REVITALIZATION IN A PART OF JAKARTA KOTA HISTORIC AREA
FARAYUNE HAJJAR
A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of
Master of Science (Urban Design)
Faculty of Built Environment
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
MAY 2008
iii
Dedicated to…
My beloved apa and ibu, Kartawan Muchtar and Supriyani,
Who has so much faith in me.
Love you always.
To my beloved brothers Coy and Kiki, my beloved sister Audrey, my sweet niece
Katya, and my love Rival
I could have never done it without you.
To all my friends, who have stood by me through thick and thin.
I treasure you all.
Thanks for showering me with love, support and encouragement.
Life has been wonderfully colored by you
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praise to Allah SWT, The Merciful, The Beneficient.
I would like to thank to Allah Almighty for all His blessing to complete this
thesis. Firstly, I would like to thank to my supervisor, Associate Professor Dr. Syed
Zainol Abidin Idid for his support and guidance all the way from the start of the
project to the completion of this thesis. His views, practical guidance and
encouraging comments have proved to be extremely valuable.
Furthermore, I would like to dedicate my appreciation to my friends in the
Faculty Technic of Architecture Universiti Muhammadiyah Jakarta for their help and
support during completion of this thesis.
I would like to thank all my friends in UTM, Banny, Ka Wawa, Dimas, Dani,
Rizka, Hilman, Ooi, Affan, Haikal, Aifi, mas Weldi, Khairi, Musmus, Yocef and
Muhammad for their help. I apreciate their time and hope our friendship will be
forever.
Finally, very special thanks to all the members of my family, for the warm
encouragement and love in carrying me through the challenging times during this
study. I would like to acknowledge each person who has contributed to the success of
this report, whether directly or indirectly.
May Allah SWT prolong the lives of these people and reward them in the
best possible way. Amin
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ABSTRACT
The revitalization of Jakarta Historic area is a program to conserve the
heritage architecture and environment. This program attempts to improve the area to
become attractive place by creating new activities, providing public facilities and
improving the accessible facilities. The aim of this study is to provide the guidelines
of revitalization action and promote Jakarta Kota as public and tourism place, by
proposed this area become an attractive place. This study focus on the people
activity, historical building, public places and accessible facility, which will
encourage the improvement and redevelopment of the study area. From the study, it
proves that the historic area have a role in town development planning, also it can
impact the characater and image of the town. Creating various activities in the study
area is one of the aspect to improve the public facility. Finally, revival of the historic
area need to be focused on as well as understanding the people activity and
environmental facility.
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ABSTRAK
Pembaharuan kawasan bersejarah di Jakarta adalah merupakan salah satu
program pemuliharaan warisan seni bina dan persekitaran. Program ini adalah
percubaan untuk memperbaiki
kawasan tersebut menjadi sebuah kawasan yang
menarik dengan mewujudkan beberapa aktiviti baru, menyediakan kemudahan awam
dan memperbaiki pelbagai kemudahan yang lain. Tujuan penyelidikan ini adalah
untuk menyediakan garis panduan bagi tindakan pembaharuan dan mempromosikan
Jakarta Kota sebagai tempat awam dan juga kawasan pelancongan. Penyelidikan ini
memfokuskan kepada aktiviti masyarakat, bangunan bersejarah, tempat awam dan
kemudahan asas bagi menggalakkan peningkatan dan pembangunan semula kawasan
kajian. Kajian ini membuktikan bahawa kawasan bersejarah berpotensi sebagai
model dalam perancangan pembangunan bandar, dan juga boleh memberi kesan
kepada ciri-ciri dan imej bandar tersebut. Aspek kemudahan awam dapat
ditingkatkan dengan mencipta pelbagai aktiviti dalam penyelidikan ini. Kebangkitan
semula kawasan bersejarah perlu difokuskan dalam memahami aktiviti masyarakat
dan kemudahan persekitaran.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
x
LIST OF FIGURES
xi
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1 Background
1
1.2 Problem Statement
2
1.3 Research Question
3
1.4 Aim and Objectives of The Study
3
1.4.1 Aim of The Study
3
1.4.2 Objectives of The Study
3
1.5 Scope of Study
4
1.6 Justification of Study Area
4
1.7 Expected Result of The Study
5
1.8 Methodology of The Study
6
1.9 Organization of Study Report
6
LITERATURE REVIEW
7
viii
2.1 Definition of Revitalization
7
2.2 Revitalization Process
7
2.3 Revitalization in Historic Area
10
2.4 Design The Revitalization of Historic Area
11
2.5 Economic Revitalization in The Historic Area
13
2.6 Revitalization in The Indonesian Heritage Area
14
2.7 Jakarta Kota as A Historic Area
15
2.7.1 Pre-colonial of Jakarta : Javanese Jayakarta
16
2.7.2 Colonial Era of Jakarta : Batavia and Weltevreden
18
2.7.3 After Independence : Jakarta as Capital City of
25
The Republic
3
2.8 Summary
27
METHODOLOGY AND DATA ANALYSIS
28
3.1 Methodology of Study
28
3.2 Data Collection
29
3.2.1 Types of Data
29
3.2.2 Site Visit to The Jakarta’s Kota as an heritage
29
Area
3.2.3 The Interviews
3.3 Analysis
30
30
3.3.1 Land Use
30
3.3.2 Conservation Building Inventory
32
3.3.2.1 The occupied old buildings
33
3.3.2.2 The unoccupied old buildings
34
3.3.3 Accessibility
37
3.4.3.1 Pedestrian walk
37
3.4.3.2 Street
42
3.4.3.3 Public transportation
44
3.3.4 Activity
45
3.3.5 Building facade
45
3.4 SWOT Analysis
47
3.5 Summary
48
ix
4
3.5.1 Potentials
48
3.5.2 Problems
48
CONCEPT AND DESIGN GUIDELINES
50
4.1 Concept Plan
50
4.2 Design Guideline
51
4.2.1 Jakarta Kota Redevelopment
54
4.2.2 Building use
54
4.2.3 Open Public Spaces
56
4.2.4 Circulation
59
4.2.5 Pedestrian Network
59
4.2.6 Parking Area
63
4.2.7 Accessibility Facility for Disable People
63
4.2.8 The Activity
67
4.3 Conclusion and Recommendations
REFERENCES
67
4.3.1 Conclusion
67
4.3.2 Recommendations
70
71
x
LIST OF TABLES
TABEL NO.
TITLE
3.1
SWOT Analysis of Jakarta Kota as Study Area
4.1
Design Recommendation of Accesible Facility for Disable
People
PAGE
47
63
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
Location of The Study Area
5
2.1
Map of The Town of Jayakarta and The First Dutch
17
Castle in the year 1619
2.2
The Fisrt City Hall or Stadhius was built in 1620
20
2.3
The Oldest Batavia Map
21
2.4
The Basic Lay-out of The Old City of Batavia in 1650
22
2.5
The Site of The Former Town of Jayakarta between 1631- 23
1632
2.6
The Map of The Old Walled City during The Time of The 24
United Dutch East-India Company (VOC)
2.7
The Structure Plan of Jakarta
26
3.1
The Land Use of Study Area
31
3.2
The Location of A Few Heritage Buildings
32
3.3
Occupied Old Buildings
34
3.4
The Location of Unoccupied Buildings
35
3.5
The Unoccupied Buildings
36
3.6
The Condition of Pedestrian Walkway
37
3.7
The Accessible Facility in The Study area
38
3.8
The Condition and Characteristics of Pedestrian Walk
40
3.9
The Elevation of Pintu Besar Barat and Timur Street, and
41
Taman Stasiun Kota Street
3.10
The Condition of Street in The Study Area
43
3.11
The Public Transportation Facility
44
3.12
The Location of The Market
45
3.13
The Activity of People in The Study Area
45
3.14
The Building Façade in Jalan Pintu Besar Barat and Jalan
46
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Pintu Besar Timur
4.1
The Proposed Layout Design of Jakarta Kota
52
4.2
The Propose Redevelopment of Jakarta Kota
53
4.3
The Building Use of Study Area
55
4.4
The Fatahilah Square and Surounding
57
4.5
The Waterfront along Pintu Besar Barat and Timur Street
58
4.6
The New Circulation System of Study Area
60
4.7
The Pedestrian Network
61
4.8
The Parking Zone
62
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1.
Background
Jakarta is the capital city of Indonesia, which has some historical area
especially from colonial era. Most of the buildings were designed between 17th and
19th European style architecture. Fatahilah Museum area in Jakarta Kota district is
the former central point of Jakarta in 17th century, known as Batavia. This area is one
of examples of early Dutch architecture and town planning. This is the largest Dutch
town outside Europe. The Jakarta is an example of an early true Western European
design and expression, which is different in many ways from the Indonesian
architectural forms.
Jakarta Kota is unique and has a distinctive historical characteristic. This area
can be a heritage area, which is preserved by Jakarta Province Government.
Conservation is essential to protect this area for the purpose of retaining the historical
significance and to maintain the architectural forms, especially to connect the present
and the past, which are associated to this area.
For this purpose, revitalization of Jakarta Historic Area is one of the
programs to conserve the architectural heritage and the environment, as included in
the Jakarta development planning. This program attempts to make Jakarta Historic
Area as an attractive place, so it will be visited by many people. It should provide
2
facilities for the people, which will comfort and amuse the visitors and its
surrounding.
Other, revitalization program focuses on maintaining its surrounding
environment. Accessibility is one of important aspect that encourages people and
vehicle movement. To improve the accessible facility of this area is not just
Pedestrian Street, it needs to organize all public transportation routes and vehicle
movement too.
1.2.
Problem Statement
The revitalization of Jakarta Historic Area is the priority program of Jakarta
development. It focuses on the conservation of old buildings, improvement of public
places, accessibility of pedestrian movements and traffic circulations, and quality
enhancement of the area.
Most of the heritage buildings are damage and need maintenance. This is one
of the reasons that make this area an unattractive place. Moreover, there are lacks of
facilities that can attract people to visit this area. It will need such improvements,
where people do not just come to look at the historical buildings, but also can do
other activities in this area.
Lack of main road and Pedestrian Street to historical area inside Jakarta
makes it hard to reach by the visitors. It becomes worst, with the unorganized traffic
circulation and crowded vehicles.
It is very interesting to study the way to conserve the historical area by doing
revitalization program. Base on the condition of Jakarta Historic Area, the focus of
this program are to maintain architecture of old buildings and preserve its
surrounding environment, to be an attractive place with appropriate accessibility
facilities.
3
1.3.
Research Questions
Questions to be conducted for this study are:
1. Is there any accessibility facility in the Jakarta Kota for visitors convenient?
2. Are there any public facilities provided in the study area?
3. What is the factor that makes an architectural building become less maintained?
4. How to revitalize the Jakarta Kota to become an attractive place as well as a
historical area?
1.4.
Aim and Objective of The Study
1.4.1. Aim of The Study
The aim of this study is to provide the design guidelines of revitalization
Jakarta Kota as a historic area, which improves and enhances the physical element
and environment facilities. It is also to promote the study area as an attractive
heritage area and tourism place in Jakarta.
1.4.2. Objectives of The Study
The objectives of this study are:
1. To revival Jakarta heritage area to become attractive place.
2. To provide the proposal of redesigning the accessibility facility, e.g. traffic
circulation, public transportation route and Pedestrian Street, which is convenient
for each visitors.
3. To provide the design guidelines for improvement of the public facility, and
maintenance of the architecture of old buildings and the surrounding environment
of Jakarta historic area.
4
1.5. Scope of Study
This research will study the activity of people, the condition of the
architectural old buildings and its surrounding environment, the accessibility facility
and its revitalization program of Jakarta Historic Area. The study will focus on
Jakarta Kota area as one of the famous places of Jakarta historic area. This area has
potential to become an attractive place, while it already has museums, historical
buildings, restaurants, and some public facilities that can attract visitors. Even
though, this area is one of the most crowded places with lack of accessibility
facilities. This area need to be developed and conserved.
1.6. Justification of Study Area
Jakarta, especially Jakarta Kota district has most valuable historical buildings
from the beginning of colonial era. It has unique architecture style compare to others
historical places in Jakarta. This area is very attractive to study in terms of tourism of
Jakarta. Meanwhile, the condition of this area is poor maintenance and poor public
facility for visitors, such as accessibility facility, open public place and attractive
activities. Revitalization with the proper guidelines can revive the architectural old
buildings and its surrounding environment. As in Figure 1.1, the study area includes
the area inside of the yellow box.
5
Figure 1.1. Location of the study area
1.7. Expected Result of The Study
The expected results of the study are:
1.
Identification of actual problems faced to redevelop Jakarta Kota as Heritage
place.
2.
Identification of activities and public facilities that can revitalize Jakarta Kota
to become an attractive place.
3.
Designing Jakarta Kota as an attractive historic area by providing some
public facilities and accessibility facilities, restore the architectural old
buildings, and maintain the environment.
4.
Designing guidelines and recommendation of revitalization program for
Jakarta Kota.
6
1.8. Methodology of The Study
The approach of this study involves environment and physical facility
method, the survey focuses on observing the physical element, people activities and
built environment in the study area.
The procedure uses the rational – deductive method, which review relevant
theoretical and literatures for this study. Furthermore, the secondary data is used to
connect the primary data.
The collected data was analyzed, and the findings carried out to produce the
proposed design, guidelines, conclusion and recommendation of the study.
1.9. Organization of Study Report
This project report consists of five chapters, they area:
Chapter 1 – This chapter comprises an introduction of the project, where it
discuss the problem statement, research questions, objective of the study, scope
of the study, justification and expected result of the study. Also, it includes the
method of data collection.
Chapter 2 – This chapter covers the literature review on the subject, which are
related to the revitalization historic area and about revitalization in the
Indonesian heritage area itself. This chapter also discusses the history of Jakarta
development.
Chapter 3 – This chapter discusses the data analysis of data sources from study
area. It also describes the study methodology.
Chapter 4 – This chapter highlights the concept, the design proposal, and
proposed guidelines of the study area. This chapter also describes the overall
conclusion of the study and gives further recommendations of the improvement
of study area.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Definition of Revitalization
Revitalization is to conserve, maintain and enhance an area into activity. It is
focus on attempt to generate the traditional activities of the locality, generate the
economic development or a restructuring of the quarter’s economic base. The
restructuring makes necessary to distinguish between functional and physical
conservation (Tiesdel, 1996).
The revitalization of historic area can serve a purpose, giving it a prominent
and important role in its communities. The main consideration is the character of
historic area when the inherent historic character of historic area is preserved, it
become tourist attractions, enhancing both the local economy and the sense of
community pride.
2.2. Revitalization Process
There are three possible action of the physical revitalization, these are to
increase the utility of a building and site: demolition and redevelopment;
refurbishment for its current use; and conversion for a new use.
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The revitalization of historic area involves two processes:
1.
Rehabilitation
The rehabilitation of buildings and areas which seeks to accommodate the
consequences of economic change.
2.
Preservation
Preservation is to protect individual buildings, structures and other artifacts that
were preserved because of their relation to the great figures from the nation’s history.
Moreover, it was concerned with groups of historic buildings, townscape, and the
spaces between buildings. Preservation is also concerned with limiting change, and
the conservation is about the inevitability of change and the management of that
change.( Civic Amenities Act, 1967).
There are some types of preservation processes:
a. Restoration
Restoration is the process of returning a building to its condition at a
specific time period, often to its original condition. Restoration of a building is
appropriate when portions of a structure’s historic integrity are lost or where its
importance at one time was particularly significant. Restoration should work
from actual evidence, as stated in the secretary of interior’s guideline that repair
or replacement of missing architectural features should be based on accurate
duplications of features, substantiated by historic, physical, or pictorial
evidence rather than on conjectural designs or the availability of different
architectural elements from other buildings or structure (Tyler, 1994).
b. Reconstruction
Reconstruction means the building of a historic structure using replicated
design and/or materials. This approach is taken when a historic structure no
9
longer exist but needs to be physically in place for contextual reason (Tyler,
1994).
c. Adaptive-use
It describes a suitable approach when existing historic features are damaged
or deteriorated but modifications can be made to update portions of the
structure, even adapting the building for a new purpose. When adaptive use is
chosen as the appropriate intervention technique, alterations or additions may
be made, but they should not be confused with original historic elements
(Tyler, 1996).
In addition to the two processes which are rehabilitation and preservation,
understanding the value of historic properties is also important to revival a historic
area. According to Rypkema (1992, p.206), every historic buildings have multiple
layers of value to its community such as social value, the cultural value, aesthetic
value, urban context value, architectural value, historical value, the value of sense of
place. Moreover, underpinning the other justification is based on economic value.
Preservation must ultimately be a rational economic and commercial choice, because
the problems will arise where buildings are preserved only as a consequence of legal
and land use planning controls that restrict physical change and prohibit demolition.
The process of revitalization starts with recognizing and understanding the
particular dimensions of obsolescence that each area suffers from the quarter’s
resources and assets must be recognized together with its opportunities. The
revitalization must be managed with careful and appropriate stewardship to ensure
that revitalization is sustained. The approach to revitalization must recognize and
exploit the resources of the location.
Moreover, understanding and recognizing new uses and function in the historic
area can prevent the problematic and complex processes of the revitalization to
preserve the historic buildings. According to Convent Garden (1978), new uses and
functions needed to be found to utilize the historic buildings and keep them in good
repair; the streets of the quarter needed to be animated with people and activities.
10
2.3. Revitalization in Historic Area
Necessities of revitalization program are property development and
rehabilitation. As well as property measures, concern and efforts need to be directed
towards the infrastructure and development, stimulating growth and encouraging
greater utilization of the historic buildings.
To revitalize historic areas is attempting to attract new activities such as
tourism activities and associated cultural activities. Strategies for tourism or cultureled revitalization have encouraged the exploitation of the area’s historic legacy for
tourist development. Tourism is used to combat image obsolescence by introducing
new uses that take advantage of its historic character, ambience and sense of place.
As Falk (1986, p. 148) states: ‘The key to its transformation was seeing its heritage
as an asset and not just as a liability’. Lewis Mumford (1938) noted that one of the
functions of a city was to act as a museum of itself, however, many cities are seeking
to avoid replicating the example of places. Thus in the process of revitalizing historic
areas it is necessary to integrate the historic legacy, inheritance and sense of place
with the demands.
Furthermore, the public sector often has a key role in developing a tourist
strategy in historic area, by providing and managing public open space, in
constructing and maintaining some of the principal attractions and in making grant
assistance available to the private sector. To develop tourism in historic area focus on
unique or interesting assets and can provide facilities necessary to support the
attractions that include conference and exhibition facilities such as arts, museums
and heritage facilities; leisure activities; and special events. A major role of tourism
in the revitalization of historic area is the existing facility to be improved and new
attractions added and the totality of the visitor experience considered. This include
the supporting infrastructure which enhances attractions and assists in the process of
attracting tourists, such as shopping, catering and accommodation, plus transport and
environmental improvements (Hewison, 1987, p. 98).
In addition to create new tourism and cultural activities, develop the historic
area as a commercial and public place can attract investor and people to come.
11
Moreover, the historic area can be lively, vital, and animated parts of cities. This new
lease of life may often be the results of having acquired new functions that becomes
an attractive and desirable place in which to invest, live, work and play.
Revitalization becomes necessary for historic area and all older parts of cities,
not just those with greater historic character and qualities, but also the activity and
function of this area. The greater authentic historical character and sense of place are
the most important will be effort to preserve and revitalize the historic area.
2.4. Design Revitalization of Historic area
Designation of the historic area can be the main commitment in the
revitalization. The statutory of building or area protection need to be given attention
in the revitalization, as allowed and implicitly encouraged by the legislation, incurs
in itself no direct public cost. Moreover, the problem is the status contains an openended permanent commitment to the maintenance, renovation and rehabilitation of
the area as a whole. (Ashworth and Tunbridge, 1990, p.16)
The change from the protection of historic buildings to conservation areas
rapidly redeveloped from a straightforward and restrictive concern with preservation
to a concern with revitalization and enhancement.
Design of the revitalization of the conservation area need to focus on the
physical fabric and the history to protect the historical value of its area. As Gratz
(1989, p. 57) said that the key of design in historic area is to preserve and restore the
physical fabric without resorting to fake history and period pieces. The genuine
maintains the continuity of history. Although, the restoration of a historic area often
obscures the fact that what is being restored is of only meager meaning to the larger
context of the whole city and is of a scale too small to remain or become again a
significantly productive patch of the larger urban fabric.
12
Another key in designing a historic area is the spirit of place – the genius loci –
that is an historic area’s most important aesthetic attribute. The continuity and
development of the genius loci is the most important design considerations in an
historic area. The maintenance of the visual identity and continuity of the historic
area’s physical character is dependent on preservation and the rehabilitation of the
historic fabric wherever possible.
Moreover, the revitalization of historic area involves both the renewal of the
physical fabric and the active economic use of the buildings and spaces that to
prevent the obsolescence of old building and historic area. As Lichfield (1988, p.25)
note that the obsolescence of buildings and areas is expressed in a mismatch between
the service offered by the fabric and the needs seen through contemporary eyes and
revitalization entails reconciling this mismatch that might have its sources in the
physical fabric or in the economic activities within the fabric. A physical
revitalization will result in an attractive, well-maintained physical public realm.
In addition to the physical public realm, the social public realm must also be
revitalized and animated to make historic area to be livable. Rehabilitated buildings
only provide the physical receptacle for the public realm, but it is also a social
construct.
Furthermore, the urban renewal and redevelopment of historic area takes form
of a mixture of old and new, for economic, cultural and aesthetic reasons. As
Maitland (1984, p. 5) said that where the context provides some very clear historical
morphology, the new project may derive its authority from its respect of the fact.
Accordingly an emphasis on the local and historic context has been paramount, with
a greater respect for the uniqueness of the place its history, and greater concerns for
the continuity of its traditions. The step of historic area revitalization must be to
recognize its value and a desire to preserve it.
The sense of place and character that is found in historic place need to be
protected and managed to preserve and exploit its positive attributes. This sense of
place has both physical and functional dimension. Historic areas have historic
architectural setting and townscape that need control to protect and maintain the
13
physical character, in order to sustain and reinforce the composite value of the
property. Cantacuzino (1989, p. 9) notes that it is necessary to know what is being
protected. It is axiomatic that to be able to pursue an active conservation policy, a
planning authority must have full knowledge of what it is conserving, it must
examine and classify the building in each area, identify the danger points and
anticipate redundancy, prepare strict criteria for sympathetic redevelopment if the
building is dispensable, propose alternative new uses or other means of preservation;
and document buildings by measuring, analyzing and photographing them.
2.5. Economic Revitalization in The Historic Area
Revival the economic sector in historic area is the strategy to improve and
influence the local economic activity and to enhance the physical fabric of its area.
Tiesdel (1996, p. 20) note that the revitalization of historic area involves both the
renewal of the physical fabric and the active economic use or utilization of buildings
and spaces. Accordingly, there is a need for both physical and economic
revitalization. The physical revitalization may be a short term strategies that can
result in an attractive, well-maintained public realm and the economic revitalization
is the longer term, which is the productive utilization of the private realm which pays
for the maintenance of the public realm.
The physical revitalization that include the visual, architectural and historical
qualities, consider the functional characteristics of areas and the active economic use
of the protected buildings that was introduced as a conservation concern. The
preservation of form has implications for urban functions, and conservation therefore
becomes an instrument of urban management.
Furthermore, every preservation incentive is directed at ‘maintaining the supply
of space in historic structures’. According to Rypkema (1992, p.210), almost nothing
is available to increase the demand for space within the buildings. Increase the
demand of space (or the reduction of competitive supply) that will increase the
economic value of historic area properties.
14
Property development is necessary for economic revitalization. As well as
property measures, concern and efforts need to be directed towards the economic
infrastructure and development, stimulating growth and encouraging greater
utilization of the historic area.
Develop the historic area to become a commercial and public place that desire
to invest can revive and influence the economic activity. Moreover, this area need to
be established and maintain their positions as centre of production or consumption, in
particularly they need to utilize and exploit their key resources such as their historical
fabric, associations and sense of place.
2.6. Revitalization in The Indonesian Heritage Area
Revitalization of Indonesian heritage area is one of the programs of
government for development and to protect the heritage area which have historic
value.
In addition to the heritage area protection, the urban development and
conservation constitute a process of cultural appraisal. It is based on contemporary
issues of urban development in Indonesia that conservation is a part of revitalization.
Furthermore, it will examine the role of planning with regard to the attraction
between built-environment and cultural processes. It concerns to the emerging role of
the old inner-city districts and the ‘new’ understanding of inner-city districts in term
of their functional role. Beside the increasing awareness in town planning of the
socio-ecological aspects of these districts, there has also been gradual shift of interest
in terms of their historical potential. The future development of heritage area is not
merely related to their economic potential, but is also based on another central issue
such as identity building and new activity (Abel 1994; Bohme 1998).
Moreover, the one of revitalization action is preservation. There are many
reasons to do preservation in the heritage area and the local government look forward
to them, such as: first, the historic resources are all that physically link us to our past
15
which remain to the history of Jakarta development; secondly, to save the historic
and architectural heritage simply; third, to save the physical heritage partly; fourth,
preserve historic sites and structures because of their relation to past events, eras and
movement; fifth, the heritage area have intrinsic value as art; finally, the preservation
can serve an important human and social purpose in the society.
Otherwise, the revitalization is possible to form a public-private consortium
that consider to the government’s limited resources, because the private sector will
always look to the real political commitment from the local government such as the
investor will renovate the buildings and the government have to provide the
infrastructure and public facility.
In December 2003, Heritage Conservation Network in collaboration with
International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS)-Indonesia and The
Ministry of Culture and Tourism made a declaration of Indonesia Heritage that
agreed the Indonesian Heritage is natural, cultural, and cultural landscape heritage.
This also noted that conservation is an effort to manage heritage through research
activities, planning, protection, preservation, utilization, supervision, and selective
development to maintain continuity, suitability and support tools as a response to the
dynamics of different generation and to build an improved national existence.
Heritage conservation is building the future by strengthening past resources with
selective development.
2.7. Jakarta Kota as A Historic Area
The largest collections of historically valuable buildings, townscape and sites
throughout Southeast Asia can be found in Indonesia, such as the capital Jakarta has
featured an image of town lay-out and architecture typical of 17th and 18th century
Dutch cities.
Today’s urban structure of Jakarta is the result of more than seven centuries of
autonomous and planned urban development. The pattern of colonial settlements
16
established successively through deliberate intervention after the first Javanese
settlement, from Dutch Old Batavia followed by the Indies municipalities of
Weltevreden and Meester Cornelis (now Jatinegara) and the Indonesian new town
Kebayoran Baru together form a pattern that has laid the basis for the urban structure
of post-colonial Jakarta.
The urban nuclei and elements of Jakarta which historically gave structure to
the city are still conspicuously present in the current urban structure. They can be
structured to form an underlying network for the cultural history and urban identity
of Jakarta.
This part will discuss the history of Jakarta development starting from precolonial era to after independence.
2.7.1. Pre-colonial of Jakarta : Javanese Jayakarta
The development of Jakarta in pre-colonial is start from Sunda Kelapa on the
west bank of Ciliwung river, mentioned as a 12th century harbour town of the HinduJavanese kingdom of Pajajaran directed by the Islamic, Sunda Kelapa was taken over
by Fatahillah in 1527 and renamed Jayakarta.
The early settlement of the Javanese town featured a town centre with alun-alun
(a ritual square), surrounded by the dalem (the king’s palace), on the south side and
the mosque, on the west side. The total town area was enclosed and amounted to
some 30 hectares. Apart from the general characteristics of a coastal town opposed to
the inland Javanese settlement. Similar to the coastal town of Banten, a Chinese
quarter was already in existence on the east bank of Ciliwung River, outside the town
on territory reserved for foreign settlers. The Dutch were allowed to settle here in
1611 to do their trade. Furthermore, Javanese Jayakarta on the west bank of Ciliwung
river facing the build up of fort Jacatra by the Dutch (Gill ).
17
Figure 2.1
Map of Jayakarta town and the first Dutch castle in the year 1619 as
reconstructed from old resources by J.W. Ijzerman
18
Moreover, there were approximately three thousand houses in the town
surrounded by green hedges. To obtain a building permission, the Dutch had to pay
to the Prince Jayawikarta. A few months after signing their initial agreement in 1610,
the Dutch wanted to add more favourable stipulations. They broke the initial
agreement by changing the building material from wood to stone in 1613, and then
erected a strong two storey warehouses, which later became part of their first small
castle. Jayawikarta established a military post with some cannons on the western
shore of the river in order to control the entry to the river and the Dutch house on the
other side (Gill).
In the 1615, to counterbalance and weaken the position of the Dutch
Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC), Jayawikarta gave the English
permission to build a wooden lodge south of his customs post on the west bank,
called pabean, which by the Dutch was pronounced Paep Jan. Over the time, the
land to the north of the pabean became larger and larger, and eventually was called
Luar Batang (literally ‘outside the log’) which was renamed became Kampong North
of pasar Ikan. The location of the first English lodge was approximately 75 metres
southwest of the Lookout Tower. Moreover, the Dutch cannons threatened their
residence which was situated approximately six hundred metres south of the Lookout
Tower on the western, north and south bank of the Ciliwung river (Figure 2.1).
2.7.2. Colonial Era of Jakarta : Batavia and Weltevreden
In 1619 the Dutch made their presence a more permanent one on the shores of
java by overruling Jayakarta and establishing Batavia on the east bank of Ciliwung
River (Figure 2.3). With the founding of Batavia by the VOC, the Dutch East India
Company, Dutch town planning principles were first introduced in a settlement plan
in Southeast Asia. The town lay-out was based on the principle of the traditional
Dutch waterstad (watertown). As in the home country it consisted of elongated
parcels of land with a tight house-to-house subdivision of blocks. The streetblocks
were separated by quais and waterways. Moats and earth ramparts provided a
protective belt around the town. In the second half of 17th century the west bank of
19
Ciliwung River, sites of Javanese Jayakarta, was added to the town, doubling the
town area of Batavia.
Within half a century Batavia or Kota as it is called now, occupying an urban
area of some 100 hectares had quickly grown from a foothold for trade and
commerce into a fortified town.
In the 18th century, Kota represented the commercial hub and performed the
role of the central business district surrounded by districts where the Chinese, the
Arab and other so called “foreign Easterners” live and work at the extensive
kampung of the Javanese.
In the early 19th century after the liquidation of the VOC, a new impulse was
given for the urban development of Batavia. Sanitary problems in stuffy Batavia
urged the administrators of the brand new colonial government to look for a new
location for their colonial headquarters. The estate of Weltevreden sitting on slightly
more elevated land some five kilometers south of Batavia’s borders was selected and
designated to become the new centre of the Dutch colonial administration.
Furthermore, Weltevreden or uptown Batavia was spaciously laid out around two
large squares. Koningsplein (now Medan Merdeka), the largest one amounted to
slightly over 100 hectares, capable of holding a medium-size Dutch town of those
days (Sj, Adolf. 2000).
The new town of Weltevreden was typically laid out for habitation by
Europeans. The urban pattern was made up of a garden-to-garden subdivision of
luxurious villas and government offices in a typical (Dutch) Indies architectural
style. Around 1835 the Vanden Bosch Defence Line was laid out around
Weltevreden to act as a security belt against attacks by the uprising Javanese. From a
planning point of view it gave a firm coherence to the dispersed patches of urbanized
land in Weltevreden and clearly demarcated the boundaries of its urban area.
Weltevreden, unlike downtown Old Batavia was mainly residential and
administrative. Here the government office of the colonial administration marked the
urban scene. It took some hundred years after the establishment of the defence line in
20
Weltevreden planned housing estates that were developed outside its boundaries.
These were the estates of Gondangdia and Menteng built southbound and inhabited
by the well-off Europeans.
In the 1620, the first City Hall had been built on a piece of land on the present
Kali Besar Timur south of the old drawbridge, which was in the centre of Batavia,
the part of old Jakarta was surrounded by a wall. This stately building is closely
related with the fate of thousands of inhabitants of Batavia, originating from Asia
and Europe. In Dutch this building was called Stadhuis (Figure 2.2). The square in
front of Stadhuis, was once the main square of the old city. This building was rebuilt
from 1627 to 1707 and was officially opened in 1710 (Sj, Adolf. 2000).
Figure 2.2. The first City Hall or Stadhuis was built in 1620..
Source: Historical Sites of Jakarta (Sj, Adolf heuken)
Dutch Batavia in 1650 (Figure 2.4), the Dutch model compact town founded on
the north coast of tropical Java. Protected by the “Kasteel”, the Watergate fort, the
largest Dutch town outside the Netherlands was completed in less than four decades.
21
A
The second castle or
Kasteel Van Batavia;
1:
the
first
castle
(1618–1628);
opposite: the first
ship yard (black K).
B Empty field between
castle and city.
C Heerenstreet
with
Bencon’s house.
L Stadhuis or City Hall
(1620-1628)
Y Second English lodge
Figure 2.3 The oldest Batavia map
Source: Sumber – sumber asli sejarah Jakarta (Sj, Adolf Heuken)
22
A. The old fortress or
Kasteel Batavia (now
Jl. Tongkol).
B. The second City Hall
(replaced in 1710 by
the present City Hall)
C. The old Dutch Chruch
(today replaced by the
Wayang Museum)
D. Bastion
Culemborg
(since 1839 with the
lookout Tower)
E. Bastion Zeeburg
F. Company’s Shipyard
G. City Hospital (today
place of Bank ExporImpor)
H. The southern suburb
outside the walls of the
city
I. Former Ciliwung, now
Kali Besar
Figure 2.4 Basic layout of the Old City of Batavia in 1650
Source: Historical Sites of Jakarta (Sj, Adolf heuken)
23
Figure 2.5 The site of the former town of Jayakarta between 1631 and 1632.
Source: Historical sites of Jakarta (Sj, Adolf Heuken)
Figure 2.6 The old walled city during the time of the United Dutch East-India Company (VOC).
Source: Historical sites of Jakarta (Sj, Adolf Heuken)
24
25
2.7.3. After Independence: Jakarta as Capital City of the Republic
After gaining independence Jakarta’s population more than doubled and
jumped to an estimated one and a half million in 1949. Therefore a decision was
made to build a satellite town to accommodate one hundred thousand people. The
design of Kebayoran Baru as the new town was called demonstrates a blend of West
European and Javanese town planning principles, the latter one represented in the lay
out of self contained neighbourhoods, similar to the indigenous rural kampong and
separated by spacious traffic routes and green zones.
In the sixties Jakarta was subjected to an urban policy of nation-building. It
aimed at molding the city to become the capital of a nation searching for its own
identity. Construction of large scale infrastructural projects, such as the Asian Games
sports complex at Senayan, and prestigious buildings, Gedung Nusantara at Jalan
Muhammad Husni Thamrin coined as the tallest building of all asia at the moment,
were results of the urban policy of the Old Order (Orde Lama). Moreover, Monas as
The National Monument was erected on Medan Merdeka, and Independence Square
(formerly colonial Koningsplein or King’s square) shaping it into the nation’s alunalun (Gill).
In the Orde Baru era (New Order), the development focused on economic
development and set the pace for the shaping and consolidation of the internal urban
structure of Jakarta. With a programmatic approach for development sustained by
five-year development plans, efforts were made to tackle the huge backlog and the
shortages in the provision of the city’s infrastructure and services.
Furthermore, Jakarta Metropolitan Region covering an area of 650 square
kilometers in different stages of urbanization, now harbors over fifteen million
people and spreads its built-up area from Tanggerang in the west to Bekasi in the
east, almost reaching Bogor in the south. The initial network of historic settlements
now merely makes up a few tens square kilometers or some five percent of the
Metropolitan Region (Jakarta Regional Planning).
Figure 2.7. The structure plan of Jakarta
Source: Jakarta Regional Planning
26
27
2.8. Summary
Revitalization of historic area is to conserve, maintain and enhance the area into
new activity. It considers the character of the historic area. When the inherent
historic character of historic area is preserved, it becomes tourist attraction,
enhancing both the local economy and the sense of community pride.
The revitalization of historic area involves two processes which are
rehabilitation and preservation. The revitalization process starts with recognizing and
understanding the particular dimension of obsolescence, the value of historic area
properties, new uses, and functions in the historic area.
Designing the revitalization of the historic area need to be focused on the
physical and non-physical fabric. To revitalize the historic area is attracting new
activities that include renewal and improvement of the local activity, economy
activity, and tourism activity. Furthermore, the public sector is a key role in
developing historic area, by providing and managing public open space and
maintaining some of the principal attractions. To develop the historic area is focused
on unique and interesting facility to encourage the attractive activities. Furthermore,
develop the historic area to become commercial and public place that can revive and
influence the economic activity.
Jakarta Kota as a historic area that have historical value need to be revitalized. It
needs to protect the character of the history and architectural heritage building. The
revitalization is also to preserve the historic sites and structures. Moreover,
revitalization of Jakarta Kota has purpose which is to improve and enhance the
historic area to become public and tourism place.
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY AND DATA ANALYSIS
This chapter discusses the methodology of study, provides the data collection
and analysis of study area.
3.1.
Methodology of Study
The methodology of the study is based on the redevelopment of study area,
which is related to identification of the people activities, attraction place and the
architecture of historical buildings. It is intended to understand and revive the part of
Jakarta Kota as a study area.
Moreover, understanding Jakarta Kota as a historic area is needed with
identification of the physical and non-physical element of the area. The activity of
local people should be observed to identify the functional area of Jakarta Kota and it
would give the character recognition from Jakarta Kota.
Finally, descriptions of Jakarta Kota development are carried out in this study. It
gives the fundamental basic of analysis for this study. At the end, it provides the
proposed design of revitalization for Jakarta Kota. These guidelines are intended for
the local government, which focuses on the new design of accessibility, improvement
of the attraction place and conservation of the architectural historic building.
29
3.2.
Data Collection
The data collection includes the collection of primary and secondary data. It
also includes the field survey of the site and sources.
3.2.1. Types of Data
Types of data used comprise of primary and secondary data:
1. Primary data was collected by getting information from survey field, these are
physical element including plan and the character of historic building, and nonphysical which include the local people and economic activities in the study area.
Primary data consist of issues and problems of heritage area redevelopment in
Jakarta Kota and some information as the result of the field survey including the
documentation, observation, and interview. All data will be used to describe
physical mapping, historical building inventory, activity users and attraction
place.
2. Secondary data was collected from the references review and published
documentation that are related to case study such as books, journal, newspaper,
Jakarta official website, the master plan of Jakarta development and issues related
to the revitalization program of Jakarta’s Kota.
3.2.2. Site Visit to The Jakarta’s Kota as an Heritage Area
The aims of visiting Jakarta Kota are to observe the activities of local people
and visitors; to observe the existing physical condition and accessibility; and to
gather data on architectural historic building.
30
3.2.3. The Interviews
The interview is carried out with two local official government departments,
who have the most important role in the development of Jakarta and redevelopment
of heritage area. They are Department of Jakarta Development and Department of
Jakarta Heritage. Both departments were cooperative to give the information needed.
These interview objectives are to gather some information about issues, problems
and planning to revitalize Jakarta’s Kota as a heritage area that have been done or
planned for the future.
3.3. Analysis
The study area is located in a part of Jakarta Kota. Recently, Jakarta Kota is
being a historic area that has many historical buildings and evidence of the
development from the past.
The study area is focused on Museum Fatahilah area, Pintu Besar Barat Street,
Pos Kota Street and Taman Stasiun Kota Street. The physical conditions of the study
area are lack of maintenance, insufficient pedestrian walk, not enough attractive
activities, and uncomfortable accessibility for vehicle.
3.3.1. Land Use
The land use of the study area is mostly for the private office use, where
based on the history, was an administrative area or government office area during
colonial era. This area also is used for public facility as well as tourism places of
Jakarta, where few of old buildings become museums.
31
Figure 3.1. The land use of study area
Source: Field Survey and Jakarta regional planning
According to Figure 3.1, it shows that most of the land is used for public and
office buildings. However, the field survey resulted that many of the place is not
suitable as its function.
32
3.3.2. Conservation Building Inventory
Figure 3.2 The location of a few heritage buildings
33
3.3.2.1.The occupied old buildings
Most of the old buildings in this area are used for offices and public place
such as museum and café now (Figure 3.3).
The City Hall or Stadhuis was officially opened in 1710. Now, this building has
become Museum Fatahilah that is owned by local government.
This building was built by Dutch that used
for office and then was used by Post
Office.
This building was built in 1640
which was used for Dutch
Church. Then in 1975, it is
became ‘Museum Wayang’.
Batavia Café on the northern side of
the city square is one of the oldest
houses in the whole kota.
This building was built on 18th
century that was used for
residential and then become office
that used by P.T. Trikora Lloyd.
34
Museum Gajah and Ceramic
Bank Mandri Office
Museum and Galery of Bank Indonesia
Museum Bank Mandiri
Figure 3.3. Occupied old buildings
Source: the data of local government and field survey
3.3.2.2. The unoccupied old buildings
There are seven unoccupied old buildings where the conditions are lack of
maintenance and almost demolish (Figure 3.4 – 3.5). Those buildings are owned by
the local government and included in the master plan of the revitalization program.
Those buildings will become public buildings, which will support as tourism places
of Jakarta Kota. All of unoccupied building will redevelop to be commercial area,
such as shopping lot or centre, gallery and office building. The redevelopment is
35
focused for economic activity in Jakarta Kota. These plans will make the Jakarta
Kota Historic Area to become liveable.
Figure 3.4. The location of unoccupied buildings
Source: the data of local government and field survey
36
1
2
This building is called Toko Merah
and was built around 1730 by Von
Imhoff who lived here before he was
appointed governor-general. In 1939,
this building was used by the Shanghai
Bank. Now, it is unoccupied building.
This building was used for office and
owned by PT. Aneka Niaga. Because
it is unoccupied, so the local
government use it for the temporary
market in the ground floor.
3
4
This empty building was occupied
for office by PT. Tjipta Niaga. It is
less maintenance and need rebuilt or
reconstruction.
5
It is owned by local government and
was used for office.
6
Both those buildings above were offices that used by PT. Kerta Niaga, now it is
occupied and owned by local government.
Figure 3.5. The unoccupied old buildings
Source: the data of local government and field survey
37
3.3.3. Accessibility
Another important factor is providing accessibility facility (Figure3.7). It
includes the access to the study area and the support of traffic movement. Pedestrian
walk will facilitate movement, convenient and safety for the people to walk around
the historic area of Jakarta Kota.
In other hand, the circulation can support the linkage from the Jakarta Kota to
surrounding area. The traffic circulation design is needed to prevent an accident and
traffic jam.
3.3.3.1. Pedestrian walk
The study found that the pedestrian facility in the Jakarta Kota is just
provided for normal people. This will make disable peoples have difficulties in
movement.
There are many different characters of pedestrian walk in the study area;
Pintu Besar Barat street, Pintu Besar Utara street, Pintu Besar Timur street and
Taman Stasiun Kota street (Figure 3.6 and 3.8).
Pedestrian in Pintu Besar Timur Street
Pedestrian walk at the side of river is
comfortable and safe. Tree that locate
along this pedestrian make it shady.
But, this area is lacks street furniture
and people rarely use it.
The pedestrian walk is too narrow
and close to the street. It can make
people uncomfortable and unsafe to
walk around in this area especially
for disable people.
Figure 3.6. The Condition of Pedestrian Walkways
Figure 3.7. The Accessibility Facility in the study area
Source: survey field
38
39
Pedestrian in Pintu Besar Barat Street
Wide pedestrian area in the side of the river is comfortable for people to move
around, also there are street furniture such as lighting and seat that make
people enjoy looking around in this area. In the other hand, the narrow
pedestrian locates at the side of the building make people uncomfortable and
unsafe.
Pedestrian in Taman Stasiun Kota Street
This pedestrian walk is poorly maintained and the footpath can be used only
for one person, but this area is planted by many trees that make it shady.
During the peak hour when the traffic is crowed, the pedestrian walkway was
used by motorcyclists.
40
Pedestrian in Pintu Besar Utara street (around Museum fatahilah)
Pedestrian Street in this area is not just used for people movement, but it is
also used for parking where it is provided for visitor only. Although there are
not many vehicles through this pedestrian, it can make people feel unsafe to
walk around and they have to be aware. In other hand, this area is the most
comfortable pedestrian walk of the study area because it is spacious and use
pavement material.
Figure 3.8. The condition and characteristics of pedestrian walk
Source: field survey
Figure 3.9. The elevation of Pintu Besar Barat and Timur Street (A), and Taman Stasiun Kota Street (B)
Source: survey field
41
42
3.3.3.2. Street
There are 4 main streets in the study area; Taman Stasiun Kota Street, Pintu
Besar Utara Street, Pintu Besar Timur Street and Pintu Besar Barat Street. They have
different characters and size (Figure 3.10).
Pintu Besar Barat Street
Wider street can prevent the traffic jam during peak hour, this area have
potential to become a main street of the study area. But the circulation in the
junction is unorganized and can cause an accident especially during peak hour.
Pintu Besar Timur Street
This narrow street is one of the main streets in the study area. It is always
crowded by many vehicles, which is not just during peak hour, even though
the circulation is in one direction. There is also car parking provided in the
side of the street.
43
Taman Stasiun Kota Street
The vehicle circulation is formed from the wide to the narrow street, which
cause traffic jam especially in the peak hour.
Pintu Besar Utara street
This street is the main access to Jakarta Kota Historic Area. It is crowded by
vehicles especially in the peak hour, caused by public transportation parked at
the side of the street and stop in the middle of the street. It disturbs the way of
other vehicle and makes this area jam.
Figure 3.10. The condition of streets in the study area
Source: field survey
44
3.3.3.3. Public Transportation
The public transportation is a transport facility that provides easy movement
for visitors to the study area. There are two kinds of public transportation, these are
bus and train. The train station, Jakarta Kota Station, is located at the study area. It
can be a main facility for those who come from inside and outside Jakarta. There are
two bus stations which have different passenger characters. The first bus station
which is located in front of Jakarta Kota Station is used by Trans Jakarta bus with
their own bus-way. The second bus station is located at Kali Besar Street and is used
by other buses. (Figure 3.11)
Jakarta Kota Station as a train station
Trans Jakarta Bus Station
Kota Tua Bus Station
Figure 3.11. The public transportation facility
Source from field survey
45
3.3.4. Activity
The study area is used for office buildings and tourism area, where most of
people come to this area for working in the weekdays and travel in the weekend.
Visually, there are no attraction activities, while the building functions are just for
office and museum. There was an open market with stalls that attract people to come,
but the local government moved it to one of the empty building for temporary period.
Actually this market can be an attractive activity to make people to visit the study
area and it can increase the tourism value.
Before
Now
Figure 3.12. The location of the open market
People come to this area are mostly for sightseeing, taking picture, and sitting
under the tree on the surrounding Museum Fatahilah square area.
Figure 3.13. The activity of people in the study area
3.3.5. Building Façade
According to the history, Jakarta Kota was built during Dutch colonial era, so
most of the building characters are European style. The Architecture of European
style has high value and aesthetics. The building construction uses concrete which
make it stronger and rigid especially the Art-deco style.
Figure 3.14. Picture (A) and (B) shows the building façade in Pintu Besar Barat Street,
(C) and (D) in Pintu Besar Timur Street
46
47
3.4. SWOT Analysis
SWOT analysis is one of the evaluating method using the Strengths,
Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threat of the study area. In addition, it involves the
strategic planning process; consist of a physical environmental element,
infrastructure element, user element, government element and other elements that is
part of the Jakarta Kota.
Strength and Weakness Strength (S) :
Analysis
Weakness (W) :
1.The identity of Jakarta 1. Most of old buildings
lack of maintenance.
Kota as a historical area.
and
2.The history evidence in 2. Uncomfortable
unsafe
pedestrian
the study area.
walkways.
3.Revitalization of old
town is one of the local 3. Less attraction activity
government planning.
and poor public facility
Opportunity and
Threat Analysis
4.Locate in the strategic 4. Few signage and street
area
furniture.
Opportunity (O) :
SO strategies :
1.One of attractive heritage
area in Jakarta.
the
old
1.Local Government to do 1. Maintain
building and use the
revitalize Jakarta Kota
unoccupied building to
as a heritage area.
be attractive place.
2.Redevelop Jakarta Kota
2.A tourism place
3.A conservation area,
according
to
Local
Government planning.
WO strategies :
as one of attractive 2. Redevelop and maintain
the pedestrian walk.
heritage
area
and
tourism place.
3. Reorganize the vehicle
circulation.
4. Build
the
furniture.
Threat (T) :
ST strategies :
street
WT strategies :
1.Less visitor or tourist to 1. Control and managerial 1. Socialization of the
revitalization Jakarta’s
on the Jakarta Kota
come to the study area,
Kota as a heritage area
development
planning.
most workers come on
and tourism place to
2. Develop the public
weekdays.
local community.
facility and open place
2.Unorganized
heritage
between
to
facilitate
the 2. Cooperation
area
development
the local government,
attractive
activities.
planning.
private sector and local
3. Conserve the historical
community to redevelop
building and use them to
Jakarta Kota.
be public place.
Table 3.1. SWOT Analysis of Jakarta Kota
48
3.5.Summary
3.5.1. Potentials
The analysis of the study area gives five potentials, which should be
considered in terms the relationship of the Jakarta heritage area and its facilities.
These potentials are:
1. The Jakarta Government Planning states that the historical area, which
includes Jakarta Kota, should be conserved and preserved, regarding to the old
buildings.
2. Revitalization of Jakarta Kota is one of the Jakarta Government
Development program.
3. The historical area which is developed as tourism place can increase the
local economic income from visitors.
4. The preservation of the original European architectural buildings can
represents Jakarta history.
5. The improvement of accessibility facility, especially for disable people,
public facility and attraction activity.
3.5.2. Problems
The problems come from the study area, in terms of the relation between the
Jakarta Heritage Development and its facilities. These are:
1. The local government does not focus on development and revitalization
of public facilities and attractive activities that can support Jakarta Kota as a tourism
place and heritage area.
49
2. Lack of maintenance and attractive place in the study area can obstruct
Jakarta Kota to be tourism place.
3. Most of the old buildings need to be maintained and reconstruct.
4. The accessibility facility such as street and pedestrian walkways are
uncomfortable and unsafe, and need to be redesign.
CHAPTER 4
CONCEPT AND DESIGN GUIDELINES
This chapter describes the concept of the study area and design guidelines as
recommendation for revitalization program of Jakarta Kota. This contains the
significant steps of redevelopment and improvement of the historic area.
4.1.
Concept Plan
The historic and old town area enriches the town development concept as
historical memorable area. It needs to be conserved and protected. Jakarta’s
Government Development states that Jakarta Kota is one of the historic areas, which
needs redevelopment and revitalization in the first priority.
From reason above, this study propose a concept of revitalization of Jakarta
Kota as “A Vibrant, Diverse and Living Cultural Historic Area”. This concept gives
Jakarta Kota diverse office central, commercial area with community’s area,
entertainment centre and recreation place. These various facilities based Jakarta Kota
as an urban district with different character of activities inside it, such as art, culture,
urban heritage and creative community.
51
This concept will implement some strategic to overcome potentials and
problems of Jakarta Kota. Strategies to revitalize this area are:
1. The improvement of accessibility facility, such as pedestrian walk and
streets to afford people safe, easy and comfortable movement.
2. Create new attraction activities with facility to make Jakarta Kota become
liveable
3. The development of attractive open public places, such as outdoor café,
open market and square as a focal point of people to meet.
4. The improvement and maintenance of the old building façade which has
already been damaged.
5. The adaptive re-use of old building, for example making it efficient as
commercial area.
6. Influence the local economy and provide the new activity to develop the
economy with the potential sector in the study area.
These development strategies are the guideline to revitalize and redevelop
Jakarta Kota as well as the historic area (Figure 4.1 – 4.2).
4.2.
Design Guideline
The final product of the study is the design guidelines to revitalize and
redevelop Jakarta’s Kota as a heritage area. This part provides guidelines of
designing every element in the study area, including physical and non-physical
elements.
Figure 4.1. The proposed layout design of Jakarta Kota
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Figure 4.2. The propose redevelopment of Jakarta Kota
53
54
4.2.1. Jakarta Kota Redevelopment
The propose concept, “A Vibrant, Diverse and Living Cultural Historic Area”
focuses on property development for revitalization of the historical area. The
redevelopment concerns on the infrastructure, stimulating growth and encouraging
greater utilization of the historic buildings. Moreover, it is attempting to attract new
activities.
Furthermore, redevelopment of the historic area will focus on the public
sector by providing and managing public open space, improving the existing facility
and new attraction added, providing facilities to support the attraction activities that
can make the study area become unique and interesting. The improvement of
accessibility facility and supporting infrastructure will enhance attractions and assists
in the process of attracting visitors. These improvement examples are shopping area,
accommodation, transportation and environmental improvements.
The redevelopment of Jakarta Kota is an effort to revitalize and conserve its
area as the heritage area. Moreover, the function of the heritage area become public
place as tourism place and commercial area that can make this area become liveable
and attractive.
4.2.2. Building Use
Most of the old buildings in the existing area are unoccupied. To make the
study area become liveable and attract people to come, the unoccupied old building
will be re-use to become commercial area such as shopping centre, café and hotel
(Figure 4.3).
Furthermore, Jakarta Kota can be used as mixed-use concept that can make
the new community and activity. The first level of the building can be used as
commercial area and other level as office or residential. This concept can make the
various activities in the Jakarta Kota.
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Figure 4.3. The building use of study area
56
4.2.3. Open Public Spaces
Facilitation of people activities can use open public space. This open public
space is often more useful for visual amenity, recreational use and wildlife corridors
than isolated and unrelated landscape elements.
The creation of the open public space on the Jakarta Kota can encourage the
facility for people activity. This is based on:
1. Open space is the public area that has a role as public-social spaces.
2. Public space is the place that is used by people for gathering and to do
their activity.
3. The quality of public space has sense of image, identity, structure, and
meaning.
The types of open public spaces (Figure 4.4 – 4.5) that can encourage the
activity and plan on the study area consist of:
1. Open market, an open space that have purpose to attract people and
influence the local economy. It is located in Pintu Besar Timur Street and near from
the Fatahillah square.
2. Outdoor Café. The design of outdoor café is as a food court with tents. It
is located in Pintu Besar Timur that can make this area become liveable.
3. Fatahilah Square, as the focal point of people to meet and it is located in
front of Museum Fatahilah. Trees and street furniture will be introduced to make
people enjoy and comfortable to stay in.
4. Pedestrian walk, as an open space that facilitate people to walk and
traveling. The palm trees will be planted to shade its area. The lighting also is needed
along the pedestrian way.
5. Parking zone, as open area to facilitate the vehicle parks and complete
with trees and lighting.
6. Green area, as the landscape linkages to encourage the new character of
Jakarta Kota as heritage area.
Figure 4.4. The Fatahilah Square and surrounding
57
Figure 4.5. The water front along Pintu Besar Barat and Timur Street
58
59
4.2.4. Circulation
The function of the circulation system is to promote the traffic network in an
area. Improvement and managing the traffic circulation on Jakarta Kota is important,
as encouragement the safety and comfortability of accessible facility for users
(Figure 4.6).
The design of traffic circulation is focused on directing the traffic circulation
which can reduce the traffic jam and accident, traffic direction which will support to
attract people to come to the study area, separating circulation between vehicle and
people movement, and develop the circulation of traffic that is comfortable, safe and
contribute to the macro design of the city to reduce the traffic problems.
Furthermore, providing easy and comfortable access, can improve the urban
social and economic activities in Jakarta Kota.
4.2.5. Pedestrian Network
The development of pedestrian walk encourages the accessibility of people
movement and travel circulation in the study area as public and tourism place. The
pedestrian walk can make the significant image of Jakarta Kota and linkage to the
main zone (Figure 4.7).
The planned design of pedestrian walk in the study area is based on:
1. Pedestrian-friendly environment in conservation area.
2. Street as a pedestrian social space.
3. Creating vibrant urban street-life by attracting pedestrian activity.
4. Development of the study area that is oriented to the pedestrian.
5. Walk-able neighborhood of the significant conservation and old town
area.
6. Easy, comfortable and safe pedestrian.
Figure 4.6. The new circulation system of study area
60
Figure 4.7. The Pedestrian network
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Figure 4.8. The Parking Zone
62
63
4.2.6. Parking Area
Parking area as a facility for vehicle must be provided in the public place.
Parking lot can impact the traffic circulation and pedestrian walk. Developing the
parking area should be focused on the traffic circulation of the area in the strategic
location (Figure 4.8).
4.2.7. Accessibility Facility for Disable People
The design of accessibility facility for disable people must have full attention.
The design on every component for this facility should refer to standard design for
disable people, the special focus in term of pedestrian and parking area (Table 4.1).
Table 4.1 Design Recommendations of Accessible Facility for Disable People
Components
Pedestrian
Walk
Design Recomendations
and ƒ
Footpath
Pathways and corridors should be wide enough for
wheelchair users (min. 1200 mm. width)
ƒ
The surface of pathways or corridors should comply
with the guidelines for “Ground and Floor Surfaces”.
Reference figures:
1. Minimum clear width for two wheel chairs.
1500mm
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Components
Design Recomendations
2. Minimum clearance for 90 turn
Ground
and
Floor ƒ
Surface
Ground and floor surfaces (along accessible route and
in accessible room spaces, including floors, walks,
ramps, stairs and step ramps) should be stable, firm
and slip-resistant.
ƒ
Floor surfaces should not have any projections, drops
or unexpected variation of levels.
ƒ
Changes in level less than and 13mm should be
leveled up with a slope no greater than 1:2.
ƒ
Grating located along walking surfaces shall:
1. have spaces not greater than 13mm wide in one
direction, and
2. be placed so that the long dimension is across the
dominant direction of travel as illustrated in
reference figure.
ƒ
Edges of paths should be clearly defined by using
different colors and textures.
Street furniture, trees, lighting and dustbins should be
located on one side of pathways. The surface texture and
color surrounding should be indicated the approach of
those
65
Components
Design Recomendations
Reference figures:
Step Ramps
ƒ
Step ramps should be provided wherever an
accessible route crosses a step.
ƒ
Slopes of step ramps should be gentle (e.g.: less than
1:8).
ƒ
The surface of step ramps should comply with the
guidelines for ‘Ground and Floor Surfaces.”
Reference figures:
66
Components
Vehicle
Parking
Design Recomendations
and ƒ
Access
Vehicle spaces for disabled person should be provided
in the proportion of 1 space to every 100 vehicles, or
part there of available to the public.
ƒ
Parking spaces should be on the flat surface and not
less than 3600mm wide.
ƒ
Flat access should be provided between each parking
space and the adjoining walkway.
ƒ
Spaces for parking the vehicles of disabled persons
should be adjacent to at least one entrance to the
building and public places area that is visible and
usable by them.
Parking
spaces
should
be
identified
by
a
sign
incorporating the symbol for access by disabled persons,
in accordance with clause 28. The sign should be readily
visible from a vehicle at the entrance to the car park.
Adequate guide signs should be provided to direct the
disabled persons to the location of the space.
Source: Guidelines on Building Requirement for Disable People and Indonesian
Standard
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4.2.8. The Activity
The new activities in this study area can improve people activities and renew
the economic activities, where all of the development bases are public and tourism
place.
The people activity renewal should be referred to cultural, education, art and
social view. It will make this area become active and alive. Public places can support
improvement of people activity, such as gallery, museum, theatre, and open space
such as square.
In term of improvement of economic activity, the redevelopment of the study
area can go on to the commercial area. This can be shopping lots or arcade, open
market, café, restaurant and Hotel.
By improving and renewing both of the activities, will make the study area
become attractive and liveable.
4.3.
Conclusion and Recommendation
This part will describe the overall conclusion of the study and gives further
recommendations of the improvement of study area.
4.3.1. Conclusion
This study provides the design guidelines of the revitalization of Jakarta
Kota as a heritage area. The design guidelines are based on the survey and analysis
of study area.
68
Revitalization of Jakarta Kota is not only about conservation and
preservation of the heritage building, but also about some aspects that need to be put
on focus such as social, economic, culture, people activities and environmental
facilities. These things can encourage the Jakarta Kota Area to be liveable.
There are some actions that must be taken in revitalization of Jakarta Kota.
This action is the improvement of this area to become attractive place and to attract
people to come. These are:
1. Fatahillah Square. As an open space that locate in front of Museum
Fatahillah can create the various attractive activities and comfortable for
people to stay. This can encourage the number of visitors to come to this
area.
2. Old Buildings. Conservation the old building is one of the Jakarta Kota
revitalization program. It maintains and reconstructs most of the old
buildings within this area. It will also consider re-function of the old
building and unoccupied buildings to become commercial area, such as
shopping centre, hotel, café, restaurant and public offices.
3. Waterfront Area. The public facility is developed along the river side
area. This area is located between Pintu Besar Barat and Pintu Besar
Timur Street. It can encourage the study area to become attractive and
liveable. The creation of new activities can be done by developing
market, outdoor café and shop lot, which can attract people to come and
enjoy stay in.
4. Accessibility Facility. The improvement of accessibility facility makes an
easy access of people to this area. These facilities are pedestrian walk,
street and public transportation. Also, separation between street and
pedestrian walk make comfortable and safety travel for people in the
study area. The redevelopment need to focus on the comfortable and
safety of disable people facility.
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5. Public Places. Creating public place is considered essential to the
function of Jakarta Kota as the historic area and tourism place, it must be
a main focus in its development. Public place is not just an open space,
also the place to facilitate the activity of visitors, it must be an attractive
place to support people to come and enjoy staying in. Public place also
can provide various activities in this area.
6. Activity. Create new activities in the study area to relate to the social and
economic activity. The improvement and enhancement of the activity
have purpose to increase the attractiveness of the study area.
Base on the observation, Jakarta Kota does not have any attraction activities,
although this area is one of tourism place in Jakarta. There are not many people to
come to this area especially tourists. Moreover, people who come to this area just
visit the museum, look around, taking photographs and go to their office.
Creating new activity can improve and enhance Jakarta Kota development.
This will be considered in the concept and its function as a public place, which will
provide the various recreational and entertainment, and have various activities such
as educational, art, culture, urban heritage and creative community. It can this area to
become attractive place and liveable.
Revitalization is a process of the development program in a city or an area,
which is provided and set up by the Local Government, public and private sector. It
aim is to redevelop the area and include environmental facility and stimulate the
economic sector.
Finally, the design guideline can be a recommendation to do revitalization of
Jakarta Kota. The recognition and understanding of attraction activity and public
facility which need to be provided will be the main focus in the redevelopment and
revitalization of a historic area as a public and tourism place.
70
4.3.2. Recommendations
Several recommendation of future study can be drawn based on the
conclusion above. These recommendations are:
1. Study and understanding the people activities and economic sector are
important in redevelopment and revitalization of the historic area, which
will improve the area to become attractive and liveable.
2. The revitalization should point on physical and non-physical element,
because both of elements have interaction in term of depth study of
historic area.
3. The study and analysis of the public facility is needed to facilitate the
activities in the area, particularly to redevelop the study area.
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