International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 1, Issue 7, January-2013
ISSN 2278-7763
DETERMINATION
OF
THE
PERFORMANCES
OF
COOKSTOVES USING THE CONTROLED COOKING TEST:
BENIN CASE STUDY
ANJORIN Malahimi. (1) AWANTO Christophe.(1) HOUNGAN C. Aristide.(1) LAWANI B A. M.(1) FEIDT M.(2)
(1) LERTI-CPU, University of Abomey Calavi, 01 Box 2009 Benin Cotonou
(2) LEMTA-CNRS 875-2, front of the forest of the Hague, Box 160 – 54504 Vandoeuvre France.
ABSTRACT
Biomass cook stoves are widely used in developing countries. These stoves generally use wood fuel which represents about 60 to 86% of the
total primary energy consumption in Africa; a few exceptions are observed in northern Africa countries and South Africa where this rate is
lower. For some African regions, this rate raises up to 90-98% of the total consumption. In Benin, the estimations of the june1993
environmental action plan reveal that the forest declines in area by 100 thousand hectares every year. The purpose of this study is to evaluate
the influence of the type of meal and the type of stove on its performances.
Keywords : Cook stoves, efficiency, energy saving, environment.
1 INTRODUCTION
I
n the majority of the developing countries, the woof are the
most available and accessible source of the energy. It is also
the most used. In African countries Firewood constitutes, the
most exploited renewable local energy resource and occupies
on average more than 70% of the national energy balances *1+.
For Benin this balance shows wood fuels represents 89% of the
domestic energy with 75% for the firewood and 14% for the
charcoal. The production of charcoal is 112.770 tons in 1998
and grows each year. Charcoal eliminates many constraints
inherent to firewood (low calorific value, smoke, problem of
storage).
Charcoal is produced in several areas of the country, but
the techniques used are not efficient. In these conditions, the
use of low performance coal stoves will increase the pressure
on the forests and the ensuing increased fuel wood extraction
can lead to situations which compromise the renewable nature
of the woody formations. The consequences are already
observable: destruction of vegetable covers, erosion,
impoverishment of the grounds, climatic changes, etc.
In recent articles *1, 2+, authors presented papers on the
performances of domestic stoves, using the technique of the
boiling of water. This article rather uses the technique of the
controlled cooking test.
2
-
COOK STOVES USED IN BENIN
A large variety of stoves are in use in Benin. They differ by
the construction materials: clay, ground, metal, rim of car and
other raw material dump. They can be massive or light,
opened, protected or closed.
The cook stoves can be classified in two categories (fig.1):
Traditional stoves (basic, without any known improvement)
Stove of improved type.
In contribution to the standardization of the designation of
these stoves, a codification taking their characteristics into
account was proposed *3+.
3 THE TECHNIQUE OF THE CONTROLED
COOKING TEST
Three tests are usually used * 1 + to study the performances
of the cooking stoves
the water boiling test (WBT),
the controlled cooking test (CCT)
the kitchen performance test (KPT).
The controlled cooking test (CCT) is an intermediate
protocol between the WBT and the KPT. It consists in
preparing the meets in the laboratory under a controlled
setting using local fuels, pots, and practice. The TCC has as
principal objectives to compare the consumption and the time
of cooking as well as culinary practices using different stoves.
It reveals the possibilities in households under ideal
conditions but not necessarily what is actually obtained. The
controled cooking test is evaluated starting from three
parameters :
the specific consumption (CS) in kg/kg or kep/kg (1),
the duration of the test (t) in mn (2),
the average power (p) in kW (3).
[(
)(
)
]
(1)
(2)
International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 1, Issue 7, January-2013
ISSN 2278-7763
Double fuel Stove
3 stones
rural (terracotta)
Metallic " Adopké "
1 pot " improved "3 stones"
1 pot and chimney" improved "3
stones"
"2 pots and chimney" improved
"3 stones" stove
" Adopké " sawdust stove
square coal pot
Rim made coal pot
clay made coal pot
Modified double fuels stove
"Nansu" imitation stove
"Nansu" stove
kerosene stove
Gas stove
Fig.1.
Modified Double fuels stove
Oryx" Gas cooker
Electric stove
Hearths of domestic use used with the Benin one.
Table n°1 Average characteristics of the pots.
Type or the Shape
of the pots
Spherical
Cylindrical
Characteristic Pots
Weight
kg
external Diameter
cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
2,13
2,12
2,12
2,21
2,19
2,08
2,06
2,21
2,03
2,23
1,59
1,73
2,73
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
29
Height compared
to the ground
cm
20,3
20,3
20,3
20,3
20,3
20,3
20,3
20,3
20,3
20,3
12
12
13,8
International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 1, Issue 7, January-2013
ISSN 2278-7763
Table n°2 Characteristics of the hearths used
N0
Characteristics of the stoves
Code of
the stoves
Diameter
of the
pots (cm)
Height
from the
ground
(cm)
Number of
holes
on
the grid
Holes
diameter
(cm)
Variable
-
-
22
25
-
1,6
-
1
"3 stones"
Osp0b
Variable
2
Rural (terracotta)
Placb
25
3
4
5
Metallic "Adokpe"
double fuel stove
"2 pots and chimney" improved "3
stones" stove
"1 pot and chimney" "3 stones"
Plmcb
Plmcbc
Pstcb
30
31,5
30
Pshtcb
30
34
-
-
"2 pots and chimney" improved "3
stones"
" Adopké " sawdust stove
P2shtcb
30
30
-
-
Plmcd
Plmpc
Pljcc
Plmccb
Flmccb*
Plasc
Plmcc
P2acc
Plm0k
Psm0g
Plm0g
Plm0e
31,5
34
36
31,5
32,3
23
30
24,5
37,7
-
8
12
25
54
23
16
18
Multitude
Multitude
Multitude
-
1,6
1,4
2,2
2
1,8
0,4
0,1
0,1
-
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
square coal pot
Rim made coal pot
Double fuel stoves
Modified double fuels stove
clay made coal pot
"Nansu" imitation stove
"Nansu" stove
kerosene stove
Gas cooker
"Oryx" Gas cooker
Electric stove
18,8
30,5
30
25,7
26,4
47
30,5
40
23,5
23
26,5
23
79,5
66
79,5

*(
)
)(
(
+
)
(3)
In these relations, M ci is the initial mass of fuel in kg; M cf
is the final mass of fuel in kg; M vi is the mass of the pot
empties in kg; M Pf stands for the final mass of the pot and its
contents cooked in kg; M cp is the charcoal mass recovered in
kg; t I is the initial moment of the mn test; t F represents the
final moment of the mn test; c stand for the moisture content
of fuel in % And PCI: the lower calorific value in kJ/kg.
4
THE EXPERIMENTAL SET
The measuring instruments used for the tests are:
 A thermo-anemometer for the wind velocity
measurement,
 A probe thermo-hygrometer " HUMICOR "
H1100 for the temperature of and the moisture
measurement of the environment air,
 A digital balance " SARTORIUS " 3100 of range
3,1kg, sensitive with a margin of 0,01 gr,

Two mechanical scales (20 -30 kg) with sensitivity
- 100 gr
 A digital wattmeter "VOLTCRAFT" M-3860 m,
with sensitivity - 0,01W.
The pots having been used for the tests are made of
aluminum. They are of two types (tab.1):
 Spherical form convex bottom); there is ten of
them and they are numbered from 1 to 10. They
are used with wood and charcoal stoves,
 Cylindrical form (flat bottom), they are three and
numbered from eleven to thirteen, they are used
with fossile fuels and electric stoves.
Table 2 shows the average characteristics of the hearths used
for the test.
The CCT was carried out for nineteen (19) types of stoves
used in Benin. Three identical stoves are tested at the same
time. This operation is repeated three times. All the tests were
carried out with one kg of food and at the end of the test, the
meal was weighed then tasted by six (06) housewives.
For a better appreciation of the performances, three kings of
food for which cooking duration is classified in (short,
average and long were prepared:
rice imported from Thailand, local bean called ‚Tofin‛', dry
International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 1, Issue 7, January-2013
ISSN 2278-7763
corn
5
RESULTS AND ANALYSES
The results of experimentation are gathered in table 3. The
various losses on the stoves were compared with the stoves
presenting the best performance. The cost of 1 kg or the kWh
of fuel are those of May 2012, namely: 46, 20, 100, 713, 670 and
110 francs respectively for wood, sawdust, charcoal, kerosene,
butane gas and electricity.
Table 3 presents the consumptions, the costs of the cooking
process, the time of cooking and the power of the stoves for
the three prepared meals.
For the meals with short cooking duration (rice), the stove
with fossile fuels and electric have the best performances with
respectively in kep/kg: 0.028; 0.029; 0.030 and 0.038 for the gas
stove, the electric stove, the " Oryx " gas cooker and the
kerosene fueled stove. The worst stoves are respectively: the "
3 stones " (0.186), the rim made coal pot (0.249), the improved
‛3 stone‛ – 1 pot stove, (0.253) and the hearth " 3 stones "
improved, 1 pot (0.406).
When one looks at the cost of fuels, it is noted that the cost
of cooking process becomes higher for fuel wood; the
following values in franc/kg are obtained : 9.41 for the double
fuels stove, 11.40 for the Adokpe sawdust stove, 14.07 for the
Adokpe metallic stove and 15.69 for the ‛2 pots and chimney‛
improved ‚3 stones‛ stove. Higher costs are observed for the
kerosene stove (28.12), the rim made coal pot (34,80), the Oryx
gas cooker (37,10) and the ‛1 pot‛ improved ‚3 stones‛ stove
(42,66).
Basing on the cooking process duration, the fastest stoves
are: the Nansu stove (38.50), The double fuel stove, tested
with charcoal (40.75), the rim made coal pot (41.00), the square
coal pot (41.50). The slowest are: Adopke sawdust stove
(63.25), the rural stove (terracotta) (65.00), the "1 pot and
chimney" improved "3 stones" stove (67.75), the "1 pot"
improved "3 stones" stove (148.5). It is observed, that this last
stove presents the worst performances, considering the three
parameters.
Adopting a multicriterion analysis which consists in adding
the different ranks, , one finds in first position the mixed
hearth (cumulated rank: 14) and in last position, "1 pot"
improved "3 stones" stove (cumulated rank: 57).
For the meal with medium cooking process duration
(bean), the stoves using fossil fuels and electric still have the
best performances as in the preceding case with respectively
0.080; 0.089; 0.098 and 0.117 for the gas cooker, the " Oryx "
gas cooker, the electric stove, and the kerosene stove. The
stoves which occupied the last positions are respectively: the
"3 stones" stove, (0.540), the rim made stove (0.545), the "1 pot
and chimney" improved "3 stones" stove (0.549) and the "1
pot" improved "3 stones" stove (0,781). The behavior of the
stove is identical to the preceding rice case.
By taking account of the cost of the fuels, the cost of the
cooking process is weaker for fuel wood with a score of: 23.04,
the for the sawdust Adokpe stove, 26.93 for the metallic
Adokpe, 32.62 for the double fuel stove and 39.71 for the "2
pots and chimney" improved "3 stones" stove. The highest
costs are observed for the rim made stove (76.29), the "1 pot"
improved "3 stones" stove (82.02), the kerosene (85.50) and the
electric stove (126.12).
Regarding the duration of the cooking process expressed in
minutes, the fastest stoves are: the rim made (72.25), the
double fuelled tested with firewood (76.50), the "Oryx" gas
cooker (77.50), the modified double fuels stove tested with
coal (78.25). The slowest stoves are: the electric stove (122.75),
the gas cooker (123.50), the "3 stones" stove (128.50), the "1 pot"
improved "3 stones" stove (180.25). It is observed for the three
parameters that the latter stove presents the worst
performances.
The multicriterion analysis shows that the double fuel stove
tested with firewood (cumulated renk: 11) stands in the first
position and the "1 pot" improved "3 stones" stove (cumulated
rank: 55) stands in the last rank. For the meal with the long
duration cooking process (dry corn), the fossil fuel and the
electric stoves present once again the best performances with
the scores : 0.099, 0.124, 0.204 and 0.235 respectively for the
electric stove, the gas cooker, the Oryx gas cooker and the
kerosene stove. The worst stoves are respectively: the « 2 pots
and chimney » improved "3 stones" (0.920), the "1 pot and
chimney" "3 stones" (1.040), the « 1 pot » improved « 3
stones » stove (1.147) and the rim made coal pot (1.193).
On the basis of the cost of fuels, the cost of the cooking
process becomes weaker for wood fuels with 32.96 F/kg for
the " Adopké " sawdust stove and the double fuel stove, 68.26
for the Nansu imitation stove. 68.39 for the metallic Adokpe
and 76.00 for the rural stove (terracotta). The highest costs are
observed for the Oryx gas cooker (125.41), the electric stove
(127.53), rim made coal pot (166.99) and the kerosene stove
(172.04).
The fastest stoves are the rim made coal pot (94.50), Nansu
stove (130,25), the double fuel stove tested with coal (145,25),
the modified double fuels stove tested with coal (145,75). The
slowest are the gas cooker (191.75), the "2 pots and chimney"
improved "3 stones" stove(211,50), the "1 pot and chimney"
improved "3 stones" (232) and the « 2 pots and chimney »
improved "3 stones" (340,00). It is observed, for the three
parameters that this latter stove presents bad performances.
The multicriterion analysis shows that the first position is
occupied by the "Nansu" imitation stove (cumulated rank 14)
and the last is the "2 pots and chimney" improved "3 stones"
(cumulated rank 52).
Extending the multicriterion globally to the 3 types of meal,
the most interesting stove is the double fuel one tested with
fire wood (cumulated rank 53); the worst is the "1 pot"
improved "3 stones" (cumulated rank 164).
The most economic stoves in energy consumption are the
those with fossil fuels namely the kerosene stove, the gas
cooker, the Oryx gas cookers and electric stove. This
consumption depends on the nature of the cooked meal. The
analysis of the cooking process duration shows that the rim
made and the " Nansu" stoves present the best performances.
One can accuse their height under the pot * 2 +
Figure 2 presents the normalized loss taking the most
economical stove, the gas cooker (Psm0G) as reference. The
stoves are x-axis is arranged as following: firewood, sawdust,
charcoal, kerosene, gas and electricity. The losses are weaker
for fuels located on the right (fossil and electric) for the three
International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 1, Issue 7, January-2013
ISSN 2278-7763
types of meal. For more of stoves, the losses are lower for the
meal of short cooking. The "2 pots and chimney" improved "3
stones" stove Pstcb and the rim made Pljcc present the highest
losses in fuel consumption. For the former, this result raise
questions about its past popularization. As for the latter, its
lack of performance comes from its inadequate volume of its
combustion chamber and of the effect of the wind. The losses
of the rim made stove increases with the duration of cooking
process.
Among the stoves tested with charcoal, the "Nansu"
presents the best performances for the three durations of
cooking.
Figure 3 shows the normalized waste in time the fastest
stove, the rim made as reference for the three prepared meals.
The rim made Pljcc was the quickest for the three types of
meal. For the time of cooking of short duration, the "Nansu"
stove was fast. The "2 pots and chimney" improved "3 stones"
stove Pstcb having showed the greatest loss in consumption of
energy appears to be the worst once again.
The normalized monetary losses are represented on figure
4. It is especially this criterion which directs the households in
the choice of the stoves. An inversion of the situation is
observed. The more elaborated fuels are costly. Moreover,
generally in the developing countries, the cost of the wood
fuels does not integrate environmental concerns. The stoves
with fossil fuels which showed very good performances
concerning consumption become worse compared to the
wood fuels stoves. Such a situation has been observed *2+ in
spite of the subsidy granted in the 2002 year on fossil fuels.
The sawdust stove appears to be more interesting for the three
types of meal. After cooking using sawdust, the fuel
remaining is not used anymore; this causes significant losses
in consumption. This aspect, combined with the current cost
of the sawdust encourages seeking means to add value to this
fuel so that its calorific value increases towards that of the
wood. If these conditions are met, the best of the stoves could
be the sawdust one.
The massive "2 pots and chimney" improved "3 stones"
stove Pstcb is one of those showing the highest losses in
cooking of short duration (rice). This fact may be due to the
moisture accumulated in the mass of the stove. After cooking
the short duration meal (rice), the performances obtained were
worse than those concerning the following medium and long
durations cooking processes.
The rim made stove also presents high losses primarily due
to the volume of its combustion chamber and to its high power
which negatively serve the cooking of short duration meal
(rice). In cooking of bean, a medium cooking time meal, the
losses are less.
The kerosene stove Plm0k used for these tests is not
indicated for the cooking of a long cooking duration meal.
It is noted that several stoves, even improved have presented
longer cooking time than the "3 stones" stove.
6
CONCLUSION
This study conducted on the stoves used in Benin showed that
the criteria of performances targeted depend on the type of
stove, the type of meal and the delivery price of the fuel. It
also made it possible to detect the modifications needed in
order to improve the performances of certain stoves; this
constitutes one of the goals of this study. The research
continues, with the objective to define a global criterion of
appreciation of the stoves, also including the cost of the stoves.
It has been also pointed out that the improved "3 stones"
stoves are not economic. Further studies to improve their
technology and a possible government intervention in the
form of tax reduction on fossil fuels and electricity could
arouse interests to the kerosene, the gas and the electric
cookers with the target to decrease the pressure on the vegetal
formations and to stop the advancing desert.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
*1+
*2+
*3+
*4+
*5+
*6+
*7+
*8+
ANJORIN M., AWANTO C., HOUNGAN C. A.,
FEIDT
M., ‘’Détermination
des
performances
techniques des foyers utilisés au Bénin par la
technique d'ébullition de l'eau,’’ 2010. (SFT)
ANJORIN M., AWANTO C., HOUNGAN C. A.,
FEIDT M., ’’Détermination des performances
économiques des foyers utilisés au Bénin par la
technique d'ébullition de l'eau. To be published’’,
ANJORIN M., AWANTO C., HOUNGAN C. A.,
FEIDT M., ‘’Codification des foyers utilisés au Bénin
par la technique d'ébullition de l'eau’’, 2010. (CIFEM
Sénégal)
LAWANI B. ABOU Mouftaou., ‘’Détermination des
performances des fourneaux à usage domestique au
Bénin par la technique de la cuisine contrôlée’’,
Octobre 2002. (Mémoire de fin de cycle, CPU, UAC,
Abomey-Calavi)
De LEPLEIRE et al.,’’Guide technique des fourneaux à
bois’’, (Edisud, Bois de feu, ENDA-SKAT 375p)
MICUTA W., ‘’Des fourneaux modernes pour tous’’,
61p, 1984. (Edisud, ABF, Fondation de Bellerive)
WESTHOFF Béatrice, GERMANN Dorci., ‘‘Foyers en
images. Commission des Communautés Européennes,
Bruxelles, 180 p.
Bulletins d'information trimestrielle de la fondation
pour la diffusion des foyers améliorés, Région Afrique
de l'Ouest :
Foyers améliorés n° 5 Avril 1992,
Foyers améliorés n° 9 Avril 1993.
International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 1, Issue 7, January-2013
ISSN 2278-7763
Table 3 Results of the tests with rice, bean and dry corn
CS1: specific consumption (kg/kg, kWh/kg ; CS2: specific consumption (kep/kg ;
Rg: row; Rgi: intermediate row; Rgf: final row; T: duration of cooking (mn ; Ct: cost (F/kg); P: power
N0
Stoves
"3 stones"
2 Rural (terracotta)
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Metallic "Adokpé"
double fuel stove
"2
pots
and
chimney" improved
"3 stones" stove
"1
pot
and
chimney"
"3
stones"
"2
pots
and
chimney" improved
"3 stones"
" Adopké " sawdust
stove
square coal pot
Rim made coal pot
Double fuel stoves
Modified
double
fuels stove
clay made coal pot
"Nansu" imitation
stove
"Nansu" stove
kerosene stove
Gas cooker
"Oryx" Gas cooker
Electric stove
Code
Rice results
CS1 CS2 Rg
Ct
Rg
T
Bean results
Rg Rgi
P
CS1 CS2 Rg
Ct
Rg
T
Dry corn results
Rg Rgi
P
CS1 CS2 Rg
Ct
Rg
T
Rg Rgi
P
Rgf
Osp0b 0,424 0,186 16 19,50 11 54,50 14 41
7,28 1,233 0,540 16 56,71 12 128,50 18 46
7,22 1,881 0,824 15 86,54
7 170,75 14 36
6,89 123
Placb 0,384 0,168 14 17,66 6
65,00 17 37
5,86 0,953 0,418 13 43,85
5 105,50 14 32
6,11 1,652 0,724 11 76,00
4 153,50 8
23
6,71
92
Plmcb 0,306 0,134 9 14,07 3
46,75 10 22
6,26 0,586 0,257 5
26,93
2 103,25 13 20
4,35 1,487 0,651 8
68,39
3 150,00 6
17
5,64
59
Plmcbc 0,205 0,090 5
43,80
4,44 0,709 0,311 6
32,62
3
6,88 1,853 0,812 13 85,23
6 154,75 9
28
7,56
53
Pstcb
9,41
1
8
14
0,927 0,406 19 42,66 19 148,50 19 57
76,50
2
11
5,97 1,783 0,781 19 82,02 17 180,25 19 55
7,64 2,617 1,147 18 120,40 15 340,00 19 52
8,14 164
Pshtcb 0,578 0,253 18 26,57 15 67,75 18 51
7,62 1,253 0,549 18 57,65 13 93,75
9
40
9,36 2,374 1,040 17 109,21 12 232,00 18 47
8,00 138
P2shtcb 0,341 0,149 10 15,69 4
59,50 15 29
5,90 0,863 0,378 12 39,71
4
5
21
9,76 2,099 0,920 16 96,56 10 211,50 17 43
8,79
93
Plmcd 0,570 0,170 15 11,40 2
63,25 16 33
6,28 1,152 0,344 10 23,04
1 115,75 15 26
4,59 1,648 0,492 6
32,96
1 165,75 12 19
5,66
78
6,96 0,648 0,463 14 64,82 14 95,75 11 39
6,40 0,938 0,670 9
93,79
9 146,25 5
6,20
91
Plmpc 0,220 0,157 12 22,04 13 41,50
81,75
4
29
0,348 0,249 17 34,80 17 41,00
3
37 11,76 0,763 0,545 17 76,29 16 72,25
Plmccb 0,216 0,154 11 21,63 12 40,75
2
25
7,56 0,665 0,475 15 66,54 15 98,00 12 42
7,79 1,138 0,813 14 113,77 14 145,25 3
31
7,20
98
Flmccb* 0,177 0,126 6 17,70 7
7
20
6,43 0,461 0,329 8
Pljcc
Plasc
42,85
0,233 0,167 13 23,34 14 48,50 11 38
Plmcc 0,180 0,129 7 18,02 8
1
34 11,51 1,670 1,193 19 166,99 18 94,50
1
23
38 12,02 109
46,09
7
78,25
4
19
5,99 0,999 0,714 10 99,94 11 145,75 4
25
5,83
64
7,02 0,495 0,354 11 49,53
9
85,50
6
26
7,02 1,112 0,794 12 111,16 13 154,75 9
34
6,54
98
44,50
9
24
6,08 0,468 0,334 9
46,80
8
94,00 10 27
5,79 0,683 0,488 5
68,26
2 152,50 7
14
4,88
65
P2acc 0,184 0,131 8 18,41 10 38,50
1
19
6,99 0,446 0,319 7
44,61
6
86,00
7
20
5,74 0,905 0,647 7
90,51
8 130,25 2
17
6,33
56
Plm0k 0,039 0,038 4 28,12 16 42,00
6
26
1,94 0,120 0,117 4
85,50 18 88,50
8
30
2,19 0,241 0,235 4 172,04 19 167,25 13 36
2,01
92
Psm0g 0,026 0,028 1 17,37 5
48,50 11 17
1,32 0,074 0,080 1
49,53
1,20 0,114 0,124 2
Plm0g 0,027 0,030 3 18,28 9
41,75
1,56 0,082 0,089 2
54,78 11 77,50
5
17
Plm0e 0,337 0,029 2 37,10 18 51,75 13 33
9 123,50 17 27
5 191,75 16 23
1,23
67
16
1,89 0,187 0,204 3 125,41 16 158,50 11 30
1,73
63
1,27 1,147 0,098 3 126,12 19 122,75 16 38
1,31 1,160 0,099 1 127,53 17 181,75 15 33
1,02 104
3
76,19
International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 1, Issue 7, January-2013
ISSN 2278-7763
RizRice
90,0
Bean
Haricot
80,0
Maïs
dry sec
corn
70,0
60,0
50,0
40,0
30,0
20,0
10,0
0,0
Stoves Code
Fig. 2.
Loss in consumption of energy for rice, bean and dry corn
100,0
Loss in reduced variable Time of cooking in %
Loss in reduced variable Consumption in %
100,0
90,0
RizRice
80,0
Bean
Haricot
70,0
Maïs
sec
dry corn
60,0
50,0
40,0
30,0
20,0
10,0
0,0
Stoves code
International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 1, Issue 7, January-2013
ISSN 2278-7763
Fig. 3 Waste of time of cooking for rice, bean and dry corn
Monetary loss in variable reduced in %
100,0
Riz
Rice
90,0
Bean
Haricot
80,0
Maïs
sec
dry corn
70,0
60,0
50,0
40,0
30,0
20,0
10,0
0,0
STOVES CODE
Fig. 4. Monetary loss for rice, bean and dry corn