WELCOME
Stage 4 - Ovarian Cancer Symptoms
University of Baghdad
College of Nursing
Department of Basic Medical Sciences
Overview of
Anatomy and Physioloy –II
Second Year Students
Asaad Ismail Ahmad , Ph.D.
Electrolyte and Mineral Physiology
asaad50.2011@gmail.com
2012 - 2013
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - II
Brief Contents
1- Cardiovascular System
2- Blood
3- Lymphatic System
4- Urinary System
5- Male Reproductive System
6- Female Reproductive System
7- Sensory Function
Asaad Ismail Ahmad, Ph.D in Electrolyte and Mineral Physiology
College of Nursing – University of Baghdad / 2012 – 2013
asaad50.2011@gmail.com
Text book
Martini FH. Fundamentals of Anatomy and
Physiology, 5th ed. Prentice Hall, New Jersey,
2001.
References:
1.Barrett KE, Barman SM, Boitano S, Brooks HL. Ganong's Review of Medical
Physiology, 23rd ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, 2010.
2.Drake RL, Vogl W, Mitchell AWM. Gray's Anatomy for Students. Elsevier,
Philadelphia, 2005.
3.Goldberger ,E. 1975.A Primer of Water Electrolyte and Acid-Base
Syndromes. 5th ed., Lea and Febiger ,Philadelphia.
4. Martini, FH and Welch K. Applications Manual Fundamentals of Anatomy
and Physiology,4th ed., Prentice Hall, NewJersey, 1998.
5.Maxwell, MH and Kleeman CR. 1980.Clinical Disorders of Fluid and
Electrolyte Metabolism. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
6.McKinley M, and O'Loughlin VD. Human Anatomy, McGraw Hill, Boston,
2006.
7.Nutrition Foundation.1984.Present Knowledge in Nutrition. 5th ed.,
Nutrition Foundation, Inc , Washington, D.C.
8.Vander A, Sherman J, Luciano D., Human Physiology, 7th ed., McGraw Hill,
Boston, 1998.
THIRTEENTH LECTURE
Physiology of Female Reproductive System
12345-
Female Reproductive Hormones
Ovarian Cycle
Uterine Cycle (Menstrual Cycle)
Sexual Response Pathways
Pregnancy and Lactation
Asaad Ismail Ahmad, Ph.D in Electrolyte and Mineral Physiology
College of Nursing – University of Baghdad / 2012 – 2013
asaad50.2011@gmail.com
Female Reproductive Hormones
123456-
GnRH – Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
FSH - Follicle Stimulating Hormone
LH - Luteinizing Hormone
Estrogenic hormones
Progesteron
Inhibin
Hypothalamic Feedback
Functions of Reproductive Hormones
1- GnRH – Gonadotropin-releasing hormone:
Stimulate pituitary gland to release FSH and LH
2- FSH - Follicle Stimulating Hormone
a- stimulates growth and maturity of
graafian follicles in the ovary
3- LH - Luteinizing Hormone
a- with FSH stimulate cause ovulation of
mature follicles
b- secretion of estrogen by thecal and
granulosa cell of the ovary
c- corpus luteum formation
Continue:
Functions of reproductive Hormones
4- Estrogenic hormones: secreted by ovarian
follicles, it is the main hormone in follicular
phase
5- Progesteron: secreted by corpus luteum, it
is the main hormone in luteal phase
6- Inhibin: secreted by granulosa cells of
ovaries during follicular phase
Function: Negative feedback (inhibition) to
pituitary gland to inhibit FSH secretion
TYPES OF BLOOD CIRCULATING ESTROGEN
1- Estradiol
2- Estrone
3- Estriol
a- Estradiol is the most abundant estrogen
b- Estradiol is the dominant hormone
prior to ovulation
TOTAL RATES OF SECRETION OF GONADOTROPIC
HORMONES THROUGHOUT THE SEXUAL LIVES OF FEMALE
AND MALE HUMAN BEING
ESTROGEN SECRETION THROUGHOUT THE SEXUAL
LIFE OF FEMALE HUMAN BEING
BIOSYNTHESIS OF STEROID HORMONES
FUNCTIONS OF ESTROGEN p.1050
1- Stimulate of bone and muscles growth
2- Maintaining female secondary sex
characteristics.
3- Affecting CNS (e.g. increase sexual drive )
4- Maintaining functions of accessory and
organ of reproductive system
5- Initiate repair and growth of endometrium
OVARIAN CYCLE
OVARIAN CYCLE
Ovarian Cycle divided into two
phases
1- Follicular Phase
2- Luteal Phase
STEPS OF OVARIAN CYCLE
I- FOLLICULAR PHASE
1- Primordial follicles
2- Formation of primary follicles
3- Formation of secondary follicles
4- Formation of a tertiary follicle
II567-
LUTEAL PHASE
Ovulation
Formation corpus luteum
Degeneration of corpus luteum, unless
fertilization occurs
8- Corpus albicans
OVARIAN CYCLE
p.1038
Continue: OVARIAN CYCLE p.1039
MECHANISM
OF OVULATION
TYPES OF CELLS AND HORMONES
IN OVARIAN FOLLICLE
1- Follicle cell
2- Zona pellucida
3- Thecal cells produce
Androgen
Estrogen s
4- Granulosa cells produce Inhibin and
enzyme called Aromatase
5- Cells of corpus luteum produce
Progesteron and estrogen
STAGES OF FOLLICULAR GROWTH IN OVARY AND
FORMATION OF CORPUS LUTEUM
UTERINE CYCLE
(Menstrual Cycle)
UTERINE CYCLE (Menstrual Cycle)
Average of uterine cycle is 28 days
Range of uterine cycle are 21 – 35 days
Uterine cycle divided into three phases
1- Menses
2- Proliferative phase
3- Secretory phase
APPEARANCE OF ENDOMETRIUM DURING UTERINE CYCLE p.1044
PHASES OF ENDOMETRIAL GROWTH AND MENSTRUATION
DURING EACH MONTHLY FEMALE SEXUAL CYCLE
PLASMA CONCENTRATION OF GONADOTROPINS AND OVARIAN
HORMONES DURING NORMAL FEMALE SEXUAL CYCLE
MENSTRUAL
CYCLE
Component of Menstrual Cycle
1234567-
Ovulation
Menstrual Cycle
Concentration of LH and FSH
Concentration of Estrogens and Progesteron
Basal Body Temperature
Ovarian Follicle Development
Endometrium
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Sexual Response Pathways
SEXUAL RESPONSE PATHWAYS
Pregnancy and Lactation
BIRTH CONTROL P.1054
1- Sterilization
a- Vasectomy (male)
b- Tubal ligation (female)
2- Oral contraception
3- Condom
4- Vaginal barrier (diaphragm and cervical cap)
5- Intrauterine device
6- Rhythmic method
SECRETION OF ESTROGENS, PROGESTERONE AND CHORIONIC
GONADOTROPIN AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF PREGNANCY
SECRETION OF ESTROGEN, PROGESTERONE AND
PROLACTIN BEFORE AND AFTER PARTURITION
EFFECT OF PREGNANCY TO INCREASE THE
MOTHER`S BLOOD VOLUME
NUTRITION OF THE FETUS
OVULATION, FERTILIZATION OF OVUM IN FALLOPIAN TUBE, AND
IMPLANTATION OF THE BLASTOCYST IN UTERUS. SHOWING
TROPHOBLASTIC
DIGESTION AND
INVASION OF
ENDOMETRIUM
ORGANIZATION OF MATURE PLACENTA
THEORY FOR
THE ONSET OF
INTENSELY
STRONG
CONTRACTIONS
DURING LABOR
Physiology of Lactation
(Milk Let-Down Reflex)
12345-
Stimulation of nipples
Impulses to spinal cord
Stimulation of hypothalamus
Oxytocin released
Milk ejected
MILK
LET-DOWN
REFLEX
COMPOSITION OF THE MILK
INFERTILITY
MAJOR CAUSE OF INFERTILITY
Hormonal imbalance
Un coordination of the hormonal
secretion related with ovarian
cycle and uterine cycle
CLINICAL DISORDERS OF FEMALE
REPRODUCTION SYSTEM
CLINICAL DISORDERS OF FEMALE REPRODUCTION SYSTEM
1- Ovrian cancer
2- Pelvic inflammatory disease
3- Myofibrosis
4- Leiomyoma uteri
5- Endometritis
6- Endometriosis
7- Breast cancer
8- Fibrocystic disease of breast
9- Premenstrual syndrome
10- Sexual transmitted diseases e.g. AIDS, syphlis
11- Follicular cyst in ovary
12- Polycystic ovaries
13- Abortion
14- Other
Hormonal Disturbances
SIMPLE FOLLICULAR CYST IN OVARY
BILATERAL
POLYCYSTIC
OVARIES
FIBROCYSTIC DISEASE OF BREAST
CARCINOMA OF LEFT BREAST
PAGETS DISEASE OF NIPPLE
THANK YOU