vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
iv
ABSTRAK
v
ABSTRACT
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xv
LIST OF SYMBOLS
xvii
LIST OF APPENDICES
xix
1
PROJECT OVERVIEW
1
1.1
Introduction
1
1.2
Problem Statement
3
1.3
Background of Study
3
viii
1.4
Objective
4
1.5
Scopes of Project
5
1.6
Thesis Outline
5
2
3
LITERATURE REVIEW
7
2.1
Ultrasound
7
2.2
Transducer Field (Far and Near Field)
8
2.3
Scattering
10
2.4
Reflection
11
2.5
Absorption
12
2.6
Attenuation
12
2.7
Piezoelectric Devices
13
2.8
PVDF Sensor
15
2.9
PVDF Sensor Parameters
17
2.10
Attaching Electrodes to PVDF
19
2.11
Specification of the Intensity
21
2.12
Spatial and Temporal Measurements
22
2.13
Conducting Ultrasound Intensity Measurement
24
METHODOLOGY
25
3.1
Flow Process Diagram
25
3.2
Work Breakdown Structure
27
3.3
System Requirement Analysis
29
3.3.1 Hardware Justification
29
3.3.2 Software Justification
31
ix
3.4
4
Project Schedule
DESIGN IMPLEMENTATION
33
4.1
Description of the System
33
4.2
Product Design
35
4.2.1
Conceptual Diagram
35
4.2.1.1 Hardware Block Diagram
35
4.2.1.2 Flowchart of the Process in FPGA
36
4.2.1.3 System Architecture Diagram
37
4.2.1.4 Use Case Diagram
38
4.2.1.5 Flowchart of Smart Measurement
39
Logical Design
40
4.2.2.1 Database Table
40
4.2.2.2 User Interface
41
4.2.2
5
31
4.2.3 Physical Design
42
4.2.3.1 Electronic Unit
42
4.2.3.2 Mechanical Unit
44
4.2.3.3 Software Unit
46
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
49
5.1
Experiment
49
5.1.1
49
Signal of PVDF Sensor
5.2
Complete Product
51
5.3
Product Testing
62
5.3.2
62
Electromagnetic Compatibility Testing
x
5.4
6
5.3.2 Stability Testing
63
Market Study Analysis
64
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
75
6.1
Conclusion
75
6.2
Recommendation
76
REFERENCES
BUSINESS PLAN
APPENDIX A-F
77
1 - 30
xi
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
The reflectivity for different medium
11
2.2
Comparison of piezoelectric material
17
3.1
Hardware justification
30
4.1
Database table
40
4.2
Electronic component specification
42
5.1
Frequency response
50
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Far field and near field
9
2.2
Scattering affect
10
2.3
PVDF sensor electrodes attached
20
2.4
TA, TP,PA related to time
21
2.5
SP and SA diagram
22
3.1
Process flow diagram
26
3.2
Work breakdown structure
27
3.3
Project schedule
32
4.1
Measurement configuration
34
4.2
Hardware block diagram
35
4.3
Flowchart of the process in FPGA
36
4.4
Architecture diagram
37
4.5
Use case diagram of Smart Measurement
38
4.6
Flowchart of Smart Measurement
39
4.7
Window flow diagram
41
4.8
Water tank unit
44
4.9
Detail view of water tank unit
45
xiii
4.10
Ultrasound device tester
46
4.11
Main page
47
4.12
Login page
47
4.13
Report page
47
4.14
Information page
48
4.15
Testing page
48
5.1
Signal of PVDF sensor
50
5.2
Temperature effect
51
5.3
Ultrasound device tester prototype
52
5.4
Main page
52
5.5
Information page
53
5.6
Testing page
54
5.7
Testing page displaying result and status
55
5.8
Data insert message box
56
5.9
Log in page
56
5.10
Report page by selected date
57
5.11
Report of selected date
58
5.12
Report page by selected date with status
59
5.13
Report of selected date with PASS status
59
5.14
Report of selected date with FAIL status
60
5.15
Report page by selected date with selected result range
60
5.16
Report of selected date with selected result range
61
5.17
Printed report
62
5.18
Electromagnetic compatibility testing
63
5.19
Stability testing
64
5.20
Knowledge in ultrasound
65
5.21
Experience in ultrasound field
65
xiv
5.22
Number of ultrasound machine in workplace
66
5.23
Awareness about high ultrasound power effects
67
5.24
Awareness about the limit ultrasound power
67
5.25
Alert about coming Malaysian Standard
68
5.26
Maintenance of ultrasound machine
69
5.27
Frequency of calibrating the ultrasound machine
69
5.28
Expenses per year for calibrating the ultrasound machine
70
5.29
Opinion to test ultrasound machine weekly
71
5.30
Aware about new ultrasound device tester
71
5.31
Interest to learn about ultrasound
72
5.32
Best time to learn about ultrasound
73
5.33
Need assistant device to learn ultrasound
73
5.34
Willing to buy ultrasound device tester
74
xv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ADC
-
Analog to Digital Converter
DOS
-
Density of States
DSO
-
Digital Signal Oscilloscope
EMI
-
Electromagnetic Interference
IEC
-
International Electrotechnical Commission
LCD
-
Liquid Crystal Display
PA
-
Pulse Average
PVDF
-
Polyvinylidene Difluoride
SA
-
Spatial Average
SATA
-
Spatial Average Temporal Average
SATP
-
Global System for Mobile Communications
SPTA
-
Spatial Peak Temporal Average
TA
-
Temporal Average
TGC
-
Time Gain Control
TP
-
Temporal Peak
FPGA
-
Field Programmable Gate Array
UDevT
-
Ultrasound Device Tester
UTest
-
Ultrasound Tester
SMeas
-
Smart Measurement
xvi
VB
-
Visual Basic
USB
-
Universal Serial Bus
SRAM
-
Static Random Access Memory
RFI
-
Radio Frequency Interference
FDA
-
Food and Drug Administration
PC
-
Personnel Computer
µC
-
Microcontroller
.exe
-
Executable File
API
-
Application Programming Interface
JTAG
-
Joint Test Action Group
AS
-
Active Serial
RS-232
-
Recommended Standard 232
HLI
-
Higher Learning Institution
HCI
-
Healthcare Institution
MOH
-
Ministry of Health
UK
-
United Kingdom
US
-
United States
MDB
-
Medical Device Bureau
xvii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
W
-
Watt
V
-
Volt
W/cm2
-
Watt per centimeter per centimeter
cm
-
Centimeter
mm
-
Millimeter
g
-
Gram
kg
-
Kilogram
MHz
-
Megahertz
Hz
-
Hertz
kHz
-
Kilohertz
Z
-
Acoustic Impedance
m
-
Mass
v
-
Velocity
f
-
frequency
t
-
time
dB
-
Decibel
+/-
-
Plus Minus Range
>
-
Greater Than
<
-
Lower Than
xviii
d
-
Transmission Coefficient
g
-
Reception Coefficient
k
-
Coupling Coefficient
Q
-
Mechanical Coefficient
ºC
-
Degree Celcius
nm
-
Nanometer
s
-
Second
ms
-
Millisecond
µs
-
Microsecond
Vp-p
Peak to Peak Voltage
Vin
Input Voltage
Vout
Output Voltage
xix
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
TITLE
A
Projected first year cash flow
B
Projected second year cash flow
C
Projected third year cash flow
D
Datasheet of PVDF sensor
E
Microchip PIC16F877A Microcontroller Features
F
Questionnaire