National Aeronautics and Space Administration
ISTAR Activities
Briefing to NASA HRP
Investigators Workshop
Mike Rodriggs
Manager, ISTAR Mission Integration Office
JSC/Human Exploration Development Support Office
February 14, 2012
Michael.A.Rodriggs@nasa.gov
ISTAR - Agenda
 ISTAR Areas of Emphasis
 Short Term Goals
 Long Term Goals
 Where does ISTAR fit in?
 ISTAR 5 Year Strategic Plan
 ISTAR Supporting NASA Strategic Plan
ISTAR - M. Rodriggs (281) 244-6359
2
Areas of Emphasis
Basically, ISTAR is pursuing two areas of focus
Short Term Goal
Help identify exploration investigations that require the
use of the high fidelity ISS analog test bed to advance
exploration technology/capability needs and buy down
exploration risks
Long Term Goal
Plan for a simulated Mars mission on ISS around the 2015
time frame.
ISTAR - M. Rodriggs (281) 244-6359
3
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
ISTAR
International Space Station
Test Bed for Analog Research
Design Reference Missions
and Architectures
“Using ISS as an analog test
platform to develop and demonstrate
new technologies and operational concepts.
ISTAR xDTOs mitigate the risks and challenges
facing astronauts on long distance voyages to asteroids,
planet Mars and perhaps destinations even further from
Earth.”
Earth-based
Analogs
Mars Design Reference Architecture 5.0 Mission Profile
NTR Reference Shown
10
In-Situ propellant production for Ascent Vehicle
Aerocapture / Entry, Descent & Land Ascent Vehicle
Aerocapture Habitat Lander
into Mars Orbit
~500 days on Mars
5
11
4
12
Cargo:
~350 days
to Mars
~26
months
Crew: Jettison drop
tank after trans-Mars injection
~180 days out to Mars
13
Cargo
Vehicles
1
Crew: Use Orion to
transfer to Habitat Lander; then
EDL on Mars
8
4 Ares-V Cargo
Launches
Crew: Prepare for TransEarth Injection
3
9
2
Crew: Ascent to high Mars orbit
Crew
Transfer
Vehicle
7
Ares-I Crew Launch
6
3 Ares-V Cargo Launches
~30
months
Crew: ~180 days
back to Earth
14
Orion direct
Earth return
5
DRM34B – Full Capability NEO (Strategy 1 – DRM 4b):
2008 EV5 NEO Crewed Mission with 100 t HLLV
NEO
30 d at NEO
• 2008EV5 - Opportunity in 2024
• NEO Mission Duration - 399 days
• Block 2 CPS (ZBO ), Block 1 CPS (no ZBO)
SEP 1
SEV
continues
Operations
at NEO
~170 d Transit
30 Day Stay
at NEO
E-M L1
Apogee raise by SEP 1
(ΔV = 6.9 km/s)
392 d Transit
Apogee raise by SEP 2
(ΔV = 6.9 km/s)
266 d Transit
SEP 1
Circ burn by CPS 1
(ΔV = 0.151 km/s)
E-M L1 Departure Burn by
CPS 1: ΔV = 1.070 km/s
C3 = 10.00 km2 /s2
15 d Transit
CPS 2
E-M L1 Arrival Burn by
CPS 2: ΔV = 0.123 km/s
CTV-A/E: ΔV = 0.621 km/s
4 d Transit
Apogee raise by CPS 2
(ΔV = 3.152 km/s)
CTV
Adapter
LEO 407 km
x 407 km
SEV
Block 2 CPS 1
Kick Stage
Circ burn by Kick Stage
(ΔV = 0.151 km/s)
DSH
Circ burn by CPS 2
(ΔV = 0.151 km/s)
SEP 2
CTV – A/E with Crew
DSH
SEP 2
Staging Location
of SEP 2 & DSH is
Target Dependent
CTV SM
EDL
Block 1 CPS 2
Earth Return VEI
11.1 – 11.8 km/s
HLLV - 100t
HLLV - 100t
SM Derived
HLLV - 100t
~210 d Transit
CPS 1
Dock All Elements
Notes:
• spacecraft icons are not to scale
• ΔV’s include 1% propellant margin
EARTH
Pre-Decisional: For NASA Internal Use Only
1
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
ISTAR
International Space Station
Test Bed for Analog Research
Design Reference Missions
and Architectures
Human & Architectural Risks
“Using ISS as an analog test
platform to develop and demonstrate
new technologies and operational concepts.
ISTAR xDTOs mitigate the risks and challenges
facing astronauts on long distance voyages to asteroids,
planet Mars and perhaps destinations even further from
Earth.”
Earth-based
Analogs
Human Spaceflight Architecture Team (HAT) Exploration Risks
Space Administration
ID National Aeronautics and
Exploration
Mission RISK
M-EDL
E-EDL
LV
Lndr
CSM
CFT
ISP
A-ISP
Env
Dock
Sys
EVA
Comm
Aut
Health
EDL of large Mars payloads
Earth re-entry at high velocities
Launch vehicle failures
Lander propulsion systems failure
Long duration low/zero boiloff cryo-storage and management
In-space cryogenic fluid transfer
In-space propulsion failures
Reliability verification of advanced in-space propulsion
Environmental risks: radiation, MMOD, dust, electromagnetic
Docking/assembly failures
Systems failures: ECLSS, power, avionics, thermal
EVA system/suit failure
Operations under time delayed communication
Autonomous crew/vehicle operation
SW
Hum
Crew health: behavioral, health care/remote medical, micro-gravity
Software failure
Human error
ISRU
ISRU equipment failure: propellant, consumables
Human Spaceflight Architecture Team (HAT) Architectural Questions
ID
Q1
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Exploration Mission Architectural Questions
What is the safest way to approach a small/non-cooperative/non-stable object? (i.e. NEA, satellite)
Q2
What is the safest and quickest way to anchor to a NEA?
Q3
What Earth Orbit activities are needed to reduce risk for deep space missions?
Q4
Q5
Q6
What are the impact of the planetary protection requirements on operations and elements?
What are the functional/volumetric requirements for habitation and IVA activities in zero and low – g?
What is the difference in operational efficiency between crew size? (3 and 4 crew for NEA, 4 and 6 crew for
Mars)
Q7
What is the most efficient way to communicate under a long >30 sec time delay? Does this change as the time
increases?
Q8
What improvements of logistics and packaging can be realized?
Q9
What is the most effectives trade between level of repair and on-orbit manufacturing?
Q10
How do you best reuse/repurpose disposable materials?
Q11
What is the most effective means of surface transportation? (NEA, Moon/Mars short distance, Moon/Mars long
distance)
Q12
Given current robotic capabilities, what level of human/robotic interaction provides the highest level of
operational efficiency? (EVA at destination, In-space EVA, IVA, Teleoperations)
Q13
What level of IVA/EVA activities at a destination provides the most benefit?
HRP Risks & Criticality
Lunar
Criticality
NEA
Mars
C
C
C
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
U
A
A
C
C
C
C
A
C
C
A
C
C
I
I
A
C
A
U
C
C
I
i
U
I
A
HHC
Risk of Orthostatic Intolerance During Re-Exposure to Gravity (Short Title: OI)
Risk of Early Onset Osteoporosis Due to Spaceflight (Short Title: Osteo)
Risk Factor of Inadequate Nutrition (Short Title: Nutrition)
Risk of Compromised EVA Performance and Crew Health Due to Inadequate EVA Suit Systems (Short Title: EVA) - Pending
HSRB RMAT Approval
Risk of Impaired Performance Due to Reduced Muscle Mass, Strength and Endurance (Short Title: Muscle)
Risk of Renal Stone Formation (Short Title: Renal)
Risk of Bone Fracture (Short Title: Fracture)
Risk of Intervertebral Disc Damage (Short Title: IVD)
Risk of Cardiac Rhythm Problems (Short Title: Arrhythmia) - Pending HSRB RMAT Approval
Risk of Reduced Physical Performance Capabilities Due to Reduced Aerobic Capacity (Short Title: Aerobic)
Risk of Crew Adverse Health Event Due to Altered Immune Response (Short Title: Immune)
Risk of Impaired Control of Spacecraft, Associated Systems and Immediate Vehicle Egress due to Vestibular / Sensorimotor
Alterations Associated with Space Flight (Short Title: Sensorimotor)
Risk of Therapeutic Failure Due to Ineffectiveness of Medication (Short Title: Pharm) - Pending HSRB RMAT Approval
C
C
I
HHC
Risk of Microgravity-Induced Visual Impairment/Intracranial Pressure (Short Title: VIIP) - Pending HSRB RMAT Approval
I
I
I
HHC
SHFH
SHFH
SHFH
SHFH
Risk of Injury from Dynamic Loads (Short Title: Occupant Protection)
Risk of Performance Decrement and Crew Illness Due to an Inadequate Food System (Short Title: Food)
Risk of Inadequate Human-Computer Interaction (Short Title: HCI) - Pending HSRB RMAT Approval
Risk of Performance Errors Due to Training Deficiencies (Short Title: Train) - Pending HSRB RMAT Approval
Risk of Inadequate Design of Human and Automation/Robotic Integration (Short Title: HARI) - Pending HSRB RMAT Approv
U
C
C
C
C
U
C
C
C
C
I
U
A
A
A
SHFH
SHFH
Risk of Poor Critical Task Design (Short Title: Task) - Pending HSRB RMAT Approval
Risk of Adverse Health Effects of Exposure to Dust and Volatiles During Exploration of Celestial Bodies (Short Title: Dust) –
Pending HSRB RMAT Approval
Risk of an Incompatible Vehicle/Habitat Design (Short Title: Hab) - Pending HSRB RMAT Approval
Risk of Adverse Health Effects Due to Alterations in Host-Microorganism Interactions (Short Title: Microhost)
Inability to Adequately Recognize or Treat an Ill or Injured Crew Member (Short Title: ExMC)
Risk of Adverse Behavioral Conditions and Psychiatric Disorders (Short Title: Bmed) - Reference RMATs for Risk of Adverse
Behavioral Conditions, and Risk of Psychiatric Disorders
Risk of Performance Errors Due to Fatigue Resulting from Sleep Loss, Circadian Desynchronization, Extended Wakefulness,
and Work Overload (Short Title: Sleep)
Risk of Performance Decrements due to Inadequate Cooperation, Coordination, Communication, and Psychosocial Adaptation
within a Team (Short Title: Team)
Risk of Radiation Carcinogenesis (Short Title: Cancer)
Risk of Acute Radiation Syndromes Due to Solar Particle Events (Short Title: ARS)
Risk of Acute or Late Central Nervous System Effects from Radiation Exposure (Short Title: CNS)
Risk of Degenerative Tissue or other Health Effects from Radiation Exposure (Short Title: Degen)
C
A
C
I
A
I
C
A
A
C
C
I
A
A
A
I
U
U
C
C
C
C
A
A
A
A
A
A
U
A
I 10
I
U
A
I
I
HRP
Element
HHC
HHC
HHC
HHC
HHC
HHC
HHC
HHC
HHC
HHC
HHC
HHC
SHFH
SHFH
ExMC
BHP
BHP
BHP
SR
SR
SR
SR
Risk Title (Short Title)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
ISTAR
International Space Station
Test Bed for Analog Research
Design Reference Missions
and Architectures
Human & Architectural Risks
“Using ISS as an analog test
platform to develop and demonstrate
new technologies and operational concepts.
ISTAR xDTOs mitigate the risks and challenges
facing astronauts on long distance voyages to asteroids,
planet Mars and perhaps destinations even further from
Earth.”
ISTAR Process
• xDTO Solicitation
• xDTO Screening
• Increment Planning
• xDTO Candidates
Selection
• Collaboration with
Earth based Analogs
D
R
A
T
S
P
L
R
P
N
E
E
M
O
Earth-based
Analogs
ISTAR First Area of Emphasis
Over the past year ISTAR reviewed more than 250
proposals for a potential mission to ISS
We used following selection criteria:
 Are there real exploration risk reductions
 Do they (no kidding) need to go to ISS
Are they mature in development and have adequate funding
 Have they been previously tested on other ground based
analogs (if appropriate)
ISTAR - M. Rodriggs (281) 244-6359
12
ISTAR First Area of Emphasis
ISTAR has recommended 7 potential payload candidates
over the next three ISS increments to ISSP Tech Demo
Office for consideration, and all are moving forward
9 others have been identified as excellent future
possibilities but were still needing additional funding,
project coordination, or more time for development
They will be included in future solicitations
ISTAR - M. Rodriggs (281) 244-6359
13
HRP Potential Exploration DTOs
 Some of the xDTOs that we have been working on with HRP
ENG-003 - Noise Environment Mapping/Source Study
ENG-011 - Active Shielding Proof of Concept
ENG-012 - Medipix Small Active Radiation Dosimeter
ENG-074 - Evaluation of Battery-Powered Medical Oxygen Concentrator
EVA-016 - Microbial Growth and Control for Space Exploration
 Other xDTOs of interest to HRP include:
JSC-116 – Miniature Exercise Device
JSC-094 – Solid State Lighting Module-Research Long Term Effects of Lighting
Correlated Color Temperature on Mood and Performance
ISTAR - M. Rodriggs (281) 244-6359
14
ISTAR Process Changes
 Previously ISTAR made calls for specific ISS increments
 Shifting now to a thematic approach and looking for opportunities
across all the analogs. Examples:
Human/Robotic Interfaces - R2 uses, telerobotics, SPHERES applications
ECLSS - improved reliability/smaller/lighter, atmosphere revitalization, fire
suppression
Comm Delay - crew autonomy, automated planning, communication
alternatives, MCC automation
Medical Care - behavioral, psychological, physical, medical
Environmental – radiation assessment and mitigation, thermal control
 Could potentially be incorporated into an existing AES Project or
become a completely new one
 ISTAR will continue to pursue candidates for ISS as well
ISTAR - M. Rodriggs (281) 244-6359
15
ISTAR Second Area of Emphasis
ISS Mars Simulation
Phase
Major features of plan
A
Eval ISS
[2011-2012]
• Assess current ISS operations and activities for a Mars Mission
• Begin to introduce Mars specific operational changes
B
Short-period
sims
[2013-2014]
• Incorporate discrete Mars-forward activities
• Increase crew and ground mission autonomy
• Include
Includingcommunications
communicationsdelays
delays
typical
typical
ofofMars
Marsmissions
missions
• Incorporate exploration related system experiments
• Add “exploration” tasks to post-landing timeline
C
Longer-period
sims
[2014-2015]
• More rigorous, longer periods of autonomy
• Incorporate more exploration related system experiments
• MCC oversight modified for more autonomy
autonomous
while
while
stillprotecting
protectingISS
ISS
• Post-landing multi-day exploration analogs
D
6 mo sim
crew
deconditioning
[post 2015]
• Transits to Mars (or NEAs) simulated as rigorously as feasible
• Progressively increase comm delays to mimic Mars approach
• On-board science to be compatible with Mars-like mission parameters
• Expanded post-landing exploration mission analogs
ISTAR - M. Rodriggs (281) 244-6359
16
Organizational Structure:
Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate
Public Affairs/Communications
Legislative Affairs
Int’l/Interagency Relations
General Counsel
Strategic Analysis &
Integration
Space
Shuttle
Exploration
Systems
Development
• SLS
• MPCV
• 21st Century
Ground
Systems
Associate Administrator – Gerstenmaier
Deputy Associate Administrator
Deputy AA for Policy & Plans
Deputy AA for Program
Mission Support
Services
Human
Spaceflight
Capabilities
Core Capabilities
(MAF, MOD
SFCO, EVA)
• RPT
Resources Management
ISS
• System O&M
• Crew & Cargo
Transportation
Services
Commercial
Spaceflight
Development
• COTS
• Comm Crew
Chief Technologist
Chief Scientist
Chief Engineer
Safety & Mission Assurance
Chief Health & Medical Officer
Space
Comm &
Navigation
Advanced
Exploration
Systems
• AES
• Robotic
precursor
measurements
Launch
Services
Space Life &
Physical Sciences
Research &
Applications
• HRP, CHS
• Fund. Space Bio
• Physical Sciences
4/23/2012
ISS Nat’l Lab Mgt.
Where does ISTAR fit in?
Human Exploration and
Operations Mission
Directorate
Advanced Exploration Systems Division
ISTAR - M. Rodriggs (281) 244-6359
18
NASA Analog Missions Project Structure
Headquarters
Level I
Integration
Level I
Infrastructure
1.1 Analog Design &
Mission Analysis
1.2 Strategic Planning
1.0 Project
Management
B. Janoiko
1.3 Communications
and Network
1.5 Operations
(Mission/Science)
1.6 Education and
Public Outreach
1.4 Data Management
10.2
Level II
Implementation
10.1 NEEMO
10.3 RATS
Reduced Gravity Analog Missions
ISTAR - M. Rodriggs (281) 244-6359
10.4 ISRU
10.5 Other
NASA & IP
Analog Missions
Planetary Analog Missions
19
ISTAR - 5 Year Strategic Plan
 Utilizes a phased approach to reduce Exploration Risks,
answer Architectural Questions, and execute long-duration
Exploration Mission Simulations
Begin with short duration ISTAR Analogs to test risk mitigating
technologies & operational tools
Establish baselines for crew performance, behavior, and medical
procedure; develop and test countermeasures
 Increase periods of Crew/Vehicle Autonomy Simulations
 Crew procedures & Mission Control operations will be modified to provide
more realistic experience to crew/ground control personnel.
 Perform Comm Delays leading to full (voice/data/command) Mars Transitdelays by 2016 (Notional)
Post-landing exploration mission analogs will be added
ISTAR - M. Rodriggs (281) 244-6359
20
ISTAR - 5 Year Strategic Plan
Continue development of ISTAR Analog Groundrules
& Constraints
Continue working with NASA exploration
organizations and technology developers to identify
risk-mitigating xDTOs candidates and map them to
future ISS Increments
ISTAR 5 Year Plan will be integrated with larger multiyear plan for all Exploration Analogs
ISTAR - M. Rodriggs (281) 244-6359
21
Exploration Capability Development and Testing
ISTAR - M. Rodriggs (281) 244-6359
22
ISTAR- Supporting NASA Strategic Goals
NASA Strategic Plan Goal 1:
…..Extend and sustain human activities across the solar system
1.1 Sustain the operation and full use of the International Space
Station and expand efforts to utilize the ISS as a national lab
for scientific, technological, diplomatic, and educational
purposes and support future objectives in human space
exploration.
ISTAR is part of NASA’s overall
Exploration Test and Risk Mitigation strategy
ISTAR - M. Rodriggs (281) 244-6359
23
ISTAR - M. Rodriggs (281) 244-6359
24
Backup Charts
ISTAR – 2011 xDTO Process
 NASA Exploration Study Teams
• Develop Design Reference Missions (DRMs) and Reference Architectures for Beyond Low
Earth Orbit destinations (e.g., Mars, NEA)
• Define Key Exploration Mission Risks and Architectural Questions
- Examples: EVA System/Suit, Life Support systems, Crew & vehicle autonomy, Communication
Delays, Crew Medical and Behavioral Health, Crew training & mission control changes
 ISTAR Team identifies Increment-specific xDTO candidates that provide top risk
mitigation and support exploration operational concept development
• ISTAR calls for xDTOs timed to sync with ISS Increment Research Planning Cycle
• ISTAR identifies xDTO resource requirements (crew training and on-orbit crew time,
hardware/software development, mass and volume, funding status, projected earliest
readiness date)
• ISTAR IPT conducts high-level reviews and rankings of proposed xDTOs and selects xDTO
candidate list
 ISTAR forwards proposed xDTO candidate list and requirements to ISSPs ISS Tech
Demo Office for integration into ISS Utilization planning for an Increment Period
26
ISTAR - M. Rodriggs (281) 244-6359
ISTAR – Aligning with the ISS Payload Integ Process
ISS Payload Integration Timeline
Strategic
L-X months
Tactical
L-12 months
Requirements Definition
(Design, Development, Test,
Safety, and Verification)
PDR
Operations
CDR
Real-time Operations
ISS Crew
Rotation
Space Station Payloads Office
Increment Research
Plan Development
Period
(6 months)
Post-Increment Ops
(Debriefs, Reports)
ISS Crew
Rotation
Increments
Inc-X
Launch
ISTAR xDTO
Candidate Review
and Selection
6 months
L-0
Mission Integration
(Detailed Increment Planning)
Manifest
Approval
Post-Increment
Launch
Inc-Y
Return
ISTAR xDTO
Detailed Reqmts
Dev & ISS Integ
27
ISTAR - M.
ISTAR- ISS International Partner Participation
 Some ISTAR xDTOs will seek to involve International Partner (IP)
participation or use of IP facilities
• “Behavioral” and “Crew Autonomy” investigations may impact visiting vehicle or
spacewalk (EVA) scheduling
- Communications/Data delay xDTOs could impact other operations (e.g. payloads)
- Multilateral agreements will be required
• New Crew planning and execution tool xDTOs are planned
- All ISS Partners’ Mission Control Center (MCC) procedures and tools for planning and
execution are integrated and must stay in sync
• Post-Landing (if it affects landing site ops or crew return)
 ISSP has initiated discussions with the IPs to seek their cooperation
• Positive initial reaction received at ISS multi-lateral forums
• ISS IPs have expressed interest in executing their own xDTOs
• Process to integrate IPs’ initiatives is in development
28
ISTAR - M. Rodriggs (281) 244-6359
ISTAR - xDTO Near Term Increment Plans
 ISS Increments 31-32 (Mar 2012 to Sept 2012)*
1. JSC-HEDS-001, Autonomous Crew Ops and Comm Delay Operational
Countermeasures
2. JSC-ENG-017, SPHERES Free Flyer Simulated EVA Inspection
3. JSC-ENG-091, Robonaut 2 Simulated EVA Routine and Emergency Operations
 ISS Increments 33-34 (Sept 2012 to Mar 2013)*
1. JSC-HEDS-001, Autonomous Crew Ops and Comm Delay Operational
Countermeasures
2. JSC-ENG-017, SPHERES Free Flyer Simulated EVA Inspection
3. JSC-ENG-091, Robonaut 2 Simulated EVA Routine and Emergency Operations
4. JSC-018 – ISS Crew Control of Surface Telerobots
5. Under Consideration JSC-024 – Microbial Growth and Control for Space
Exploration
ISTAR - M. Rodriggs (281) 244-6359
29
ISTAR- Increment 35-36 xDTOs
 ISS Increments 35-36 (Mar 2013 to Sept 2013)*
1. JSC-HRP-076 - Impact of Communication Delay on Performance
2.
3.
4.
5.
JSC-018 – ISS Crew Control of Surface Telerobots
JSC-012 - Medipix Small Active Radiation Dosimeter
JSC-026 - EMU Active Radiation Dosimeter
JSC-122 - Quantification of In-flight Physical Changes –
Anthropometry and Neutral Body Posture (NBP)
6. JSC-MOD-001 - Crew Autonomous Planning and Execution (CAPE)
7. Still requiring crew office collaboration
a.
JSC-024 - Microbial Growth and Control for Space Exploration
ISTAR - M. Rodriggs (281) 244-6359
30
ISTAR- Increment 35-36 xDTOs (Cont’d)
 ISS Increments 35-36 (Mar 2013 to Sept 2013)*
8. High ranking xDTOs under AES funding consideration
a.
b.
JPL-013 – Perception for Dexterous Manipulation on R2
JPL-005 – Automation for Crew Self Re-Planning
9. High ranking xDTOs that require funding
a.
b.
c.
d.
JSC-116 - Miniature Exercise Device
JSC-094 – Solid State Lighting Module – Research (SSLM-R) Long Term Effects of
Lighting CCT on Mood and Performance
JSC-019 – Porous Media Condensing Heat Exchanger for Humidity Control
JSC-117 – Fan Free Urinal: Using Capillary Methods for Gas Liquid Separation
ISTAR - M. Rodriggs (281) 244-6359
31