vi
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
TITLE
ii
DECLARATION
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iii
ABSTRACT
iv
ABSTRAK
v
TABLE OF CONTENT
vi
LIST OF TABLES
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
xv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xxi
LIST OF APPENDICES
xxii
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1 Introductions
1
1.2 Background of Research
3
1.3 Problem Statement
11
1.4 Aim of Research
13
1.5 Objective of Research
13
1.6 Scope of Research
14
LITERATURE REVIEW
16
2.1 Introduction
16
2.2 An Over View of the BIM
16
2.2.1 BIM in a wider context
17
2.2.2 Benefits from using BIM
19
2.2.3 Benefits from using BIM
20
2.2.3.1 Owner
20
vii
2.2.3.2 Designer
21
2.2.3.3 Contractor
23
2.3 An Over View of the Demolition Industry
2.3.1 The Demolition Process
25
26
2.3.1.1 Pre-Demolition Phase
26
2.3.1.2 Demolition Phase
27
2.3.1.3 Post-Demolition Phase
28
2.3.2 Demolition Techniques
29
2.3.2.1 Demolition by Hand
29
2.3.2.2 Demolition by Towers and High Reach Cranes
31
2.3.2.3 Demolition by Machines
31
2.3.2.4 High Reach Machines
32
2.3.2.5 Hydraulic Shear
33
2.3.2.6 Hydraulic Pulverizer or Crusher
34
2.3.2.7 Hydraulic Multi-purpose Processor
35
2.3.2.8 Demolition by Chemical Agents
36
2.3.2.9 Demolition by Water Jetting
37
2.4 An Over View of the Wastage
37
2.4.1 Municipal Solid Waste
38
2.4.2 Construction and Demolition Wastage
40
2.4.3 Waste disposal:
43
2.4.3.1 Landfill:
44
2.4.3.2 Re-use of waste:
44
2.4.3.3 Recycling
45
2.4.4 Current Waste Management Practices
2.5 An Over View of Life Cycle Assessment Method
46
47
2.5.1 History
48
2.5.2 Methodology
49
2.5.3 Goal and Scope Definition
49
2.5.4 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis
50
2.5.5 Life Cycle Impact Assessment
52
2.5.6 Life Cycle Interpretation
54
2.5.7 Strengths and weaknesses of LCIA
55
2.5.8 Databases for LCA studies
55
viii
2.5.8.1 Impact evaluation
57
2.5.9 Impact categories
58
2.5.10 Impact assessment methods
59
2.5.10.1 BEES
59
2.5.10.2 Endpoint Impact Assessment: Eco-indicator 99
60
2.5.10.3 Endpoint and Midpoint Impact Assessment: IMPACT
2002+
2.5.10.4 ReCiPe
61
62
2.5.11 LCA tools
62
2.5.12 Boustead Model
64
2.5.13 Drivers and barriers for using LCA in the building sector 65
2.6 An Over View of Pollution
66
2.6.1 Energy Pollution
66
2.6.2 Material Pollution
67
2.6.3 Global Warming
69
2.6.4 Carbon emission in Malaysia
71
2.6.5 Carbon processes in building materials
74
2.6.6 Substances that reduce the ozone layer
75
2.6.7 Reduction of Pollution in Construction, Use and
Demolition
3
2.7 An Over View of Gasoline and Diesel in Malaysia
76
METHODOLOGY
79
3.1 Introduction
79
3.2 Case study
80
3.3 Process of demolition
82
3.3.1 Mobilization of equipment.
3.4 LCA Methodology
84
92
3.4.1 Goal and scope definition
93
3.4.2 Life Cycle Inventory
93
3.4.3 Life Cycle Impact Assessment
94
3.4.3.1 Method and tool
3.4.4 Interpretation
4
75
95
95
3.5 Data Gathering
96
ANALYZING AND DISCUSSION
98
ix
4.1 Introduction
98
4.2 Machinery
98
4.2.1 Demolition
4.2.1.1 HITACHI EX100
99
99
4.2.1.2 Sumitomo SH100 EX100
100
4.2.1.3 Sumitomo SH200 EX200 LH43
102
4.2.1.4 HITACHI EX200 LH16
103
4.2.1.5 HITACHI EX200 LH21
104
4.2.1.6 HITACHI EX220 LH11
105
4.2.1.7 HITACHI EX300 D
106
4.2.1.8 HITACHI EX300 LH 42 R
107
4.2.1.9 HITACHI EX300 LH35 Y
108
4.2.1.10 HITACHI EX300 R
109
4.2.1.11 HITACHI EX450 R
110
4.2.1.12 Air Compressor
111
4.2.1.13 Motor pump
112
4.2.2. Supply chain activities
113
4.2.2.1. Transport barrels of diesel
113
4.2.2.2 Transport excavations
115
4.2.2.3 Forman Transportation
119
4.2.3. Waste Disposal
120
4.2.3.1 Rebar transportation
120
4.2.3.2 Aluminum Transportation
122
4.2.3.3 Debris Transportation
124
4.3. Structure
127
4.3.1. Wall
127
4.3.1.1 Masonry Wall
128
4.3.1.2 Concrete Wall
130
4.3.1.3 Glass and Gypsum Wall
131
4.3.2 Concrete column
133
4.3.3 Concrete Beams
135
4.3.4 Concrete Slabs
138
4.3.5 Concrete Stairs
141
4.3.6 Debris Volume
142
x
4.3.7 Scrap Rebar in Demolition Process
5
143
4.4 Total of LCA in Demolition and Disposal Stages
144
CONCLUSION
147
5.1 Introduction
147
5.2 Conclusion
147
5.3 Recommendation for Improvement and Future Research
150
REFRENCES
153
APPENDICES
163
APPENDIX A
163
APPENDIX B
166
APPENDIX C
169
APPENDIX D
180
APPENDIX E
182
APPENDIX F
185
APPENDIX G
187
APPENDIX H
190
APPENDIX I
194
APPENDIX J
196
APPENDIX K
198
APPENDIX L
199
APPENDIX M
202
APPENDIX N
204
APPENDIX O
205
APPENDIX P
207
APPENDIX R
211
APPENDIX S
216
APPENDIX T
217
APPENDIX W
222
APPENDIX X
225
APPENDIX Y
227
APPENDIX Z
229
APPENDIX AA
235
APPENDIX AB
241
APPENDIX AC
242
xi
APPENDIX AD
247
APPENDIX AE
248
APPENDIX AF
252
xii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO
1.1
TITLE
Published LCAs applied within the building sector
within the last 15 years
1.2
PAGE
5
Environmental impacts associated with different
buildings.
10
2.1
Sources and Types of Solid Wastes
39
2.2
Current Waste Management Practice
46
2.3
Life Cycle Impact Categories
58
2.4
LCA and LCI Software Tools
63
2.5
Energy-related pollution in production processes based
on fossil fuels
2.6
Important greenhouse gases related to building
materials
2.7
67
71
Carbon Emission Data per capita from1970 through
2009 in Malaysia
72
2.8
Gasoline Specifications
76
2.9
Six kind of Gasoline that are exist in Malaysia
76
2.10
Diesel Specification
77
2.11
Six kind of Diesel that are exist in Malaysia
78
4.1
Transport Excavation
116
4.2
Material Transportation
118
4.3
Number of Columns in Menara Tun Razak
133
4.4
Quantity of Numbers, Reinforcement, Concrete
4.5
Volume of beams
136
Concrete Slabs plan
139
xiii
4.6
weight and volume of Debris production
143
4.7
Scrap Rebar production
144
5.1
GHG emissions of demolition case study BEES V4.02
(g CO2 eq)
5.2
148
BEES V4.02 Characterization Global warming (g eq
co2) for
A.1
150
Global Warming Potential and Acidification Potential
in construction, use and demolition of building
materials
163
A.2
Specification of CATERPILLAR excavators
166
A.3
Hitachi Ex 100 Details
169
A.4
Sumitomo SH 100 EX 100 Details
171
A.5
Sumitomo SH200 EX200 Details
172
A.6
HITACHI EX 200 LH16 Details
173
A.7
HITACHI EX220 LH 11 Details
174
A.8
HITACHI EX 300 D Details
175
A.9
HITACHI EX450 Details
177
A.10
LORRY DELTA ISUZU Details
178
A.11
NISSAN DIESEL LORRY Details
179
A.12
Hitachi
EX100 with
hours working and
fuel
consumption in Menara Tun Razak case study
A.13
180
Sumitomo SH100 EX100 with hours working and fuel
consumption in Menara Tun Razak case study
A.14
182
Sumitomo SH200 EX200 with hours working and fuel
consumption in Menara Tun Razak case study
A.15
185
Hitachi EX200 LH16 with hours working and fuel
consumption in Menara Tun Razak case study
A.16
Hitachi
EX200 with
hours working and
187
fuel
consumption in Menara Tun Razak case study
A.17
HITACHI
EX220 with hours working and fuel
consumption in Menara Tun Razak case study
A.18
190
194
HITACHI EX300 with hours working and fuel
consumption in Menara Tun Razak case study
196
xiv
A.19
Hitachi EX300 LH42 with hours working and fuel
consumption in Menara Tun Razak case study
A.20
Hitachi EX300 LH35 with hours working and fuel
consumption in Menara Tun Razak case study
A.21
202
Air compressor with hours working and fuel
consumption in Menara Tun Razak case study
A.23
199
Hitachi EX450 R with hours working and fuel
consumption in Menara Tun Razak case study
A.22
198
204
Motor pump with hours working and fuel consumption
in Menara Tun Razak case study
205
A.24
Diesel Transportation
207
A.25
Schedule Lorry for Transportation Reinforcement
Rebars
A.26
211
Schedule Lorry for Transportation Reinforcement
Rebars
216
A.27
lorry Schedule for transport debris
217
A.28
Masonry Wall data extraction from Revit structure
software
222
A.29
Concrete Wall Plan
225
A.30
Glass and Gypsum Wall Plan
227
A.31
Structural Columns plan
229
A.32
Beams plan
235
A.33
Stairs plan
241
A.34
Scrap Rebar in Demolition Process
242
A.35
Impact assessment disassembly Menara Tun Razak
BEES V4.02 Characterization
A.36
247
Analyze Inventory disassembly Menara Tun Razak
BEES V4.02 Characterization Global warming (g CO2
eq)
A.37
248
Analyze Inventory disassembly Menara Tun Razak
BEES V4.02 Characterization Global warming
252
xv
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
System boundary MENARA TUN RAZAK
14
2.1
Describes the different fields of BIM in a Venn-diagram
18
2.2
Increased pressure on the building process is resolved
by using BIM technology(Eastman et al., 2011)
2.3
19
Exterior Envelope Virtual Mock up for 3D Shop
Drawing Review
21
2.4
Respondent Occupations
24
2.5
BIM uses for the survey participants
25
2.6
Demolition by Hand
30
2.7
Abrasive Cutting
30
2.8
A tower crane
31
2.9
Demolition by Machines
32
2.10
Volvo‘s EC 460B high reach wrecker
33
2.11
(A) rebar shear (B) plate and tank shear
33
2.12
(A), (B) Hydraulic impact hammer in breking
34
2.13
Allied‘s RC series hydraulic pulverizer
35
2.14
NPK‘s hydraulic multi-processor
36
2.15
Demolition by Chemical Agents
36
2.16
Hand operated pressurized water jetting
37
2.17
Life –cycle of waste generation
40
2.18
Typical composition of construction and demolition
waste.
41
2.19
Estimated total annual waste generation in the EU
41
2.20
The total waste generation distribution in percentages
between different sources in the EU, EFTA, Croatia and
42
xvi
Turkey in 2008
2.21
Building Waste Generation in IWOA
42
2.22
Total MSW Generation in 2010
43
2.23
Reducing construction and demolition (C&D) waste
45
2.24
Stages of a Life Cycle Assessment
47
2.25
Life Cycle Assessment Framework'
49
2.26
Elements of the LCIA phase
52
2.27
Structure of the Building for Environmental and
Economic Sustainability (BEES) methodology (Source:
PRé, 2008).
2.28
60
General representation of the Eco-indicator 99
methodology.
61
2.29
Structure of the Boustead Model
64
2.30
Projected surface temperature changes for the late 21st
century (2090–2099) Temperatures are relative to the
period 1980–1999
2.31
Indicator of the human influence on the atmosphere
during the Industrial Era
3.1
70
Case Study Menara Tun Razak Shematic View of
Demolition Boundary
3.2
69
80
show the location of demolition site at Menara Tun
Razak, Jalan Raja Laut, Kuala Lumpur
81
3.3
Front View (A)& Back view(B) of building
83
3.4
Left View (C) & Right View (D) of the Building
83
3.5
Bridge Spanning Between tower (E) & View of the 2
Storey Car BasementCar Park(F)
83
3.6
Demolition level3 and level 2
85
3.7
Demolition Level 1 and Level 2
85
3.8
Scaffolding System (A) & Installation Scaffolding
System (B)
3.9
3.10
86
level 7/1 before Demolition (A) movement Excavator to
Level 7/1(B)
86
The mini excavator hoist on top of the building to
87
xvii
demolish the M&E
3.11
hacking Level 7/1 by Hitachi EX100 (A) Hacking
Level 7/1(B)
3.12
87
Compressor hammerfor demolition bridge(A) Blade for
cutting beams of bridge(B)
88
3.13
bladed beam (A) Demolition the Bridge (B)
88
3.14
Demolition of structural elements by hacking and
pushing walls inwards starting from section CH EF
progressively towards CH S at the other end of the
building.
3.15
89
Demolition of structural elements by hacking and
pushing walls inwards starting from section CH EF
progressively towards CH S at the other end of the
building.
3.16
89
Demolition is followed by weakening and exposing the
rebar of the following level RC columns(A)&(B).
90
3.17
Collection Rebars (A)&(B)
90
3.18
Hydraulic Breakers
91
3.19
Torch and Cutting Rebars(A)&(B)
91
3.20
Collection Rebars on ground
92
3.21
plan from Demolition's Consultant
96
3.22
plan of bridge between two buildings from construction
consultant
3.23
96
(A) Day working of contractor & (B) Data measuring on
Site
97
4.1
(A) & (B) HITACHI EX100
99
4.2
GHG emissions of HITACHI EX100 activity (g CO2
eq)
100
4.3
Sumitomo SH100 EX100
101
4.4
GHG emissions of Sumitomo SH100 EX100 activity (g
CO2 eq)
101
4.5
(A) & (B) Sumitomo SH200 EX200 LH43
102
4.6
GHG emissions of Sumitomo SH100 EX100 activity (g
102
xviii
CO2 eq)
4.7
HITACHI EX200 LH16
4.8
GHG emissions of Hitachi EX200 LH16 activity (g
103
CO2 eq)
103
4.9
HITACHI EX200 LH21
104
4.10
GHG emissions of HITACHI EX200 LH21 activity (g
CO2 eq)
104
4.11
HITACHI EX220 LH11
105
4.12
GHG emissions of HITACHI EX220 LH11 activity (g
CO2 eq)
105
4.13
(A) & (B) HITACHI EX300 D
106
4.14
GHG emissions of Hitachi EX300 D activity (g CO2 eq)
106
4.15
(A) & (B) HITACHI EX300 LH 42 R
107
4.16
GHG emissions of HITACHI EX300 LH 42 R acctivity
(g CO2 eq)
107
4.17
HITACHI EX300 LH35 Y
108
4.18
GHG emissions of HITACHI EX300 LH35 Y activity
(g CO2 eq)
108
4.19
(A) & (B) HITACHI EX300 R
109
4.20
GHG emissions of HITACHI EX300 R activity (g CO2
eq)
109
4.21
HITACHI EX450 R
110
4.22
GHG emission of HITACHI EX450 activity (g CO2 eq)
110
4.23
(A) & (B) Air compressor for hacking bridge
111
4.24
GHG emissions of air compressor activity (g CO2 eq)
111
4.25
(A)Generator (B) Water pump
112
4.26
GHG emissions of motor pump activity (g CO2 eq)
112
4.27
Map of Diesel Transportation
114
4.28
GHG emissions of lorry activity (g CO2 eq)for empty
barrels
4.29
4.30
115
GHG emissions of lorry activity (g CO2 eq) for full
barrels
115
GHG emissions of non-loading low boy activity (g CO2
116
xix
eq)
4.31
GHG emissions of non-loading low boy activity (g CO2
eq)
117
4.32
(A) & (B) Transfer propping
117
4.33
GHG emissions of transport material activity Transport
from site: (g CO2 eq)
4.34
GHG emissions of transport material Transport to site:
(g CO2 eq)
4.35
118
119
GHG emissions of Forman Transportation activity (g
CO2 eq)
119
4.36
Map of Rebar Transportation
121
4.37
(A)Lorry for Carry Reinforce Rebars (B) Prepration
before loading Reinforce Rebars
120
4.38
loading Reinforce Rebars
121
4.39
GHG emissions of rebar transportation activity (g CO2
eq)
122
4.40
Lorry for Aluminum Transportation
123
4.41
GHG emissions of aluminum transportation activity (g
CO2 eq)
123
4.42
(A) Lorry for carry Debris & (B) Loading lorry
124
4.43
Landfill Area
125
4.44
GHG emissions of concrete debris transportation (g
CO2 eq)
4.45
GHG emissions of brick debris transportation (g CO2
eq)
4.46
125
126
GHG emissions of mortar debris:transportation (g CO2
eq)
126
4.47
emissions of glass debris transportation (g CO2 eq)
126
4.48
GHG emissions of gypsum debris transportation (g CO2
eq)
127
4.49
The percentage of Walls Area
128
4.50
Brick Dimension
128
4.51
(A) & (B)Masonry Wall
129
xx
4.52
(A) & (B) Masonry Wall
130
4.53
Concrete Wall
130
4.54
Concrete Wall
131
4.55
(A) &(B) Concrete Wall
131
4.56
(A) & (B) Gypsum walls
132
4.57
(A) & (B) Glass Walls
132
4.58
(A) & (B)Glass Walls
133
4.59
Columns in Menara Tun razak Model
134
4.60
Reinforce Rebar in columns
134
4.61
Columns in Manara Tun Razak
135
4.62
structural beams Model of Menara Tun razak
136
4.63
Beams of Menara Tun Razak before Demolition
137
4.64
(A) & (B) Beams of Menara Tun Razak
137
4.65
(A) & (B) Beams of Menara Tun Razak
138
4.66
Comprising Quantity of Area, rebars weight and
concrete volume
138
4.67
East view of slabs in model Menara Tun Razak
139
4.68
West view of slabs in model Menara Tun Razak
140
4.69
(A) Demolition slab (B) demolition slab of level 3/1
140
4.70
(A) Demolition Slabs of level 3 (B) Demolition slabs of
levels 6/1, 5/1,4/1
141
4.71
(A) stairs structure & (B) Stairs between Levels
142
4.72
(A) Demolition ramp & (B) Demolition stairs
142
4.73
The kind of Reinforcement Rebar use in Menara Tun
Razak
143
4.74
Reinforce Rebar Quantity
144
4.75
LCA Environmental impact
145
4.76
Analyzing Airborne emissions of demolition Menara
Tun Razak
146
5.1
GHG in demolition process
148
5.2
Emission green gases between demolition and disposal
process (gCO2eq)
149
xxi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
3D-model
Geometrical model in three dimensions; length, height and width.
AEC
Architecture, Engineering and Construction
BIM
Building information modeling, the activity, when referring to a specific
building information model the term ―BIM model‖ is used.
EIA
Environmental Impact Assessment
LCA
Life Cycle Assessment
LCC
Life Cycle Costing
LCI
Life Cycle Inventory
LCIA
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
OECD
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
UTM
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia ()
xxii
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
A
TITLE
PAGE
Global Warming Potential and Acidification Potential
in construction, use and demolition of building
materials
163
B
Specification of CATERPILLAR excavators
166
C
Dimensions,
specifications
and
details
of
all
equipment were used in this study
D
Hitachi EX100 with hours working and fuel
consumption in Menara Tun Razak case study
E
HITACHI
190
EX220 with hours working and fuel
consumption in Menara Tun Razak case study
J
187
Hitachi EX200 with hours working and fuel
consumption in Menara Tun Razak case study
I
185
Hitachi EX200 LH16 with hours working and fuel
consumption in Menara Tun Razak case study
H
182
Sumitomo SH200 EX200 with hours working and fuel
consumption in Menara Tun Razak case study
G
180
Sumitomo SH100 EX100 with hours working and fuel
consumption in Menara Tun Razak case study
F
169
194
HITACHI EX300 with hours working and fuel
consumption in Menara Tun Razak case study
196
Hitachi EX300 LH42 with hours working and fuel
K
consumption in Menara Tun Razak case study
L
Hitachi EX300 LH35 with hours working and fuel
consumption in Menara Tun Razak case study
198
199
xxiii
M
Hitachi EX450 R with hours working and fuel
consumption in Menara Tun Razak case study
N
202
Air compressor with hours working and fuel
consumption in Menara Tun Razak case study
O
Motor
pump
with
hours
working
and
204
fuel
consumption in Menara Tun Razak case study
205
P
Diesel Transportation
207
R
Schedule Lorry for Transportation Reinforcement
Rebars
S
211
Schedule Lorry for Transportation Reinforcement
Rebars
216
T
lorry Schedule for transport debris
217
W
Masonry Wall data extraction from Revit structure
software
222
X
Concrete Wall Plan
225
Y
Glass and Gypsum Wall Plan
227
Z
Structural Columns plan
229
AA
Beams plan
235
AB
Stairs plan
241
AC
Scrap Rebar in Demolition Process
242
AD
Impact assessment disassembly Menara Tun Razak
BEES V4.02 Characterization
AE
247
Analyze Inventory disassembly Menara Tun Razak
BEES V4.02 Characterization Global warming (g
CO2 eq)
AF
248
Analyze Inventory disassembly Menara Tun Razak
BEES V4.02 Characterization Global warming
252