Space Nutrition Update
Space Nutrition
Nutrient
Requirements
Energy
CHO (fiber), Fat, Protein
Fat-soluble vitamins
Water-soluble vitamins
Minerals
Fluid
Countermeasures
Energy
Bisphosphonates
Amino acids
KCitrate
Protein
Other Meds
Sodium
Exercise
Fatty acids
Other
Antioxidants
Other
Systems
Bone
Muscle
Cardio
Fluid/Electrolyte
Immunology
Hematology
Neurovestibular
Endocrine
GI
BHP
Vision
Vehicle/Mission
Duration
Food System
Radiation
EVA
Schedule
1
Nutrition SMO
Protein intake
(g/kg BW; mission avg)
Protein
Excess protein cannot be stored in the body. Any in excess of
requirement is oxidized (broken down), and the byproducts lead
to challenges for kidneys, bones, and other systems…
2
ISS FIT
ISS FIT
3
Iron/Oxidative Damage/Bone
100
100
50
50
0
0
-50
+3
0
R
R+
0
-50
Pr
e
FD
15
FD
30
FD
60
FD
12
0
FD
18
0
-100
Radiation/oxygen issues have
implications for cataracts and
other health issues.
-5
-10
-15
L Hip Troch BMD (% ch)
8OHdG
150
8OHdG (% change)
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
Inflight ferritin AUC
Zwart et al., Am J Clin Nutr, 2013
Vitamin D
100
75
50
25
+0
+3
0
R
FD
60
FD
12
0
FD
18
0
FD
30
FD
15
M
ea
n
0
Pr
e
25(OH)vitamin D
(nmol/L)
125
R
Ferritin (% change)
Ferritin
150
Total L hip BMD (% ch)
0
200
4
IOM/DRI Recommendations
Only bone health could be used as an indicator for
DRI development. Evidence for extraskeletal
outcomes was inadequate, inconsistent, or
insufficient to develop DRI. The recommended
dietary allowance was found to be 600 IU/d for ages
1-70 yr, corresponding on average to a serum
25OHD level of at least 50 nmol/L (20 ng/ml), and
800 IU/d for those older than 70 yr. Comparison
with current levels of 25OHD in the NHANES
population survey revealed that the vitamin D intake
in the US and Canada is adequate. An upper limit
was set at 4000 IU/d for adults, corresponding to an
average serum 25OHD level of 125 nmol/liter (50
ng/ml).
From Aloia, JCEM, 2011
Smith et al, J Bone Min Res 2012
5
Upper Limits
Aloia, 2011
Sempos, 2013
IOM, 2011
Vitamin D Dosing Study
10000 IU/wk
2000 IU/d
15
15
10
10
mmol/d
mmol/d
mmol/d
10
50000 IU/wk for 1 mo then monthly
15
5
5
0
0
7
14
21
28
Time (d)
60
90
5
0
0
0
7
14
21
Time (d)
28
60
90
0
7
14
21
28
60
90
Time (d)
Zwart et al., Br J Nutr, 2013
6
iRED
ARED
7
Energy Intake/Vitamin D
Vitamin D Stores
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
(25(OH)Vitamin D)
125
nmol/L
100
75
50
25
R+
0
R+
30
ARED
Pr
e
iRED
M
ea
n
FD
15
FD
30
FD
60
FD
12
0
FD
18
0
0
Mir
Smith et al, J Bone Miner Res, 2012
%
per month
Bone Mineral Density
Smith et al, J Bone Miner Res, 2012
8
Bone Mineral Density
Whole Body BMD
per month
0.0
%
-0.5
per month
-1.5
%
-1.0
-2.0
iRED
Men
Women
Smith et al, J Bone Miner Res, 2014
ARED
n=33 M, 9 F
FD
15
FD
30
FD
60
FD
12
0
FD
18
0
La
nd
in
g
Pr
ef
lig
ht
NTX (%
from preflight)
Bone Metabolism
iRED (n=7)
ARED (n=6)
iRED (n=7)
ARED (n=6)
Smith et al, Annu Rev Nutrition, 2014
9
Parathyroid Hormone
125
PTH (% change)
PTH (% Change)
100
75
50
25
0
-25
-50
L10
FD
15
FD
30
FD
60
FD
12
0
FD
18
0
R
+0
R
+3
0
-75
Smith et al, Annu Rev Nutrition, 2014
Shackelford et al., JAP, 2004
Forward Work
Bone Strength?
Fracture risk?
↑ resorption
↑ formation
Optimization
Exercise
Diet – Integrated Nutrition
10
VIIP…Vision Impairment/Intracranial Pressure
Fluid Shifts
CO2
Exercise
Sodium
One-Carbon Metabolism
11
Cystathionine, nmol/L
2-MCA, nmol/L
Homocysteine, mol/L
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
P < 0.001, sig. group effect
-180 -45
Zwart et al., J Nutrition , 2012
-10
Preflight
15
30
60
In-fight
120
180 R+0 R+30
Postflight
12
60
50
40
30
20
+0
R
12
0
18
0
FD
FD
30
60
FD
15
P<0.01 sig. group effect (inflight)
Pr
e
0
FD
10
FD
Serum Folate (nmol/L)
70
FOLATE
1C polymorphisms are associated with lower serum folate
These data suggest that one carbon polymorphism(s)
may have a role in spaceflight-related vision changes.
13
 Follow-on project…One Carbon Study
 Five 1C polymorphisms
 Expanded 1C biochemistry, vitamin status
 Vision and related medical data
 Status
 n = 70/72 potential astronauts (Exp 1-48…)
 Analyses complete, medical data received in
late May 2014.
 Preliminary findings follow…
One Carbon Study: Update
Homocysteine, mol/L
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-180 -45 -10
Preflight
15
30
60
120 180 R+0 R+30 1-C
In-fight
Postflight
14
Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter
Po
st
fli
gh
t
Pr
ef
lig
ht
Optic nerve sheath diameter
Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter
15
Serum Folate
(ng/mL)
Homocysteine
( mol/L)
One Carbon: ONSD
Data Analysis
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
t[1]
Discriminating biomarkers:
MTRR genotype, PLP
MTRR = 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine
methyltransferase reductase, aka: methionine synthase reductase
16
MTRR A66G
Nutritional Biochemistry Laboratory
JSC/SK3/SM Smith
JSC/SK3/SR Zwart
Aug 6, 2014
17
Further analyses underway…
Results may:
Inform risks of space flight
Inform research/countermeasure options
Have broad application in health and
medicine
Now available on iTunes!
http://go.nasa.gov/QS1KW1
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