Matakuliah : J0084 / Introduction to Management
and Business
Tahun
: 2007
Versi
:1/3
Pertemuan 06 (Sixth Meting)
Planning Tools and
Techniques
Halaman 1
Learning Outcome
Student should be able to show the use of
planning tools and techniques which
are needed by the organization -> C3
Halaman 2
Learning Outline
• Techniques for Assessing the Environment
• Techniques for Allocating Resources
• Contemporary Planning Techniques
Halaman 3
1. Techniques for Assessing the Environment
a. Environmental Scanning
It’s the screening of large amounts of
information to anticipate and interpret
changes in the environment
1) Competitor Intelligence
It’s a process by which organization gather
information about their competitors.
Who are they? What are they doing?
How will what they’re doing affect us?
2) Global Scanning
Halaman 4
b. Forecasting
1) Forecasting Techniques
a) Quantitative forecasting applies a set of
mathematical rules to a series of past data
to predict outcomes
b) Qualitative forecasting, in contrast, uses
the judgment and opinions of
knowledgeable individuals to predict
outcomes
Halaman 5
2) Forecasting Effectiveness
a) Forecasting techniques are most
accurate when the environment is not
rapidly changing
b) Use simple forecasting methods
c) Use rolling forecasts that look 12 to 18
months ahead, instead of using a single,
static forecast
d) Don’t assume that you can accurately
identify turning points in a trend
e) Remember that forecasting is a
managerial skill and as such can be
practiced and improved
Halaman 6
c. Benchmarking
Benchmarking is the search for the best practices
among competitors or non competitors that lead to their
superior performance
Steps in
Bench
marking
Prepare and
implement
action plan
Identify:
What is to be benchmarked
Form a
Comparative organizations
benchmarking Data Collection methods
planning team
Best
practices
Analyze data to
identify
performance gaps
Gather internal
and
external data
Halaman 7
2. Techniques for Allocating Resources
a. Budgeting
Cash Budget
Forecasts cash on
hand and how much
will be needed
Revenue Budget
Project future
sales
Variable Budget
Takes into account
the cost that vary
with volume
OR
Expense Budget
Lists primary
activities
and allocates dollar
amount to each
Fixed Budget
Assumes fixed
level of sales
production
Profit Budget
Combines revenue and expense
budget of various units to determine
each unit’s profit contribution
Halaman 8
b. Scheduling
1) Gantt Charts
Activity
1
2
Month
3
4
Copyedit manuscript
Design sample pages
Draw artwork
Print first pages
Print final pages
Design cover
Actual progress
Goals
Reporting Date
Halaman 9
2) Load Charts
Editors
Month
1
2
3
4
5
6
Annie
Antonio
Kim
Maurice
Dave
Penny
Work scheduled
Halaman 10
3) PERT Network Analysis
a) Event
b) Activities
c) Slack time
d) Critical path
Halaman 11
Event Description
Expected
time
(week)
Preceding
event
A
Approve design and get permit
10
None
B
Dig subterranean
6
A
C
Erect frame and siding
14
B
D
Construct floor
6
C
E
Install windows
3
C
F
Put on roof
3
C
G
Install internal wiring
5
D, E, F
H
Install elevator
5
G
I
Put in floor covering and
paneling
4
D
J
Put in doors and interior decorate
trim
3
I, H
K
Turn over to building
management group
1
J
Halaman 12
A PERT Network for constructing an office building
4
D
6
10
Start
14
6
A
B
3
C
I
5
5
5
G
E
1
J
H
K
3
3
5
F
Calculation the length of time that
each path of activities will take:
A-B-C-D-I-J-K (44 weeks)
A-B-C-D-G-H-J-K (50 weeks)
A-B-C-E-G-H-J-K (47 weeks)
A-B-C-F-G-H-J-K (47 weeks)
Halaman 13
c. Break Even Analysis
TFC
BE =
P - VC
Note:
BE
P
TFC
VC
= Break Even Point
= Price
= Total Fixed Cost
= Variable Cost
Halaman 14
Break even analysis
Total
Revenue
Revenue/Cost ($)
70.000
Profit
Area
60.000
50.000
40.000
Los
s
Area
Variable
Costs
Break
Even
Point
30.000
Total
Cost
s
Fixed
Costs
20.000
10.000
100
200
300
400
500
600
Output (in thousands)
Halaman 15
d. Linear programming
Production Data for
Cinnamon-Scented Products
Numbers of Hours Required (per unit)
Potpourri Scented Monthly
Department
Bags
Candles Production
Capacity (in
hours)
Manufacturing
2
4
1,200
Assembly
Profit per unit
2
$ 10
2
$ 18
900
2P + 4S < 1,200
2P + 2S < 900
Halaman 16
Quantity of Scented Candles
Graphical Solution to Linear
Programming Problem
700
600
500
F
400
300 B
200
Feasibility
Region
100
C
A
100
200
300
D
400 500
E
600
Quantity of Potpourri Bags
Halaman 17
3. Contemporary Planning Techniques
a. Project Management
Project Planning Process
Define
Objectives
Determine
Project
completion
date
Identify
Activities
and
resources
Establish
sequences
Compare
with
objectives
Establish
time for
activities
Determine
additional
resources
requirement
Halaman 18
b. Scenario Planning
Preparing for Unexpected Events
1) Identify potential unexpected events
2) Determine if any of these events would
have early indicators
3) Set up an information gathering system
to
identify early indicators
4) Have appropriate responses (plans) in
place if these unexpected events occur
Halaman 19