WELCOME
University of Baghdad
College of Nursing
Department of Basic Medical Sciences
Overview of
Anatomy and Physioloy –II
Second Year Students
Asaad Ismail Ahmad , Ph.D.
Electrolyte and Mineral Physiology
asaad50.2011@gmail.com
2012 - 2013
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - II
Brief Contents
1- Cardiovascular System
2- Blood
3- Lymphatic System
4- Urinary System
5- Male Reproductive System
6- Female Reproductive System
7- Sensory Function
Asaad Ismail Ahmad, Ph.D in Electrolyte and Mineral Physiology
College of Nursing – University of Baghdad / 2012 – 2013
asaad50.2011@gmail.com
Text book
Martini FH. Fundamentals of Anatomy and
Physiology, 5th ed. Prentice Hall, New Jersey,
2001.
References:
1.Barrett KE, Barman SM, Boitano S, Brooks HL. Ganong's Review of Medical
Physiology, 23rd ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, 2010.
2.Drake RL, Vogl W, Mitchell AWM. Gray's Anatomy for Students. Elsevier,
Philadelphia, 2005.
3.Goldberger ,E. 1975.A Primer of Water Electrolyte and Acid-Base
Syndromes. 5th ed., Lea and Febiger ,Philadelphia.
4. Martini, FH and Welch K. Applications Manual Fundamentals of Anatomy
and Physiology,4th ed., Prentice Hall, NewJersey, 1998.
5.Maxwell, MH and Kleeman CR. 1980.Clinical Disorders of Fluid and
Electrolyte Metabolism. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
6.McKinley M, and O'Loughlin VD. Human Anatomy, McGraw Hill, Boston,
2006.
7.Nutrition Foundation.1984.Present Knowledge in Nutrition. 5th ed.,
Nutrition Foundation, Inc , Washington, D.C.
8.Vander A, Sherman J, Luciano D., Human Physiology, 7th ed., McGraw Hill,
Boston, 1998.
ELEVENTH LECTURE
Male Reproductive System
1- Testes ( gonads )
2- Reproductive tract
3- Accessory glands
4- External genitalia
Asaad Ismail Ahmad, Ph.D in Electrolyte and Mineral Physiology
College of Nursing – University of Baghdad / 2012 – 2013
asaad50.2011@gmail.com
INSTINCT
Complex of unlearned
responses characteristic
of a species.
SEXUAL EDUCATION
control, regulation and
stability of unconscious
sexual drive
Functions of Testes
1- Testes ( gonads ):
organ produce gametes
and hormones
HISTOLOGICAL STRUCTURES OF
TESTES p. 1021
1- Lobules
2- Each lobule contain roughly 800
seminiferous tubules, each seminiferous
tubule is about 80 cm in length
3- Interstitial cells ( Leydig cell)
STRUCTURES OF TESTIS AND EPIDIDYMIS
STRUCTURES OF TESTIS
INTERNAL STRUCTURES OF SEMINEFEROUS
TUBULES
1- Cells for spermatogenesis (stem cells)
a- Spermatogonium (stem cell)
b- Primary spermatocyte
c- Secondary spermatocyte
d- Spermatid
e- Spermatozoa
2- Supporting cell
a- Sertoli cell “ sustentacular cell “
SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
STEPS OR PROCESSES OF
SPERMATOGENESIS
1- Mitosis- division of spermatogonia
2- Meiosis- division which produce gamete
3- Spermiogenesis- spermatids differentiation
and changes in structures into mature
spermatozoa
Note: spermatozoa are among the most highly
specialized cells in the body
SPERMATOGENESIS
FUNCTION OF SERTOLI CELL
(SUSTENTACULAR CELL)
Maintain blood brain barrier
Support mitosis and meiosis
Support spermiogenesis
Secretion of inhibin (hormone depress FSH)
( negative feedback mechanism )
5- Secretion of androgen-binding protein
6- Secretion of Mullerian-inhibiting factor
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MULLERIAN- DUCTS AND
MULLERIAN-INHIBITING FACTOR ( MIF ) p.1025
Mullerian – ducts : Embryonic ducts developing
into vagina, uterus, and fallopian tubes, and
becoming largely obliterated in the male.
Mullerian - inhibiting factor: (MIF) is secreted
by sustentacular cells (sertoli cells) in the
developing testes. This hormone cause
regression of the fetal Mullerian ducts.
BLOOD-TESTIS BARRIERS
The semineferous tubules are isolated from general
circulation by blood testis barriers, comparable in
Function to blood-brain barrier. Sertoli cells joined by
tight junctions, forming a layer that divides the
seminiferous tubule into an outer contains
spermatogonia and inner lumenal compartment
Where meiosis and spermiogenesis occur. The sperm
contain specific antigen in their cell membranes, which
is not found in somatic (body) cell membrane. Therefore,
sperm would be attacked by immune system if blood testis
barrier became weak.
ANATOMY OF SPERMATOZOON (SPERM)
1- Head; contain
a- nucleus , contain chromosomes
b- acrosomal cap – contain hyaluronidase
(enzyme for hydrolysis of hyaluronic acid)
2- Middle piece – contain mitochondria to
produce ATP
3- Tail, the only flagellum in the human body
STRUCTURES
OF HUMAN
SPERMATOZOON
MALE REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES
12345-
GnRH – Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
FSH - Follicle Stimulating Hormone
LH - Luteinizing Hormone
Testosterone
Inhibin
HORMONAL FEEDBACK AND REGULATION OF MALE
REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION P. 1033
FEEDBACK REGULATION OF HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARYTESTICULAR AXIS IN MALE
Functions of reproductive Hormones
1- GnRH – Gonadotropin-releasing hormone:
Stimulate pituitary gland to release FSH and LH
2- FSH - Follicle Stimulating Hormone
a- stimulate spermatogenesis in
seminiferous tubules
b- synthesis of androgen binding protein by
sertoli cells (sustentacular cells )
3- LH - Luteinizing Hormone , stimulate leydig
cells (intrstitial cells) to secret Testosterone
Continue: Functions of reproductive Hormones
4- Testosterone: Male Sexual Hormone
secreted by sertoli (interstitial) cells
Functions : a- maintain accessory glands secretion and
functions of other organ
b- maintain male sex characteristic
c- stimulate muscles and bones growth
d- effect on CNS
e- Negative feedback (inhibition) to hypothalamus
to inhibit scretion of FSH and LH
5- Inhibin: secreted by sustentacular cells (sertoli cell)
Function: Negative feedback (inhibition) to pituitary glang
to inhibit FSH secretion
ANDROGEN
Androgen: Any steroid hormone that
promote male characteristic.
The two main androgens are:
1- Androsterone
2- Testosteron
2- Reproductive tract
a- Epididymis
(vas deferens)
b- Ductus deferens
c- Urethra
Epididymis
Consisting of almost 7 meters long of coiled
tube divided into:1- Head
2- Body
3- Tail
Ductus deferens (vas deferens)
1- 40-45 cm long.
2- begins from the tail of epididymis, and
ascends through inguinal canal cavity
to the posterior margin of the
prostate gland to form ampulla of
ductus deferens
3- ampulla of ductus deferens can store
spermatozoa for several months.
INGUINAL CANAL
Oblique passage in the lower anterior
abdominal wall on either side, through which
passes the round ligament of the uterus in
the female and the spermatic cord in the
male.
STRUCTURES OF SPERMATIC CORD
Structure extending from abdominal
inguinal ring to the testes, composed from:1- Pampiniform plexus
2- Nerves
3- Ductus deferens
4- Testicular artery
5- Deferential artery
6- Lymphatic vessels
7- Fascia (sheet of fibrous tissue )
SPERMATIC CORD
INGUINAL CANAL AND SPERMATIC CORD
Functions of Reproductive tract and
accessory glands are
1234-
Functional maturation of the sperm
Nourishment of the sperm
Storage of the sperm
Transport of the sperm
Note: sperms produced by testes are incapable
of successful fertilization of an oocyte
URETHRA OF MALE
ARE IN TWO PARTS:
1- Prostatic urethra
2- Penile urethra
URETHRA IN WOMEN AND MEN
3- Accessory glands
a- Seminal vesicles
b- Prostate gland
c- Bulbourethral glands
4- External genitalia
a- Penis
b- Scrotum
STRUCTURES OF PENIS
p. 1031
Penis: is a coupulatory organ that surround the
urethra and serves to introduce semen into
female vagina; penis is the equivalent of the
female clitoris. The penis divided into three
parts:1- Root : connect penis to the floor of pelvis
2- Body : tubular and movable part consist of
three masses of erectile tissue
a- corpora cavernosa: two cylindrical masses
of erectile tissue, each corpus cavernosa
surround acentral artery
Continue: STRUCTURES OF PENIS p.1031
b- corpus spongiosum: one slender eractile
tissue surrond penil urethra, extend to
the tip of the penis, where it expands to
form the glans. Corpus spongiosum
contains two small arteries.
3- Glans : the expanded distal end of corpus
spongiosum that surround the external
urethral opening
ERECTILE TISSUE OF PENIS
ERECTILE TISSUE and EJACULATION
Erectile tissue: Maze of vascular channels,
incompletely separated by partitions of elastic
connective tissue and smooth muscle fibers.
Ejuculation: Ejection of semen from the penis as
a result of muscular contractions of the
Bulbospongious and Ischiocavernosus
muscles (skeletal muscle) and sympathetic
reflex
ERECTILE TISSUES OF CLITORIS AND PENIS
SEXUAL RESPONSE PATHWAYS
PARAMETERS OF SEMEN ANALYSIS
p.1030
1- Volume:
2-5 ml
2- Sperm count: each ejaculate contain more
than 60 million, and 20
million concentration per ml
3- Motility:
60 % motile
4- Shape:
60 % normal shape
5- Liquefaction: 15-30 minutes
DIFFERENT STAGES OF MALE SEXUAL FUNCTION, PLASMA
TESTOSTERONE AND SPERM PRODUCTION
DISORDERS OF MALE REPRODUCTION
12345-
Prostatitis
Prostatic hypertrophy
Prostate cancer
Testicular cancer
Impotence: inability to maintain
erection
6- Infertility (sterility): inability to
conceive and produce offspring
7- Hypogonadism
8- Tumer of adrenal cortex
HYPOGONADISM: “ Adiposogenital syndrome”
TUMER OF
ADRENAL CORTEX
“Adrenogenital
syndrome in a
4-year-old boy”
THANK YOU