+ mi group (M4) and treatments were categorized as
their full and half dose of each group (manures). So
finally, for statistical analysis the different treatments
were as given below:
M1 d - Full dose of FYM - FYM 40.0 t ha-1 + mi
(T1),
M2 d - Full dose of Vermicompost -Vermicompost
(VC) 25.0 t ha-1 + mi (T2),
M3 d - Full dose of Neemcake - Neemcake (NC) 6.0
t ha-1 + mi (T3),
M1 d/2 -Half dose of FYM - FYM 20.0 t ha-1 + mi
(T4),
2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Sample collection and basic analysis:
M2 d/2 -Half dose of Vermicompost
Vermicompost 12.5 t ha-1 + mi (T5),
The field experiment was conducted at the
Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College
M3 d/2 -Half dose of Neemcake - Neemcake 3.0 t
ha-1 + mi (T6),
Copyright © 2013 SciResPub.
-
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International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 2, Issue 5, M ay-2013
ISSN 2278-7763
M4 d -Half dose of FYM + 1/4 th dose of
Vermicompost + 1/4 th dose of Neemcake - FYM
20.0 t ha-1 + VC 6.25 t ha-1 + NC 1.5 t ha-1 + mi
(T7),
M4 d/2-Half dose of FYM + 1/8 th dose of
Vermicompost + 1/8 th dose of Neemcake - FYM
20.0 t ha-1 + VC 3.125 t ha-1 + NC 0.75 t ha-1 + mi
(T8),
M0 d0 - Absolute control with no organic manures
and microbial inoculants (T9).
Sl.No.
Coding
416
Institute of Spice Research accession of kasthuri
turmeric was used as treatments were applied as
basal dose at the time of planting. Commercial
inoculum of Arbascular Mycorrhizal Fungi- 2-3 g
per pit was applied at the time of planting to all
treatments excluding control. In the case of
Trichoderma, slurry was prepared by dissolving 20 g
in 1 liter of water and the rhizomes were dipped in it
and then dried for 30 minutes under shade before
planting. Azospirillum was mixed with the organic
manures in a ratio of 1:25 and applied. Two per cent
suspension of Pseudomonas was applied as soil
drenching at the rate of 5-10 ml per pit just after
planting. Hand weeding was done during first and
second month and forth month whereas, earthing up
and mulching were done at second and fourth
Combinations
Manures
Microbial inoculants
Tonnes per ha
1
M 1 d (T 1 )
Farm yard manure (FYM) 40.0
Azospirillum, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi,
Trichoderma and Pseudomonas.
2.
M 2 d (T 2 )
Vermicompost (VC)25.0
Azospirillum, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi,
Trichoderma and Pseudomonas.
3.
M 3 d (T 3 )
Neemcake (NC) 6.0
Azospirillum, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi,
Trichoderma and Pseudomonas
4.
M 1 d/2 (T 4 )
FYM 20.0
Azospirillum, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi,
Trichoderma and Pseudomonas
5.
M 2 d/2 (T 5 )
Vermicompost 12.5
Azospirillum, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi,
Trichoderma and Pseudomonas
6.
M 3 d/2 (T 6 )
Neemcake 3.0
Azospirillum, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi,
Trichoderma and Pseudomonas
7.
M 4 d (T 7 )
FYM 20.0 + VC 6.25+ NC 1.5
Azospirillum, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi,
Trichoderma and Pseudomonas
8.
M 4 d/2 (T 8 )
FYM 20.0 + VC 3.125 + NC
0.75
Azospirillum, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi,
Trichoderma and Pseudomonas
9.
M 0 d 0 (T 9 )
-
-
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Table 1: Combinations of organic manure and
organisms taken for study along with their codes.
The crop was sown in the first week of June, 2010.
Rhizome bits were planted at a depth of 5 cm with
buds facing upwards at a spacing of 30 x 30 cm and
covered with soil. The crop was raised as rainfed but
with need based life saving irrigations. Indian
Copyright © 2013 SciResPub.
months after planting. The crop was harvested when
the above ground portion were completely dried up
(at around 230 days after planting). Five
observational plants per replication were taken from
each treatment and the plants were tagged for taking
biometric observations at bimonthly intervals
starting from second to sixth months after planting.
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International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 2, Issue 5, M ay-2013
ISSN 2278-7763
The yield and yield components were recorded only
during harvest.
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Growth Parameters:
The effect of organic manures and microbial
inoculants on plant height of kasthuri turmeric was
significantly higher to control and was most
prominent in vermicompost + mi
(M 2 d) treated
plants. This may be due to the increase in soil
fertility level in the amended soils which is
evidenced by the higher available Nitrogen in the
soil. Role of organic manures in maintaining soil
health and their influence on growth and
development of crop has been well documented [9],
[10]. Besides influencing the physico chemical
properties of soil, vermicompost is also known to
contain growth promoting substances, enhance
microbial activity and prevent nitrogen loss by
leaching [9],[11]. Compared to the availability of
nutrients from most of the bulky organic manures,
the release of nutrients from the added vermicompost
is more and could be the reason for higher plant
heights. The result of present investigation is in
agreement with the findings of Nirmalatha [12].
Combined application of the three organic manures
(FYM, VC and NC) in full and half dose + mi (M 4 d
and M 4 d/2), full dose of neemcake + mi (M 3 d), full
dose of FYM + mi (M 1 d) also were equally effective
treatments for producing significantly superior plant
heights. Neemcake and FYM in half dose + mi (M 3
d/2 and M 1 d/2) were found to be less effective in
producing better plant height especially during the
later stages of crop growth. Also, treatment M 2 d
recorded significantly superior values for leaf area,
rhizome and root characters followed by M 3 d and
M 4 d and M 1 d (Table 2).
417
vermicompost has a potential for improving plant
growth and dry matter yield when added to the soil
correlates the present observation. Full dose of
neemcake application + mi (M 3 d) also produced
a comparable fresh and dry rhizome yield of
437.42 and 79.09 g plant-1 respectively. The
higher nutrient content in neemcake coupled with
their easy and extended availability and better
uptake brought about by the microbial action
might have resulted in higher yield in this
treatment. The statement of Sathianathan [16] that
neemcake reduces leaching loss and extends the
period of availability of N to the crop supports this
observation. Increase in the yield by the application
of neemcake has been reported by Sadanandan and
Hamza [17] in ginger and Rao et al. [18] in
turmeric. Also, treatment M 2 d recorded
significantly superior values number of fingers
followed by M 3 d and M 4 d and M 1 d (Table 3).
3.3 Benefit to Cost (B : C) ratio:
The economics for combined application of organic
manuring and microbial inoculants in kasthuri
turmeric was also worked out. Though full dose
application of vermicompost + mi (M 2 d) gave
maximum yield (fresh and dry rhizome yield of
456.99 and 82.56 g plant-1 respectively) which
gave a lowest B: C ratio (2.37) except control and
it happened so because of higher cost of cultivation
incurred for the purchase of readymade
vermicompost. Among all treatments, the highest
benefit cost ratio (3.05) was for the treatment M 3 d
(neemcake 6 t ha-1 + mi) because of the highest net
profit.
The superiority of neemcake and
vermicompost in increasing yield and net returns in
kasthuri turmeric has already been reported by
Nirmalatha [12]. Economic analysis revealed that,
treatments M 3 d, M 3 d/2 and M 4 d/2 recorded the
higher B: C ratios (Table 4). Hence, treatment M 3 d
(Neemcake 6.0 t ha-1 + mi) can be considered as the
best cost effective organic manurial recommendation
for kasthuri turmeric cultivation. In the treatments
involving vermicompost, the cost cultivation can be
reduced substantially if the farmers resort to produce
the vermicompost by themselves using available
organic wastes/plant residues rather than purchasing
the readymade vermicompost. If so, these treatments
can turn out to be the most cost effective ones.
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3.2 Yield Parameters:
Among the different organic manures and their
combinations tried, vermicompost was found to
be most effective followed by neemcake.
Accordingly
full
dose
application
of
vermicompost + mi (M 2 d) turned out to be the
best treatment giving a fresh and dry rhizome
yield of 456.99 and 82.56 g plant-1 respectively.
The higher and easily available nutrient content
in vermicompost and their better uptake by the
plants might be the reason for the highest
rhizome yield in this treatment. The reports of
Nagavallemma et al. [13] that vermicompost
contains a higher percentage of nutrients necessary
for plant growth in readily available forms and that
of Atiyeh et al. [14] and Zaller [15] that
Copyright © 2013 SciResPub.
4 CONCLUSION
Among the nine treatments tried, treatment
M 3 d (Neemcake 6.0 t ha-1 along with microbial
inoculants Azospirillum, AMF, Trichoderma and
Pseudomonas) which recorded a fresh rhizome yield
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International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 2, Issue 5, M ay-2013
ISSN 2278-7763
of 27.84 t ha-1 and the highest B: C ratio of 3.05 can
be considered as the best cost effective organic
manurial recommendation for kasthuri turmeric
cultivation. Treatment M 3 d/2 (Neemcake 3.0 t ha-1
+ mi) was found to be the next best treatment which
recorded a fresh rhizome yield of 23.21 t ha-1 and a
B: C ratio of 2.92. Much improvement in soil
physical, chemical and biological properties can be
achieved through organic manuring in kasthuri
turmeric using FYM, vermicompost and neemcake
along with microbial inoculants like Azospirillum +
AMF + Trichoderma + Pseudomonas.
Organic turmeric has a higher purchase price than
conventional turmeric, a common caveat of organic
foods. Although research points to the nutritional
and environmental benefits of organic foods,
selecting organic turmeric over conventional
turmeric may benefit the environment by conserving
water, preserving soil quality and reducing water
waste. Improved taste, although a subjective opinion,
may also factor into reason that organic turmeric can
serve as a wise alternative to conventional turmeric.
Approximately 40% of consumers purchase organic
foods due to a preference in taste, which may result
from higher anti-oxidant levels. While the evidence
suggest the health and environmental benefits of
organic foods needs more research to confirm their
impact on human health. According to the “Journal
of Alternative and Complimentary Medicine”
organic foods generally contain higher amounts of
mineral, vitamins and anti-oxidants compared to
conventionally grown foods. Best treatments from
present research may be subjected to farm trials and
multilocation trials for studying their effectiveness in
farmer’s fields and under different agro-ecological
conditions. Investigation of the feasibility of other
sources of organic manures and microbial inoculants
and their combination is in progress.
418
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Padmaja, C. Vineela, M. Babu Rao, and K.L.
Sahrawat, “Vermicomposting: Recycling wastes
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into valuable organic fertilizer.” Global Theme
on Agrecosystems Report no. 8, Patancheru 502
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Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics.
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J.D. Metzger, “Influence of earthwormprocessed pig manure on the growth and yield of
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Reddy, “Effect of organic and inorganic
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17. A. K. Sadanandan, and S. Hamza, “Effect of
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Table 2.
Effect of organic manures and
microbial inoculants on growth characters in
Curcuma aromatica Salisb.
Treatments / Manures
Plant
height
(cm)
Leaf
area
(cm2)
Rhizome
spread
(cm)
M 1 d (T 1 )
M 2 d (T 2 )
M 3 d (T 3 )
M 1 d/2 (T 4 )
M 2 d/2 (T 5 )
M 3 d/2 (T 6 )
M 4 d (T 7 )
M 4 d/2 (T 8 )
M 0 d 0 (T 9 )
CD(Treatments)
M 1 (FYM + mi)
M 2 (VC + mi)
M 3 (NC + mi)
M 4 (FYM + VC+ NC +
mi)
CD (Manures)
F 1,16 ( M 0 T 0 Vs M)
133.87
143.13
139.20
126.33
139.27
115.87
137.67
134.33
111.03
17.806
130.10
141.20
127.53
136.00
642.31
716.79
580.38
642.01
660.59
510.52
677.66
614.22
474.60
163.634
642.16
688.69
545.45
645.94
12.591
12.957**
115.700
7.258*
Copyright © 2013 SciResPub.
Root
length
(cm)
Root
spread
(cm)
Dry root
weight
(g)
22.12
22.82
22.41
20.87
21.12
20.96
22.16
20.99
16.12
3.230
21.49
21.97
21.69
21.57
Rhizome
thickenss
(cm)
2.70
2.79
2.78
2.59
2.66
2.61
2.73
2.64
2.31
0.254
2.65
2.73
2.70
2.69
22.00
24.37
24.07
20.28
21.31
20.85
23.85
21.24
18.91
4.117
21.41
22.84
22.46
22.55
30.89
34.91
33.51
29.01
30.37
29.02
31.31
30.07
26.99
3.414
29.95
32.64
31.27
30.69
6.61
7.79
7.47
5.25
6.37
5.33
7.11
5.77
3.47
3.862
5.93
7.08
6.40
6.44
2.283
6.457*
0.180
7.821*
2.911
5.238*
2.414
11.770**
2.731
4.795 *
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*significant at 5 per cent
420
**significant at 1 per cent
Table 3. Effect of organic manures and microbial inoculants on rhizome yield (g plant-1) in Curcuma aromatica
Salisb.
Treatments / Manures
Fresh rhizome yield
(g plant-1)
Dry rhizome yield
(g plant-1)
Number
of
fingers
M 1 d (T 1 )
M 2 d (T 2 )
M 3 d (T 3 )
M 1 d/2 (T 4 )
M 2 d/2 (T 5 )
M 3 d/2 (T 6 )
M 4 d (T 7 )
M 4 d/2 (T 8 )
M 0 d 0 (T 9 )
CD (Treatments)
M 1 (FYM + mi)
M 2 (VC + mi)
M 3 (NC + mi)
M 4 (FYM + VC+ NC
+mi)
CD (Manures)
F 1,16 ( M 0 T 0 Vs M)
*significant at 5 per cent
399.49
456.99
437.42
366.84
383.32
377.10
428.81
382.89
257.49
120.258
383.17
420.16
407.26
405.85
71.66
82.56
79.09
66.19
69.00
68.09
77.18
69.01
46.34
21.489
68.69
75.78
73.59
73.10
26.07
32.33
27.27
25.13
26.00
25.20
26.73
25.80
19.12
6.335
25.60
29.17
26.23
26.27
85.035
11.877 **
**significant at 1 per cent
15.195
12.159 **
4.480
7.365 *
IJOART
Table 4. Effect of organic manures and microbial inoculants on economics of cultivation / B: C ratio in Curcuma
aromatica Salisb.
Treatments
Yield/Plot
Gross
income
(Rs.)
Cost of
cultivation (Rs.)
Net income
(Rs.)
B:C
ratio
(kg.)
Fresh
yield
(t/ha.)
M 1 d (T 1 )
11.804
24.79
619750
248977
370773
2.49
M 2 d (T 2 )
13.748
28.87
721750
304954
416796
2.37
M 3 d (T 3 )
13.257
27.84
696000
228065
467935
3.05
M 1 d/2 (T 4 )
9.562
20.08
502000
196960
305040
2.55
M 2 d/2 (T 5 )
11.533
24.22
605500
248964
356536
2.43
M 3 d/2 (T 6 )
11.052
23.21
580250
198980
381270
2.92
M 4 d (T 7 )
12.767
26.81
670250
264860
405390
2.53
M 4 d/2 (T 8 )
11.314
23.76
594000
230910
363090
2.57
M 0 d 0 (T 9 )
6.386
13.41
335250
189063
146187
1.77
Copyright © 2013 SciResPub.
IJOART