Matakuliah
Tahun
Versi
: T0604-Pengantar Teknologi Informasi
: 2008
: 2.0/0.0
Pertemuan 20
Sistem informasi di dalam
Organisasi/Perusahaan
Sumber:
Chapter 8. Databases &
Information Systems: Digital
engines for today’s economy, p.407
Williams, B.K, Stacy C. Sawyer (2007).
Using Information Technology: A
Practical Introduction to Computers &
Communications. Seventh Edition,
McGraw-Hill, New York. ISBN-13: 978-007-110768-6
1
Learning Outcomes
Pada akhir pertemuan ini, diharapkan mahasiswa
akan mampu :
• menjelaskan: pengertian dari sistem
informasi, sistem informasi yg umum
digunakan di dalam organisasi, serta jenisjenis sistem informasi; pengertian artificial
intelligence dan area penerapannya (C2)
2
Outline Materi
• Using Databases to Help Make Decisions
• Artificial Intelligence
3
Using Databases to Help
Make Decisions
• 6 computer-based information systems
– Office information systems
– Transaction processing systems
– Management information systems
– Decision support systems
– Executive support systems
– Expert systems
8-4
Using Databases to Help
Make Decisions
• Transaction Processing System (TPS)
– Transactions are recorded events of routine
business activities such as bills, orders, and
inventory
– TPS systems keep track of the transactions
needed to conduct a business
– TPS systems are used by operational
managers to track business activities
– Transactions database provides the basis for
management information systems and
decision support systems
Has anyone seen the movie “Office Space”? In that movie, the hero’s boss is
nagging him about formatting the TPS report correctly. Now you know what
TPS means!
8-5
Using Databases to Help
Make Decisions
• Management Information Systems (MIS)
– Computer-based information system that uses
data recorded by a TPS as input to programs
that produce routine reports as output
– Features
• Inputs are processed transaction data. Outputs are
summarized structured reports
• Designed for tactical managers
• Draws from all departments
• Produces several kinds or reports: summary,
exception, periodic, and demand
8-6
Using Databases to Help
Make Decisions
• Decision Support Systems (DSS)
– Computer information system that provides a flexible
tool for analysis and helps management focus on the
future
– Features
• Inputs are external data and internal data such as
summarized reports and processed transaction data. Outputs
are demand reports
• Mainly for tactical managers
• Produces analytic models
– Developed to support the types of decisions faced by
managers in specific industries
8-7
Using Databases to Help
Make Decisions
• Executive Support Systems
– An easy-to-use DSS made especially for
strategic managers to support strategic
decision-making
– Might allow executives to call up predefined
reports
– Includes capability to browse through
summarized information on all aspects of the
organization and drill down for detailed data
– Allows executives to perform “what-if”
scenarios
8-8
Artificial Intelligence
• Expert System
– One of the most useful applications of Artificial
Intelligence (AI)
– AI is a group of related technologies used to develop
software and machines that emulate human qualities
such as learning, reasoning, communicating, seeing,
and hearing
– Areas include
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Expert systems
Natural language processing
Intelligent agents
Virtual reality and simulation devices
Pattern recognition
Fuzzy logic
Robotics
8-9
Artificial Intelligence
• Three components of an expert system
– Knowledge base
• An expert system’s database of knowledge about a
particular subject
– Inference engine
• The software that controls the search of the expert
system’s knowledge base and produces
conclusions
– User interface
• The display screen the user used to interact with
the expert system
8-10
Artificial Intelligence
• Natural language processing
– Allows users to interact with a system using normal
English
– The study of ways for computers to recognize and
understand human language
• Intelligent agents
– A form of software with built-in intelligence that monitors
work patterns, asks questions, and performs work tasks
on your behalf
• Pattern recognition
– Involves a camera and software that identify recurring
patterns in its vision and maps the pattern against
patterns stored in a database
8-11
Artificial Intelligence
• Fuzzy logic
– A method of dealing with imprecise data and
uncertainty, with problems that have many answers
rather than one
– Has been applied in running elevators to determine
optimum times for elevators to wait
• Virtual reality
– A computer-generated artificial reality that projects a
person into a sensation of 3-D space
– Often used with simulators to represent the behavior
of physical or abstract systems
8-12
Artificial Intelligence
• Robotics
– The development and study of machines that
can perform work that is normally done by
people
– Commonly found in manufacturing plants and
also in situations where people would be in
danger
•
•
•
•
Nuclear plants
Assembly lines, especially paint lines
Checking for land mines
Fighting oil-well fires
8-13
Artificial Intelligence
• Weak vs. Strong A.I.
– Weak A.I. claims computers can be programmed to
simulate human cognition
– Strong A.I. claims that computers can think on a level
that is equal to or better than humans, and can also
achieve consciousness
• Cyc approach to strong A.I.
– A database in Austin, TX that holds 1.4 million basic truths
– Plan is that Cyc will automatically make human-like
assumptions
– Hope is that Cyc will learn on its own
• Cog approach to strong A.I.
– MIT project that is a humanoid robot
– Tries to identify and search for patterns instead of following
rules and facts
8-14
Artificial Intelligence
• Test for Human Intelligence
– In 1950, Allen Turing predicted computers would be able to
mimic human thinking
– The Turing test determines whether the machine is human
• Judge is in another location and doesn’t see the computer
• If the computer can fool the judge, it is said to be intelligent
– Ethics in A.I.
• Prof. William Wallace from R.P.I. says that computer
software is subtly shaped by the ethical judgments of its
creators
• For example, H.M.O. software used by health insurers steers
doctors to cheaper procedures – but are they better?
8-15
Kesimpulan
16