Matakuliah : E1052 / Penelitian China Perantauan
Tahun
: 2007
Komunitas Daerah Asal China Perantauan
Pertemuan 2
Peta daerah asal & Penyebaran China Perantauan ke Asia Tenggara
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Komunitas Daerah Asal China Perantauan
Daerah-daerah asal China Perantauan berada di daerah pesisir pantai di
daerah China bagian Tenggara dan Selatan. Daerah-daerah tersebut
sekarang meliputi propinsi-propinsi :
• FUJIAN
• GUANGDONG
• HAINAN
• ZHEJIANG
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FUJIAN
Xiamen with old and new buildings.
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FUJIAN
Geography
• The province is mostly mountainous, and is traditionally described to be "Eight
parts mountain, one part water, and one part farmland" (八山一水一分田).
• The northwest is higher in altitude, with the Wuyi Mountains forming the border
between Fujian and Jiangxi.
• The highest point of Fujian is Huanggang Peak in the Wuyi Mountains, with an
altitude of 2157 m.
• The province faces East China Sea to the east, South China Sea to the south, and
the Taiwan Strait to the southeast. The coastline is ragged and has many bays and
islands. Major islands include Quemoy (controlled by the Republic of China),
Haitan Island, and Nanri Island.
• The River Min Jiang and its tributaries cut through much of northern and central
Fujian. Other rivers include the Jinjiang River and the Jiulong River.
Due to its uneven topography, Fujian has many cliffs and rapids.
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Demographics
• Han Chinese make up most of the population.
• Hakka, a Han Chinese people with its own distinct identity, live in the
southwestern parts of the province.
• The She, scattered over mountainous regions in the north, is the largest minority
ethnic group of the province. Genetic studies have suggested that a significant
proportion of Han Chinese ancestry in Fujian descend (predominantly
matrilineally) from pre-Sinicization aborigines.
• Many ethnic Chinese around the world, especially Southeast Asia, trace their
ancestry to Fujian.
Descendants of Fujian emigrants make up the majority of the majority ethnic
Chinese population of Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, Singapore and Indonesia.
Fujian, especially Fuzhou, is also the major source of undocumented Chinese
American aliens residing in the United States.
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Guǎngdōng 广东
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HISTORY
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Since the 16th century, Guangdong has had extensive trade links with the rest of the world.
European merchants coming northwards via the Straits of Malacca and the South China
Sea, particularly the Portuguese and British, traded extensively through Guangzhou.
Macau, on the southern coast of Guangdong, was the first European settlement in China
since 1557.
It was the opium trade through Guangzhou that triggered the Opium Wars, opening an era
of foreign incursion and intervention in China. In addition to Macau, which was then a
Portuguese colony, Hong Kong was ceded to the British, and Kwang-Chou-Wan to the
French. In the 19th century, Guangdong was also the major port of exit for laborers in
southeast Asia and the Western United States and Canada.
During the 1850s, the first revolt of the Taiping Rebellion by the Hakka people took place in
Guangdong.
Because of direct contact with the West, Guangdong was the center of anti-Manchu and
anti-imperialist activity. The generally acknowledged founder of modern China, Sun YatSen, was from Guangdong.
In recent years, the province has seen extremely rapid economic growth, aided in part by
its close trading links with Hong Kong, which borders it. It is now the province with the
highest gross domestic product in China.
Geography
• Guangdong faces the South China Sea to the south and has a total of 4,300 km of
coastline.
• Leizhou Peninsula is on the southwestern end of the province. There are a few
inactive volcanoes on Leizhou Peninsula.
• The Pearl River Delta is the convergent point of three upstream rivers: the East
River, North River, and West River. The river delta is filled with hundreds of small
islands.
• The province is geographically separated from the north by a few mountain
ranges collectively called the Southern Mountain Range (南岭). The highest point
in the province is about 1,600 meters above sea level.
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• Guangdong is a multicultural province. The central region, which is also
the political and economic center, is populated predominantly by
Cantonese-speakers
• The area around the cities of Chaozhou and Shantou in eastern
Guangdong, forms its own cultural sphere. Here, the people speak the
Teochew (simplified Chinese: 潮语)
• The Teochew people, the people in Hailufeng and the people in Leizhou
Peninsula all speak a language similar to Min. Teochew opera (simplified
Chinese: 潮剧, traditional Chinese: 潮劇) is also very famous and has a
unique form.
• In addition to the various local varieties of spoken Chinese, most people
also speak
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GUANGDONG OVERSEAS CHINESE
• Historically, many overseas Chinese communities have their origins in
Guangdong and specifically Taishan, and together with more recent emigrants
from Hong Kong, Cantonese and Taishanese the local dialect of Taishan, spoken
by less than 10% of Chinese people in China, continues to have more speakers
among the overseas Chinese out of proportion to its number of speakers in
China.
• Guangdong is also the ancestral home of large numbers of overseas Chinese.
Most of the railroad labourers in Canada, Western United States and Panama in
the 19th century came from Guangdong.
• Emigration in recent years has slowed with economic prosperity, but this
province is still a major source of immigrants to North America and elsewhere in
the world.
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Hǎinán (海南)
Ethnolinguistic groups on Hainan in 1967
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Geography
• Hainan, separated by the Qiongzhou Strait (瓊州海峽) from the Leizho Peninsula
(雷州半島) of Guangdong, is the largest island administered by the People's
Republic of China.
• The PRC, however, regard it as the second largest island, since Taiwan is
considered the largest. To the West of Hainan is the Gulf of Tonkin.
• Wuzh Mountain (1,876 m) is the highest mountain in the island.
• In the official PRC territorial claim, Hainan Province includes not just one island,
but also some two hundred South China Sea Islands.
The containment of the South China Sea Islands makes Hainan Province have a
very large water body, but disproportionally small land area.
James Shoal (曾母暗沙 Zengmu Ansha), which is presently marked by the PRC,
signifies the country's southernmost border. But the Malaysians also claim it is on
their continental shelf.
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• In 2000, the ethnic groups of Hainan included the Han Chinese,
known as the Hainanese, who currently make a majority (84% of
the population);
the Li people (14.7% of the population);
the Miao (Hmong) (0.7%) and the Zhuang (0.6%).
The Li are the largest indigenous group on the island in terms of
population.
Also found on the island are the Utsuls, descendants of Cham
refugees, who are classified as Hui by the Chinese government.
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Zhèjiāng 浙江
View of the West Lake in Hangzhou from the mountains to the north-west.
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Zhejiang (previously spelled Chehkiang or Chekiang) is an eastern
coastal province of the People's Republic of China.
The word Zhejiang (crooked river) was the old name of the Qiantang
River, which passes through Hangzhou, the provincial capital. The
name of the province is often abbreviated to "Zhe".
• Ningbo, Wenzhou, Taizhou and Zhoushan are important commercial
ports. The Hangzhou Bay Bridge is being constructed between
Haiyan County and Cixi; once complete, it will be the longest seacrossing bridge in the world.
Demographics
• Han Chinese make up the vast majority of the population.
The She and Hui nationalities are the two largest minorities
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Economy
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South Zhejiang is mountainous and ill-suited for farming, and has traditionally been poor
and underdeveloped.
The economic reforms of Deng Xiaoping, however, have brought change to that region
unparalleled across the rest of China.
Driven by hard work, an entrepreneuring spirit, low labour costs, and an eye for the world
market, south Zhejiang (especially cities such as Wenzhou and Yiwu) has become a major
center of export.
This, together with the traditional prosperity of north Zhejiang, has allowed Zhejiang to
leapfrog over several other provinces and become one of the richer provinces of China.
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The province is traditionally known as the "Land of Fish and Rice". True to its name, rice is
the main crop, followed by wheat; north Zhejiang is also a center of aquaculture in China,
and the Zhoushan fishery is the largest fishery in the country. Main cash crops include jute
and cotton, and the province also leads the provinces of China in tea production (the
renowned Longjing tea is a product of Hangzhou). Zhejiang is also a producer of silk, for
which it is ranked second among the provinces.
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