ENG 3U1 Writer’s Guide Introduction As grade 11 students, your writing skills should be improving and a writing style should begin to emerge. At this point in the semester you have completed formative writing tasks. This package is to review expectations for the writing process, forms of writing, style, word use and grammar. A major focus should be on the improvement in writing and development of ideas and insights for the remainder of the semester. The following are symbols that can be used to edit your own or others work.. This is to also help you avoid some of the common errors found in your writing. sp: spelling error Purpose and Audience: Before you write, make sure you have a clear idea of the purpose (ex. Persuade, defend, explain, analyze, inform, compare etc.) as well as the audience for whom you are writing (in many cases – me!) Choosing a Topic: Much of the time a topic will be given to you, but often you will be able to select from a list of suggested topics. Begin by brainstorming all you know about each topic. Organizing Ideas: The Outline An outline is like a map which helps you organize your ideas. There are several ways to write an outline, but if you are following a particular format for formal writing (ex. paragraph or essay), try to work within that framework. Note: You will also have to consider the patterns for organization (ex. chronological – order of time; importance, compare/contrast or cause and effect) Drafting a Rough Copy: Once you have chosen a topic, gathered information and ideas and organize these ideas, you need to write a first draft. Don’t worry too much about the quality – yet. Concentrate on getting your main ideas down and in the correct format. Revising (Editing) Revising your first draft is looking at the content the adding, deleting and re-arranging where necessary. When possible, leave your draft for a day or two so you can look at it with objective eyes. When editing check: (1) fluency – organization of ideas and between ideas (transitions) (2) stylistic changes such as vocabulary (diction); deleting unnecessary words or phrases (3) correct errors in spelling, mechanics, grammar (4) Check you have used consistent voice (1st or 3rd person), tense (present or past); style (tone, formality etc.) Proofreading: This is the final stage in the writing process to finally ensure your writing is ready for publication and final submission. While proofreading, read slowly and read every word (print a hard copy if it is already typed). Do a final check for errors in capitalization (names and titles), punctuation and spelling. Make sure you have used quotations correctly and cited all quotations in parentheses (MLA format). Double check formats. Finally ask a classmate or another reliable person to check you have not missed anything. (a)gr: grammatical error. Often this is subject-verb agreement (agr) (ex. One of the cars were damaged – cars is not the subject, one needs a singular verb One of the cars was damaged) V.T.: verb tense. Keep in mind that your verb tense needs to be consistent throughout your paper. In formal writing, write in the present tense only. (ex. The vampire is a mysterious character NOT was) S.S: Sentence structure. This could be many things This could be any number of conventional errors that has affected the structure of your sentence R.O: Run-On Sentences – When two or more complete sentences are joined in a single sentence oftentimes using conjunctions. Each idea should be in a separate sentence S.F: Sentence Fragment – A group of words punctuated as a sentence but is lacking either a subject or a complete verb. (ex. Which was a deceptive and manipulative move.) awk: Awkward Phrasing. This could include any number of the stylistic errors. It is often a combination of errors creating a lack of clarity wordy – This includes the usage of unnecessary words and phrases. When writing, every word must count. Rpt.: Repetition- repeating ideas. This is also related to redundancy – Either directly or indirectly saying the same thing. Pron: Pronoun Usage - When writing formal expository pieces such as essays, write in the third person only. First person is for personal writing or narratives. Avoid using the second person (the informal and conversational “we” “you”) new paragraph; paragraphing error ^ insert a word(s); could also indicate missing info Trans - Missing transition. It is important for you ideas to connect and writing to be fluent use transitions and vary transitions ENG 3U1 Writer’s Guide Style and Conventions Often you will be writing formal forms of writing (ex. Essays, letters, reports etc). Keep in mind the following stylistic conventions of formal writing Write in the third person. Avoid the first person (I, me) or second (you, we) Vocabulary / Diction – use words that expand your vocabulary, yet familiar and accepted Avoid colloquialisms or slang (ex. He has his back; She’s sick; last but not least) Carefully follow conventions of grammar, avoiding the errors often in informal language (ex. Sentence fragments, improper use of pronouns and faulty subject-verb agreement) Commonly Confused Words The following is a list of words that are often confused because they sound the same or are related but have different uses. Make it a habit to check for these when you write. Accept: to agree to; Except: not including Advice: (n)oun To counsel; Advise: (verb) “counsel” All ready: completely ready; Already: “before this time Anyway: correct; Anyways: incorrect grammar Complement: to complete something; Compliment: to praise Could / Should / Would followed by “have” NOT “of” Good: adjective meaning “all right”; Well: adverb “In a favourable manner” It’s: means it is; Its: possessive, or belonging to Avoid using shorthand or shortcuts (lol, etc.) Spell out all numbers unless it is a date Passed: past tense of pass; Past: (noun) “a time before” Principal: first in importance; Principle: fact Avoid the use of contractions (can’t = can not; won’t = will not) Than: used for comparisons; Then: (adverb) “at that time” Carefully follow conventions of punctuation, especially when quoting or doing citations To: (prep) “in the direction of; Too: (adverb) excessively; Two: the number Their: belonging to them; There: “in that place”; They’re: They are Weather: the conditions outside; Whether: “if” Try to vary sentence structures and length Avoid redundancy – saying the same thing Formal writing does not mean wordy. You can write concisely and still write formally and articulately Overly wordy: “Players should refrain from revealing their cards to other players until such time as they are called upon to do so.” Formal, clear and concise: “Avoid showing your cards to other players until you are asked to do so.” Whose: Belonging to whom; Who’s: “who is” or “who has” Your: belonging to you; You’re: you are ENG 3U1 Writer’s Guide Using Primary and Secondary Sources a. How to Insert Quotations in Writing There are three main ways to insert quotations in your work . Method Examples 1. To illustrate, when Josephine and her mother discuss Michael, Josephine exclaims, “If you want to know what I think of Michael Andretti, I think he’s a lovely man” (Marchetta 70). a. b. 2. 3. State the context – in less than one sentence state when, possibly where and under what circumstances the quote was spoken or written There are two ways to do this: Introduce the quote with a complete sentence and a colon Use an introductory phrase, but not a complete sentence, separated from the quotations with a comma Embed the quotation – Embedding quotations involved paraphrasing half of the original, or embedding them into your own analysis but mixing in a few direct sections from the author. When you embed a quotation, be sure to blend in the quotation with the grammar of your own sentence. The sentence as a whole must flow smoothly. Paraphrasing – If you do not plan on speaking directly about certain diction or device used in a particular quote, you may choose to simply paraphrase an example unless otherwise directed. In “Where I Lived, and What I Lived For,” Thoreau states directly his purpose for going into the woods: “I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and to see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I not lived.” (Thoreau 130). In “Where I lived and what I Lived For,” Thoreau states directly his purpose for going into the woods when he recounts “I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and to see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I not lived.” (Thoreau 130). In “Where I Lived, and What I Lived For,” Thoreau states that his retreat to the woods around Walden Pond was motivated by his desire “to live deliberately” and to face only “the essential facts of life” (Thoreau 130). In one instance, Romeo kills Tybalt to avenge his Benvolio’s death. Synonyms for the word “says” The following are suggestions for introducing quotations using words other than “says”. Be sure you use an appropriate synonym for the context of your paper. adds remarks exclaims announces replies declares states comments responds writes estimates suggests predicts argues declares proposes complains proclaims notes asserts opines observes laments reflects denotes ENG 3U1 Writer’s Guide Modifying Quotations 1. Editing quotations – If the quotation is too long, you may shorten it by replacing unnecessary words or phrases using the ellipsis (. . .) Example: “Whie reflecting on the state of America, Nick Carraway ponders, ‘AS the moon rose higher I became aware. . . of the new world” (Fitzgerald 182). 2. Sometimes when you use a quote, you must insert a word or two to clarify the quotation or to make it grammatically correct. You may also need to change the verb tense of certain words to ensure your writing is fluent. Any words or endings inserted are done so using square brackets. [ ] Example: Josephine is hurt because her grandmother used to tell her “that [she] did not have a father who had died. [Her] mother never lied to [her] that way” (Marchetta 35). Formatting Quotations 1. Quotations that are three lines or less, types, are not indented. These are double spaced. Example: After he murders King Duncan, Macbeth is shocked at the destructiveness of his own actions and laments, “I am afraid to think what I have done; / Look on’t again I dare not (Shakespeare 2.2.50-51). * Note: with poetry and plays a “/” indicates a line break. 2. Quotations that are four lines or more are indented one inch from the body of your work from both margins. These are also single spaced. The punctuation appears before the citation and your paragraph continues with no indentation after the quote. Example: Nick Carraway reflects on America, a once unspoiled continent: As the moon rose higher I became aware of the old island here that flowered once For Dutch sailors eyed – a fresh, green breast of the new world. Its vanished trees, the trees that had made way for Gatsby’s house, had once pandered in whispers to the last and greatest of all human dreams; for a transitory enchanted moment man must have held his breath” (Fitzgerald 182). To improve your writing, see the activities on the following pages. ENG 3U1 Writer’s Guide Task: The following are examples from student writing assignments. To improve your writing for your next assignment, read each sentence carefully. Identify the error(s) using the proofreader’s marks AND correct the sentence or passage in the space provided. 1. “In our society today self respect is either earned or given to you but it all comes down to how you carry yourself and how much respect you have for yourself as an individual and confidence comes with how much self respect you have for yourself.” Error(s): ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Suggested correction: _____________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2. “There are 2 different device use by the author in the story.” Error(s): ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Suggested correction: _____________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 3. “Imagery has an effect on the story because it helps the readers visualize the scene more better.” Error(s): ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Suggested correction: _____________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 4. “The part on the story when Clovis witnessed Ambroise catch the whale so that he could impress Gabrielle, Clovis who supposable was the most honest man in town, denies Ambroise by saying “Ambroise is a liar” Error(s): ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Suggested correction: _____________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 5. She was so impressed with him because of all the stuff he has been through for her. Error(s): ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Suggested correction: _____________________________________________________ ENG 3U1 Writer’s Guide ________________________________________________________________________ 6. “…no matter how trustworthy a person can be, they will benefit themselves over you.” Error(s): ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Suggested correction: _____________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 7. Person vs. Self is a main concept in the passage because he had a not to think of being the head officer.” Error(s): ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Suggested correction: _____________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 8. “I am going to point out two of the literacy terms and the point of view of the story Error(s): ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Suggested correction: _____________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________