International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 4, Issue 2, February -2015
ISSN 2278-7763
34
Comparative Study of Air Quality in Jabalpur during
Diwali Festival
R.K. SRIVASTAVA, KALPANA SAGAR & GUFRAN BEIG*
Environmental Research Laboratory, P.G. Department of Environmental Science, Govt. Model
Science College (Autonomous), NAAC RE-Accredited – ‘A’ Grade, College with Potential for
Excellence, UGC, Jabalpur 482001(M.P.) India
*Senior scientist-F and programme director, Indian Institute of Tropical meteorology (IITM )
Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune- 411008, Maharashtra, India
ABSTRACT
The Air Quality Monitoring Data is generated from Air Quality Monitoring
Stations (AAQMS) under the ministry of earth sciences, New Delhi, INDIA, to
study the trends in annual average concentration air pollutants during Diwali
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festival of Particulate Matter (PM) in Jablapur. The ambient air quality monitoring
network involves measurement of a number of air pollutants. A variety of methods
exist to measure particulate matter as well as gaseous pollutants in air. This study
evaluates the effects of particulate air pollution associated short-term exposure of
particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) in Diwali festival. Fireworks display during
festive celebrations can cause acute short term air pollution. Concentration of air
pollutants such as particulate pollutants (PM10 & PM2.5) and gaseous pollutants CO,
NO2 & CH4 was monitored for six consecutive days during Diwali in, a densely
populated residential area near, Jabalpur, India for assessing the impacts of
fireworks on ambient air quality. The study was conducted for three consecutive
years i.e. 2012, 2013 and 2014. The result shows that air quality deteriorates during
Diwali festival is due to the use of excessive amount of firecrackers. A
comparative account of three years air quality data is also presented.
Keyword: Particulate Matter (PM10, PM2.5), Air Quality, Meteorological
Parameter, firework comparison of air quality, Diwali festival.\
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Capsule Abstract:- In 2012 Jabalpur city was the most polluted among the all
three years during Diwali days as compared to 2013 or 2014.
INTRODUCTION:Air pollution levels in big cities are a growing cause for concern in
recent years. The Particulate Matter (PM) – dust, fumes, smoke, and gases – is way
above permissible limits in many of our big cities. These levels see a quantum
jump during festivals, the main culprits being crackers, inflammable substances,
and artificial colors. The word Diwal, is made of two words; deep (lamp or diyas)
and avali (row), which means a line or a row of lamps. During the festival
of Diwali lamps are lit in every home and workplace. That is why this festival is
also known as the 'Festival of Lights'. Diwali a festival of light is also celebrated as
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a festival of fire crackers, which generates lot of noise, toxic gases, dust and solid
waste affecting adversely the public in general and asthmatic patients in particular.
In the Gregorian calendar, Diwali night falls between mid-October and midNovember. Before Diwali, people breathe clean air and in Diwali night they
breathe a lot of pollution by atmosphere. Thakur et.al (2010) studied air pollution
from fireworks during festival of lights (Deepawali) in Howrah, India - a case
study. Fireworks display during festive celebrations can cause acute short term air
pollution. Deepawali –the festival of light– is celebrated in India. Concentration of
air pollutants such as SPM (suspended particulate matter), PM 10, PM2.5, SO2 and
NO2 were monitored for six consecutive days during Deepawali in Salkia, a
densely populated residential area near Kolkata, India, for assessing the impacts of
fireworks on ambient air quality. The pollutant concentrations as recorded on
Deepawali were found to be several times higher compared to a typical winter day
value. The results indicated the huge contribution of fireworks on the pollutant
levels. The particulate concentrations on Deepawali exceeded its respective 24
hour residential standards by several times.
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International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 4, Issue 2, February -2015
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Study of temporal variation in ambient air quality during
Diwali festival in India was studied by Singh et.al (2010). The variation in air
quality was assessed from the ambient concentrations of various air pollutants
particulate matter, SO2, and NO2 for Pre-Diwali, Diwali festival, Post-Diwali, and
foggy day Delhi (India), from 2002 to 2007. The extensive use of fireworks was
found to be related to short-term variation in air quality. During the festival
concentrations of PM10, SO2, and NO2 increased two to six times during the Diwali
period when compared to the data reported for an industrial site. The levels of
these pollutants observed during Diwali were found to be higher due to adverse
meteorological conditions, i.e., decrease in 24 h average mixing height,
temperature, and wind speed. These results indicate that fireworks during the
Diwali festival affected the ambient air quality adversely due to emission and
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accumulation of TSP, PM10, SO2, and NO2.
Khaparde et.al (2011) studied Influence of burning of fireworks on
particle size distribution of PM 10 and associated Barium at Nagpur.
Influence of burning of fireworks on particle size distribution of PM 10 and
associated barium (Ba) were studied at a congested residential cum commercial
area of Nagpur city, India. Sampling was carried out by cascade impactor before
Diwali, during Diwali, celebrations of marriage functions, and New Year’s Eve.
Noticeably, increased levels of PM10 and Ba were observed during Diwali as
compared to days before Diwali and other activities. Distribution of Ba varied with
respect to particle size, in accordance with the intensity of the fireworks used on
different days and distance between the burning of firecrackers from the
monitoring site.
Kumar and Goyal (2012), reported Forecasting of Air Quality
Index in Delhi Using Neural Network Based on Principal Component
Analysis. The air quality index is a number, based on the comprehensive effect of
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International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 4, Issue 2, February -2015
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concentrations of major air pollutants, used by Government agencies to
characterize the quality of the air at different locations, which is also used for local
and regional air quality management in many metro cities of the world. Thus, the
main objective of the study is to forecast the daily AQI through a neural network
based on principal component analysis (PCA). The AQI of criteria air pollutants
has been forecasted using the previous day’s AQI and meteorological variables,
which have been found to be nearly same for weekends and weekdays. The
evaluation of the PCA-neural network model has been made by comparing its
results with the results of the neural network and observed values during 2000–
2006 in four different seasons through statistical parameters, which reveal that the
PCA-neural network is performing better than the neural network in all of the four
seasons.
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Rao et.al (2012) studied Air quality status during Diwali festival of
India: a case study. The PM2.5 and PM10 samples were collected during Diwali
celebration from study area and characterized for ionic concentration of four
3-
anions NO , NO2-, Cl-, SO4- and five cations K+, Mg2+, NH4+, Ca2+, Na+. The
results showed that the ionic concentrations were three times compared to those on
pre and post Diwali days.
Sharma et.al (2013) investigated ambient air quality and noise
monitoring during Deepawali festival in Haridwar city of Uttarakhand state
(India). Four parameters viz. RSPM, SPM, SO2 and NO2 were studied for nonfestive and festive days during Deepawali at two busy intersections of Haridwar
city namely; Ranipur More and Singh Dwar. Noise levels were also monitored for
both sites with the help of Sound Level Meter. They found that concentration of
particulate matter (RSPM, SPM, SO2 & NO2) higher on festive day as compared to
the non festive day at the study site. The results of noise monitoring show an
enhanced pressure of noise during the festival of light.
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Nasir et.al (2014) investigated impact of fireworks on ambient air
quality as a case study. Fireworks activity causes short-term air pollution. The
festival
of
Diwali
is
celebrated
with
firecrackers
in
India
during
October/November every year. The ambient air quality was assessed in Vadodara
city, Gujarat state of India during Diwali festival for the consecutive years 2009,
2010, and 2011. During the festival day, the average concentration of PM 10 was
increased 35 times compared with a normal day before Diwali. Similarly,
concentration of SO2 has increased 23 times and NOx has increased 3 times on the
festival day. The diurnal pattern of the above pollutants showed an increase in the
night. Air quality index calculated for 24 h average during Diwali 2009 in two
stations exceeded a value of 125 indicating severe air pollution in Vadodara city.
The festival of Diwali and it associated fireworks, which were not so
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common in the past, are slowly penetrating into rural Brahmaputra Valley. Studied
by Deka & Hoque (2014) analyzed Diwali fireworks: early signs of impact on
PM10 properties of rural Brahmaputra valley. The mean PM10 concentration
during the monitoring campaign was found to be the maximum concentration of
PM10 was recorded on the Pre-Diwali night. Elemental and ionic constituents of
PM10 were analyzed by ICP-OES and Ion Chromatograph (IC), respectively.
Pearson’s correlation and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were carried out to
trace the impact of Diwali celebrations.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The present study has been aimed to assess the air quality
during the Diwali festival (a festival in which large quantities of crackers are used)
& its comparison with previous years air quality data during the same period. This
study provides the useful information about the changes occurred in air quality
data in three years of study i.e. 2012, 2013 & 2014.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
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1.1 Site specifications –
Jabalpur is a fast developing city of central Madhya Pradesh situated at
23°9′38″N 79°56′19″E. It is heart of the country. The Narmada River is a part of
this city. This city has a sub tropical type of climate with May being the hottest and
January being the coldest month. The area of the city 367 km2 (142 sq mi).
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1.2. Sampling and analytical procedure –
Ambient Monitoring is the systematic, long-term assessment of
pollutant levels by measuring the quantity and types of certain pollutants in the
surrounding, outdoor air. Emissions Measurement is the process of monitoring
particulate and gaseous emissions from a specific source.
Ecotech established an instrument for environmental monitoring
that is WinAQMS (Air Quality Monitoring Station). WinAQMS has been designed
as a client/server program. This means that WinAQMS has two parts: the client
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and the server. The server handles all the communication between the logger and
the analysers, recording of data and starting/stopping of calibrations. The client is
concerned with giving the users access to settings and data. On its own the server
has no user interface and there is no way you can interact with it using the mouse
or keyboard. The client is the visual interface of WinAQMS and communicates
with the server by requesting information or receiving information that it has asked
for at a prior time. This arrangement means that the WinAQMS server must always
be turned on before the WinAQMS client program can connect to it.
Beta Attenuation Monitor (BAM): The Met One instruments model
BAM-1020 automatically measures and records particulate concentration levels
using the principal of beta ray attenuation. This method provides a simple
determination of concentration in units of milligrams or micrograms of particulate
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per cubic meter of air. A small 14C (carbon 14) element emits a constant source of
high-energy electrons known as beta particles.
These beta particles are detected and counted by a sensitive scintillation
detector. An external pump pulls a measured amount of dust-laden air through a
filter tape. After the filter tape is loaded with ambient dust, it is automatically
placed between the source and the detector thereby causing an attenuation of the
beta particle signal. The degree of attenuation of the beta particle signal is used to
determine the mass concentration of particulate matter on the filter tape, and hence
the volumetric concentration of particulate matter in ambient air.
AWS (Automatic Weather Station):- This instrument provides metrological data
e.g. wind speed, pressure, humidity, temperature, wind direction and rain fall with
the help of intercept-software. It gives every 10 minutes data.
OBSERVATION TABLE
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Table 1 - Ambient concentration of particulate and gaseous pollutants compare
with meteorological parameter (temp.) in the college campus recorded Pre-Diwali,
Diwali and Post-Diwali 2012.
Year
Particulate
Pollutants
(μg/m3) Daily
avg.
2012
PM2.5
PM10
Relative
Humidity
(%)
wind
speed(m/s)
Temp.
(°C)
CO
(ppm)
CH4
(ppb)
NO2(ppb)
10.11.12
63
109
57
2
21
0.27
2771
19
11.11.12
63
105
49
3
22
0.33
2527
17
12.11.12
60
103
55
3
23
0.38
2566
30
Diwali
13.11.12
106
142
52
2
23
0.47
2935
32
PostDiwali
14.11.12
136
161
54
2
22
0.67
3081
47
15.11.12
82
97
55
3
20
0.20
2075
14
16.11.12
75
112
56
3
20
0.23
2859
10
Day
PreDiwali
Gaseous
Pollutants
Meteorological Parameter
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Daily variation in 2012
Concentration in μg/m3
200
150
100
142
109
105
103
161
97
50
0
Date
Fig. 1- Daily variation PM2.5 (2012)
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112
Concentration in μg/m3
PM10
Daily Variation of PM10
150
PM2.5
Daily Variation of PM2.5
136
106
100
82
50
63
63
60
75
0
Date
Fig. 2- Daily variation of PM10 (2012)
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PM2.5
PM10
Relative Humidity (%)
58
56
56
54
52
112
50
48
75
46
44
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
57
55
109
105
63
49
63
103
55
161 54
136
142
52
106
Relative Humidity in %
Concentration in g/m3
Comparision in PM10 & PM2.5 with R.H.
97
82
60
Date
Fig. 3- Comparison of PM10 and PM2.5 with Relative Humidity in 2012
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
3
3
3
161
2
136
PM2.5
PM10
wind speed(m/s)
3
3
3
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2
109
105
63
63
142
2
106
103
97
82
60
112
2
2
75
1
1
Wind Speed in m/s
Concentration in g/m3
Comparision in PM10 & PM2.5 with W.S.
0
Date
Fig. 4- Comparison of PM10 and PM2.5 with Wind Speed in 2012
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
109
21
63
23
23
142
22
105
103
106
63
60
161
136
22
PM2.5
PM2.5
Temp. (°C)
24
23
97
82
20
112 22
21
75
20
20
19
Temperature in C
Concentration in g/m3
Comparision in PM10 & PM2.5 with Temp.
18
Date
Fig. 5- Comparison of PM10 and PM2.5 with Temperature in 2012
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PM2.5
PM10
CO (ppm)
0.8
0.7
0.6
112 0.5
0.4
0.23 75
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0.67
109
0.27
0.33 105
63
0.38
63
103
0.47 142
106
Concentration of cO (ppm)
Concentration in µg/m3
Comparision in PM10 & PM2.5 with CO
161
136
97
0.20 82
60
Date
Fig. 6- Comparison of PM10 and PM2.5 with CO (Carbon Monoxide) in 2012
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2771
161
3081
136
2935
142
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2527
105
2566
109
63
63
60
2075
97
82
106
103
PM2.5
PM10
CH4 (ppb)
3500
2859 3000
2500
112 2000
75 1500
1000
500
0
Concentration of CH4 (ppb)
Concentration in µg/m3
Comparision in PM10 & PM2.5 with CH4
Date
Fig. 7- Comparison of PM10 and PM2.5 with CH4 (Methane) in 2012
Concentration in µg/m3
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
47
32 142
30
19
109
17
63
105
103
63
60
106
161
136
40
97
14 82
112 30
10
75
20
10
0
Concentration of NO2 (ppb)
PM2.5
PM10
NO2(ppb)
50
Comparision in PM10 & PM2.5 with NO2
Date
Fig. 8- Comparison of PM10 and PM2.5 with NO2 (Nitrogen dioxide) in 2012
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Table 2 - Ambient concentration of particulate and gaseous pollutants compare
with meteorological parameter (temp.) in the college campus recorded Pre-Diwali,
Diwali and Post-Diwali 2013.
Day
Particulate
Pollutants
(μg/m3) Daily
avg.
Year
Gaseous
Pollutants
Meteorological Parameter
2013
PM2.5
PM10
Relative
Humidity
(%)
wind
speed(m/s)
Temp.
(°C)
CO
(ppm)
CH4
(ppb)
NO2(ppb)
31.10.13
53
103
78
2
25
0.24
2845
11
01.11.13
55
92
74
2
24
0.10
2533
15
02.11.13
61
101
81
2
25
0.11
2593
14
Diwali
03.11.13
70
113
92
3
25
0.15
2410
15
PostDiwali
04.11.13
81
121
101
2
24
0.14
2060
21
05.11.13
68
100
84
2
22
0.13
2184
18
06.11.13
51
82
67
2
22
0.14
2067
14
PreDiwali
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Daily variation in 2013
PM10
Concentration in μg/m3
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
103
92
101
113
121
100
82
Date
Fig.9- Daily variation of PM10 (2013)
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PM2.5
Daily Variation of PM2.5
Concentration in μg/m3
Daily Variation of PM10
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
81
53
55
61
70
68
51
Date
Fig.10 - Daily variation of PM2.5 (2013)
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Concentration in µg/m3
103
101
92
78
74
53
55
121
113
92
81
70
61
101
100
84
81
100
82
68
80
67
60
51
40
20
0
Relative Humidity in %
PM2.5
PM10
Relative Humidity (%)
120
Comparision in PM10 & PM2.5 with R.H.
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
45
Date
Fig. 11- Comparison of PM10 and PM2.5 with Relative Humidity in 2013
Concentration ing/3
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
3
113
121
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103
2
92
2
55
53
101
2
70
61
2
81
100
2
68
3
82
2
51
2
2
1
1
Wind Speed in m/s
PM2.5
PM10
wind speed(m/s)
3
Comparision in PM10 & PM2.5 with W.S.
0
Date
Fig. 12- Comparison of PM10 and PM2.5 with Wind Speed in 2013
Concentration in g/m3
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
25
103
53
24
92
55
25
101
25
113
70
61
121
24
81
25
100
82
68
22
51
22
24
23
22
21
Temperature in C
PM2.5
PM10
Temp. (°C)
26
Comparision in PM10 & PM2.5 with Temp.
20
Date
Fig. 13- Comparison of PM10 and PM2.5 with Temperature in 2013
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PM2.5
PM10
CO (ppm)
0.3
Comparision in PM10 & PM2.5 with CO
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0.24
103
92
55
0.1
53
121
113
101
81
0.14
70
0.15
61
0.11
0.25
100
0.2
82
0.14 0.15
51 0.1
68
0.13
0.05
0
Concentration in ppm
Concentration in g/m3
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Fig. 14- Comparison of PM10 and PM2.5 with Carbon Monoxide in 2013
Concentration in g/m3
Comparision in PM10 & PM2.5 with CH4
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
103
2845
92 2533
101 2593
121
113
100
2410
2500
82 2067
2000
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55
53
70
61
2060
81
2184
1500
68
51
1000
500
Concentration in ppb
PM2.5
PM10
CH4 (ppb)
3000
0
Date
Fig. 15- Comparison of PM10 and PM2.5 with CH4 (Methane) in 2013
Concentration in g/m3
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
103
11
53
92
15
55
101
14
61
113
121
21
15
70
81
20
18
100
68
82
14
15
51
10
5
0
Concentration in ppb
PM2.5
PM10
NO2(ppb)
25
Comparision in PM10 & PM2.5 with NO2
Date
Fig. 16- Comparison of PM10 and PM2.5 with NO2 (Nitrogen Dioxide) in 2013
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Table 3 - Ambient concentration of particulate and gaseous pollutants compare
with meteorological parameter (temp.) in the college campus recorded Pre-Diwali,
Diwali and Post-Diwali 2014.
Day
Particulate
Pollutants
(μg/m3) Daily
avg.
Year
Gaseous
Pollutants
Meteorological Parameter
2014
PM2.5
PM10
Relative
Humidity
(%)
wind
speed(m/s)
Temp.
(°C)
CO
(ppm)
CH4
(ppb)
NO2(ppb)
20.10.14
38
64
68
2
26
0.29
2315
8
21.10.14
42
80
66
2
24
0.33
2172
8
22.10.14
46
85
62
1
24
0.29
2401
8
Diwali
23.10.14
86
129
62
2
23
0.30
2604
14
PostDiwali
24.10.14
64
103
59
2
23
0.20
2131
17
25.10.14
50
83
77
2
26
0.32
2080
8
26.10.14
42
69
71
1
22
0.35
2082
8
PreDiwali
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Daily Variation in 2014
Daily Variation of PM10
129
103
80
85
83
64
Date
Fig. 17- Daily Variation of PM10 (2014)
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Daily Variation of PM2.5
Concentration in g/m3
Concentration in g/m3
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
PM10
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
PM2.5
86
64
38
42
46
50
Date
Fig. 18– Daily Variation of PM2.5 (2014)
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PM2.5
PM10
Relative Humidity (%)
90
80
77
71 70
60
83
50
69 40
50
42 30
20
10
0
Relative Humidity in %
Concentration in g/m3
Comparision in PM10 & PM2.5 with R.H.
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
129
68
66
80
62
85
42
46
62
86
64
103
59
64
38
48
Date
Fig. 19- Comparison of PM10 and PM2.5 with Relative Humidity in 2014
Concentration in g/m3
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
129
2
2
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2
2
80
85
42
1
46
64
38
2
103
86
2
1.5
83
64
69
1
42
50
1
0.5
Wind Speed in m/s
PM2.5
PM10
wind speed(m/s)
2.5
Comparision in PM10 & PM2.5 with W.S.
0
Date
Fig. 20- Comparison of PM10 and PM2.5 with Wind Speed in 2014
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
129
26
26
103
80
24
85
24
64
38
42
46
86
23
83
64
23
50
69
42
22
PM2.5
PM10
Temp. (°C)
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
Temperature in C
Concentration in g/m3
Comparision in PM10 & PM2.5 with Temp.
Date
Fig. 21- Comparison of PM10 and PM2.5 with temperature in 2014
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International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 4, Issue 2, February -2015
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140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0.33
0.29
129
80
0.29
85
42
46
0.3
86
0.2
64
64
38
103
0.32
83
50
PM2.5
PM10
CO (ppm)
0.4
0.35 0.35
0.3
0.25
69 0.2
0.15
42 0.1
0.05
0
Concentration in ppm
Concentration in g/m3
Comparision in PM10 & PM2.5 with CO
49
Date
Fig. 22- Comparison of PM10 and PM2.5 with CO (Carbon Monoxide) in 2014
PM2.5
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2315
129
2604
2401
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2172
80
103
2131
86
85
64
2080
83
64
42
38
PM10
3000
50
46
2500
2082 2000
69
1500
42
1000
500
Concentration in ppb
Concentration in g/m3
Comparision in PM10 & PM2.5 with CH4
0
Date
Fig. 23- Comparison of PM10 and PM2.5 with CH4 (Methane) in 2014
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
129
14
64
8
38
80
8
42
85
17
103
86
64
8
46
83
8
50
69
8
42
PM2.5
PM10
NO2(ppb)
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Concentration in ppb
Concentration in g/m3
Comparision in PM10 & PM2.5 with NO2
Date
Fig. 24- Comparison of PM10 and PM2.5 with NO2 (Nitrogen Dioxide) in 2014
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ISSN 2278-7763
50
Table 4–Comparison of PM2.5 and PM10 concentration on Diwali day
(2012, 2013 & 2014)
Year
PM2.5
PM10 NO2
2012
106
142
2013
70
2014
86
Wind
Relative
Temp.
Speed
Humidity
CO
CH4
32
0.47
2935
2
23
52
113
15
0.15
2410
3
25
92
129
14
0.30
2604
2
23
62
Concentration in /m3
PM2.5 & PM10 concentration on Diwali in year
2012, 2013 & 2014
142
PM2.5
PM10
129
113
106
70
86
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2012
2013
2014
Year
Figure-25 Comparison PM10 & PM2.5 all the three year
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
Ambient concentration of Particulate pollutant (PM 10 & PM2.5) compared with
meteorological parameter like-Relative Humidity, Wind Speed, Temperature as
well as compared with gaseous pollutants like- CO, NO2, CH4 was studied during
2012, 2013& 2014 in Pre-Diwali, Diwali, and Post-Diwali days at Jabalpur city.
From Table-1,2 & 3 it can be observed that PM10 & PM2.5 is recorded 142µg/m3 &
106µg/m3 in 2012 (fig. 1, 2) for 2013, it is 113 µg/m3 & 70 µg/m3(fig. 9,10) and
in 2014 it is 129 µg/m3 & 86 µg/m3 (fig. 17,18) during Diwali day. It means that
pollution level is high in 2012 & 2014 and moderate in 2013. The result shows that
the average PM2.5 concentration was around 60µg/m3in Pre-Diwali days in 2012
which was nearly similar 60µg/m3 in the year 2013 and decreased in 2014 which is
38µg/m3. The average concentration of PM2.5 rose in Diwali day, the maximum
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was observed on the next day 136µg/m3, 81µg/m3 & 64µg/m3 in 2012, 2013&
2014, respectively. Similar results are also observed for PM10 for both year 2012 &
2013 and it is above 100µg/m3, and in 2014, it decreased to 80µg/m3for Pre-Diwali
days.
(Fig. 3, 11, 19) shows the comparison in PM 10 & PM2.5 with relative humidity
in 2012, 2013 & 2014. In 2012, Relative humidity is low; moderate in 2014 but it
is highest in 2013 as compared to 2012 & 2014 during the Diwali period.
(Fig. 4, 12, 20) PM10 & PM2.5 compared with Wind Speed. In 2012 & 2014
wind speed is 2m/s and in 2013, it there is a little increase up to 3m/s.
(Fig. 5, 13, 21) shows the comparison between PM10 & PM2.5 with Temperature
In 2012 & 2014, temperature is 23ºC and increase up to 25ºC in 2013.
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Correlation Study: - This table presented r-value of correlation between
particulate matters & meteorological parameter.
PM2.5
Parameter
2012
Relative
r= - 0.1008
Humidity
(-ve corr.)
Temperature
r=0.9539
(strong +ve
corr.)
2014
2012
r= - 0.4718 r= - 0.1505
(-ve corr.)
(-ve corr.)
r=0.1853
r=0.0993
r= - 0.3723
r=0.4047
(+ve corr.)
(+ve corr.)
(-ve corr.)
(+ve corr.)
r=0.2955
r=0.3445
(+ve corr.)
(+ve corr.)
r= - 0.6029
Wind Speed
2013
PM10
(moderate
-ve corr.)
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r= - 0.7455
(moderate -ve corr.)
2013
2014
r=0.9691
r= - 0.5521
(strong +ve
(moderate –
corr.)
ve corr.)
r=0.5284
(moderate
+ve corr.)
r= - 0.3746
(-ve corr.)
r=0.3879
r=0.3263
(+ve corr.)
(+ve corr.)
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Gaseous pollution CO, CH4 & NO2 in 2012 and 2014 is (0.47ppm, 2935ppb and
32ppb), (0.30ppm, 2604ppb, 14ppb) and in 2013 it is low (015ppm, 2410ppb,
15ppb).
It means that 2012 is the most polluted among the all three years during Diwali
days as compared to 2013 or 2014 (fig. 25).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are thankful to Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology,
Pune, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, New Delhi, for funding this study
in the form of a Major Research Project. The authors are also thankful to the
Principal, Govt. Model Science College, Jabalpur 482001, MP, India for providing
necessary facilities.
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