vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
x
LIST OF FIGURES
xi
LIST OF SYMBOLS
xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xvi
LIST OF APPENDICES
xvii
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Introduction
1
1.2
Problem Statement
3
1.3
Objectives
4
1.4
Scopes
4
1.5
Research Methodology
4
1.6
Project Activities
7
LITERATURE REVIEW
9
2.1
Energy Sources
9
2.1.1 Human Body
10
2.1.2 Solar
11
2.1.3 Temperature Gradient
11
viii
3
2.1.4 Air Flow
11
2.1.5 Acoustic Noise
13
2.1.6 Vibration
13
2.1.7 Summary of Viable Power Source
14
2.2
Sources of Vibration
14
2.3
Methods of Converting Vibration into Electricity
15
2.3.1 Electromagnetic (Inductive) Conversion
15
2.3.2 Electrostatic (Capacitive) Conversion
19
2.3.3 Piezoelectric Conversion
21
2.3.4 Comparison of Energy Density
24
2.3.5 Summary of Conversion Mechanisms
25
2.4
Piezoelectricity
26
2.5
Vibration Energy Harnessing using Piezoelectric
Materials
27
2.6
Energy Storage Devices
30
2.7
Summary
31
METHODOLOGY
33
3.1
Simulation Setup
33
3.1.1 Piezoelectric Sensing Element
33
3.1.2 Harnessing Circuit
34
Data Acquisition System (DAQ)
37
3.2.1 Flow of Information in DAQ
38
Test Equipment
40
3.3.1 Vibrating Mechanical Equipments
40
3.3.2 Piezoelectric Sensor P-876.A12 DuraAct
41
3.3.3 NI Compact-data Acquisition Unit
42
3.2
3.3
3.3.6.1 NI-9234 Module
42
3.3.4 Processor and LabVIEW
43
3.3.5 Harnessing Circuit
44
3.4
Energy Storage Selection
45
3.5
Experimental Setup
46
3.5.1 Experimental Procedure
46
ix
4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
48
4.1
Simulation Result
48
4.2
Experimental Result
53
4.2.1 Turbine
53
4.2.1.1 Accumulated Energy
4.2.2 Centrifugal Pump
4.2.2.1 Accumulated Energy
4.3
5
Overall Analysis
55
55
57
57
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
59
5.1
Conclusion
59
5.2
Recommendations
60
REFERENCES
Appendices A - B
61
65 - 66
x
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
1.1
TITLE
PAGE
Comparison of potential energy sources with a fixed
level of power generation and a fixed amount of energy
storage
2.1
2
Acceleration (m/s2) magnitude and frequency of
fundamental vibration mode for various sources
(Roundy et al., 2003)
2.2
14
Summary of maximum energy densities for three types
of conversion mechanisms (Roundy and Wright, 2004)
24
2.3
Comparison summary of three conversion mechanisms
25
2.4
Comparison of piezoelectric materials (Gonzalez et al.,
2002)
27
4.1
Summary of simulation results
53
4.2
Summary of actual experiment results
58
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
Methodology of the study
6
1.2
Gantt chart for Master Project 1
7
1.3
Gantt chart for Master Project 2
8
2.1
Two approaches to unobtrusive 31-mode piezoelectric
energy harnessing in shoes: a PVDF stave under the
ball of the foot and a PZT dimorph under the heel
(Shenck and Paradiso, 2001)
2.2
10
Schematic and pictures of the fabricated electric
energy generator.
(a) Schematic showing the
arrangement of the bimorph transducers.
(b)
Photograph of the fabricated prototype. (c) Loading of
the bimorphs using rectangular hooks (Chen et al.,
2006)
12
2.3
Schematic of overall AEH (Horowitz et al., 2006)
13
2.4
Schematic diagram
of linear inertial
generator
(Williams and Yates, 1996)
2.5
Schematic cross-section of micromachined generator
(Williams et al., 2001)
2.6
17
18
Electromagnetic conversion device (Amirtharajah and
Chandrakasan, 1998)
18
2.7
In-plane overlap (Roundy et al., 2003)
20
2.8
In-plane gap closing (Roundy et al., 2003)
20
2.9
Out-of-plane gap closing (Roundy et al., 2003)
20
2.10
Illustration of 33 mode and 31 mode operation for
piezoelectric material (Roundy et al., 2003)
2.11
Equivalent circuit for a piezoelectric generator
22
xii
(Roundy et al., 2003)
2.12
Concept
of
23
vibration
energy
harnessing
using
piezoelectric materials
2.13
27
Experimental setup showing a Quick Pack QP40N
attached to the shaker and dimensions of beam when
one end is clamped (Sodano et al., 2004)
28
2.14
Size and layout of the PZT plate (Sodano et al., 2005)
29
2.15
Size and layout of the MFC plate (Sodano et al., 2005)
29
2.16
Size and layout of the Quick Pack actuator (Sodano et
al., 2005)
29
3.1
Block diagram for piezoelectric accelerometer
34
3.2
Sensing
element
of
piezoelectric
accelerometer
developed using Matlab SIMULINK
3.3
Non-adaptive harnessing circuit (Mingjie and WeiHsin, 2005)
3.4
34
35
Non-adaptive harnessing circuit developed using
Matlab SIMULINK
36
3.5
Block diagram of data acquisition system
37
3.6
Experimental setup layout
39
3.7
Turbine
40
3.8
Centrifugal pump
41
3.9
Piezoelectric sensor P-876.A12 DuraAct
41
3.10
NI compact-data acquisition unit
42
3.11
NI-9234 module
43
3.12
Processor with LabVIEW software
44
3.13
Harnessing circuit
45
3.14
Capacitor
45
3.15
Experimental setup
46
4.1
Acceleration versus time at different amplitude of
(a) 0.05 V pp , (b) 0.10 V pp and (c) 0.15 V pp
4.2
50
Voltage versus time at different amplitude of
(a) 0.05 V pp , (b) 0.10 V pp and (c) 0.15 V pp
52
xiii
4.3
Voltage versus time for the turbine at speed of
1150 rpm
4.4
Current versus time for the turbine at speed of
1150 rpm
4.5
56
Current versus time for the centrifugal pump at speed
of 1900 rpm
4.12
56
Voltage versus time for the centrifugal pump at speed
of 1900 rpm
4.11
56
Current versus time for the centrifugal pump at speed
of 1700 rpm
4.10
55
Voltage versus time for the centrifugal pump at speed
of 1700 rpm
4.9
54
The amount of voltage accumulated and stored in the
capacitor for the turbine at speed of 1450 rpm
4.8
54
Current versus time for the turbine at speed of
1450 rpm
4.7
54
Voltage versus time for the turbine at speed of
1450 rpm
4.6
53
56
The amount of voltage accumulated and stored in the
capacitor for the centrifugal pump speed at 1900 rpm
57
xiv
LIST OF SYMBOLS
°C
-
Celsius
𝛷𝐵
-
Magnetic flux
Ω
-
Ohm
𝛿
-
Mechanical strain
𝜀
-
Induced emf; Dielectric constant
ε0
-
Dielectric constant of free space, Permittivity of free space
𝜇0
-
Permeability of free space
𝜎
-
Mechanical stress
𝜎𝑦
-
Yield stress
A
-
Ampere
𝑎
-
Acceleration
-
Magnetic field
-
Capacitance
𝑐
-
Elastic constant
𝐷
-
Electrical displacement (charge density)
𝑑
-
Gap or distance between plates; Piezoelectric strain coefficient
dB
-
Decibel
𝐸
-
Electric field
f
-
Frequency
Hz
-
Hertz
I, 𝑖
-
Current
k
-
Coupling coefficient; Piezoelectric constant
𝑙
-
Length of one coil (2πr); Length of plate
m
-
Meter
𝑁
-
Number of turns in coil
-
Charge on capacitor
R
-
Resistance
𝐵
𝐶
𝑄
xv
rpm
-
Revolution per minute
s, sec
-
Second
𝑡
-
Thickness
V, Volt
-
Voltage
Vp
-
Voltage peak
V pp
-
Voltage peak-to-peak
W
-
Watt
𝑤
-
Width of plate
-
Modulus of elasticity (Young’s Modulus)
𝑦
-
Distance coil moves through magnetic field
𝑌
xvi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
A/D
-
Analog to Digital
AC
-
Alternate Current
AI
-
Analog Input
AO
-
Analog Output
AEH
-
Acoustic Energy Harvester
BaTiO 3
-
Barium Tinate
D/A
-
Digital to Analog
DAQ
-
Data Acquisition System
DC
-
Direct Current
DIO
-
Digital I/O
fpm
-
feet per minute
HVAC
-
Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning
I/O
-
Input to Output
IEPE
-
Integrated Electronic Piezoelectric
MFC
-
Macro-Fiber Composite
NI
-
National Instrumentation
PI
-
Physik Instrumente
PVDF
-
Polyvinylidene Fluoride
PZT
-
Lead Zirconate Tinate
PZT-5A
-
Hard Lead Zirconate Tinate
QP
-
Quick Pack
RFID
-
Radio Frequency Identification
xvii
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
TITLE
A
Properties of piezoelectric patch actuator type
PAGE
DuraAct P-876.A12 (Physik Instrumente (PI)
GmbH & Co. KG, 2008)
B
64
Technical data of piezoelectric patch actuator
type DuraAct (Physik Instrumente (PI) GmbH
& Co. KG, 2008)
65