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– The five-kingdom system was replaced by
one that divides life into three domains:
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eurkarya.
The Animal Kingdom
BACTERIA
EUKARYA
ARCHAEA
animals
fungi
plants
protists
Chapter 16
• Vertebrates vs. invertabrates
• Earliest known fossils 450 MYA
Chordates
Hemichoradates
Echinodermata
Annilda
Mollusca
Arthropoda
Tardigrada
Onychophora
Rotifera
Nemerteans
Nematoda
Platyhelminthes
Ctenophora
– Animals are multicellular.
– Animals get their energy by consuming
other organisms.
– Animals reproduce sexually.
– Animal cells lack a cell wall.
– Animals are mobile.
– Animals react rapidly to external stimuli.
Porifera
• Characteristics of animals
Cnidaria
Fig. 16-4
Segmentation
Segmentation
Pseudocoelom
Deuterostome
development
True coelom
Radial
symmetry
Protostome development
Three tissue layers (mesoderm)
Bilateral symmetry
Tissues (ectoderm and endoderm)
Multicellularity
Choanoflagellate ancestor
Fig. 29-7, p. 627
Phylum Porifera
Phylum: Porifera (Sponges)
•
10,000 species, mainly marine
• Sponges
• animals characterized
by flagellate collar
cells (choanocytes)
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Osculum
Porifera Life?
Water movement
Incurrent
pores
Spongocoel
•
•
•
•
Epidermal
cell
Porocyte
Spicule
Flagellum
Microvillus
Nucleus Collar cell Amoeboid cell
in mesohyl
Collar
Gas exchange?
Food?
Waste?
Sex?
- Asexual
- Sexual (most are hermaphrodites)
- amoeboid cells develop into gametes
- cross fertilize
Fig. 29-9b, p. 630
Parazoa
Radiata
•
•
•
•
•
•
Absorb food through cell
No nervous system
Skeletal system of spicules
Swimming larvae
Gas exchange by diffusion
http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/course
s.hp/zool250/animations/Porifera.swf
Eumetazoa
Bilateria
Coelomates
Pseudocoelomates
Porifera
Protostomia
Deuterostomia
Cnidaria
Porifera (Sponges)
Acoelomates
Segmentation
Segmentation
Pseudocoelom
Deuterostome
development
True coelom
Radial
symmetry
Protostome development
Three tissue layers (mesoderm)
Bilateral symmetry
Tissues (ectoderm and endoderm)
Multicellularity
Choanoflagellate
ancestor
Fig. 29-7, p. 627
Phylum: Cnidaria - ~10,000 spp.
•Jelly fish
•Anemones
•Coral
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Phylum: Cnidaria
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Body radially symmetrical
Body a hollow sac
Mouth serves to ingest food and expel
wastes
Two tissue layers - Diploblastic
- ectoderm - epidermis
- endoderm - gastrodermis (digestion)
separated by the mesoglea
Digestion is extracellular!!!
Sexual and asexual
Cnidocytes that contain Nematocysts!
- Two types of body forms
Radial Symmetry
Mouth
Nematocysts
Epidermis
Mesoglea
Gastrodermis
Gastrovascular
cavity
Class Hydrozoa (polyp)
Fig. 29-10a, p. 633
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Mouth
Mesoglea
Gastrodermis
Epidermis
Gastrovascular
cavity
Sexes separate
Males release sperm
through mouth!!
Class Scyphozoa (medusa)
Class: Anthozoa (sea anemones + coral)
• Individual and colonial forms
• No free swimming medusa stage
• Coral
- Colonies
- Symbiotic relationship with algae
(Zooxanthellae)
- Secrete a matrix on which calcium
carbonate is deposited
- Tremendous biodiversity
- “Bleaching” (bacteria? Temp.? Ph.)
http://www.archipelago.co.uk/project/whatis-coral-bleaching-animation/
Do not post photos on Internet
Fig. 28.11
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Comb Jelly
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7WT81ukHZE
Phylum: Annelida (segmented worms)
• Segmentation benefits?
- Segment damage not fatal
- Efficient locomotion
- Segmented parts can be specialized
• Closed circulatory system
- faster more efficient
• Metanephridia
3 classes of Annelids
Ganglia
Class: Oligocheata
- earthworms
- take in organic matter
- Hermaphroditic but still crossbreed
Class: Polychaeta
Class: Polychaeta
Marine worms
Marine worms
Parapodia
- Parapodia
- Distinct head
- Palolo
- Sexes separate
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Class: Hirudinia
Leeches
- parasitic, scavengers, predators
- Used for medicinal purposes
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bVJcBR
qzr8Y&NR=1&feature=endscreen
Leeches
Class: Hirudinia
Leeches
- parasitic, scavengers, predators
- Used for medicinal purposes
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Phylum: Mollusca (Chitons, snails,
clams, slugs, squids)
• 50,000 living species
- aquatic and terrestrial
• Important to us
- food
- jewelry
- hosts for parasitic worms
- Zebra mussels
Visceral mass
Mantle
Radula
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FSBGWAUbxA
Class: Gastropoda (Snails and slugs)
Separate sexes (most)
Class: Bivalvia
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Class: Cephalopoda
(Octopods, squids, nautilus)
Tentacles
(modified
foot)
Interna
l shell
Digestive
tract
Class Cephalopoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5rqhom
PaxhE
- Most successful group of animals
- More than 1 million species described
- 2/3 of all classified species
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Arthropod Characteristics
• Segmented animals with paired, jointed
appendages
• Armor-like exoskeleton of chitin
• Molting necessary for arthropod to grow
• Open circulation (hemolymph)
• Insects, Arachnids, Crustaceans
Crustacea
Segmented bodies
jointed appendages
bilateral symmetry
exoskeleton
open circulatory system
• Lobsters, crabs, shrimp, pill bugs,
barnacles
• 2 sets of antennae
• Body with cephalothorax and abdomen
• Most have five pairs of walking legs
• Green glands
• Appendages are biramous
Insects
•
•
•
•
•
Body with head, thorax, and abdomen
Uniramous appendages
3 pair of walking legs
Tracheae for gas exchange
Malpighian tubules for excretion
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Insect Adaptations
• Insects have developed
– effective reproductive strategies
– effective mechanisms for defense, offense
– ability to communicate
tracheae
spiracles
Insect Adaptations
Incomplete metamorphosis
Egg
Nymph
Metamorphosis: transition from one
developmental form to another
- reduces intraspecific competition
Complete metamorphosis (most insects)
Adult
Arachnids
egg
• Carnivorous
• Produce silk
• Book lungs
larva
pupa
adult
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Phylum Chordata: Characteristics
• At some time during life cycle have:
– flexible, supporting notochord
– dorsal, hollownerve cord
– pharyngeal (gill) slits
– postanal tail
Chordate Evolution
Incurrent siphon
Ganglion
Oral tentacles
Invertebrate chordates
live in the seas
Pharynx with
slits
Excurrent
siphon
Atrium
Endostyle
Tunic
Intestine
Esophagus
Testis
Digestive
gland
Ovary
Heart
Stomach
Fig. 31-5b, p. 672
Tunicate
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Vertebrate Characteristics
0.5 mm
• Vertebral column: skeletal axis of body
• Cranium: braincase
• Neural crest cells: determine development of
many structures
• Pronounced cephalization
• Complex brain
• Muscles attached to endoskeleton for
movement
Fig. 31-5c, p. 672
Vertebrate Evolution
Modern day boney fish
Swim bladder Nerve cord
Dorsal fins
Kidney
Ureter
Caudal fin
Brain
Nostril
Pharynx
Gills
Heart
Gonad
Liver
Stomach Pelvic fin Intestine
Urinary
bladder
Anal fin
Cloaca
24,000 spp.
Class: Amphibia
- salamanders, frogs, toads, caecilians
• metamorphosis
aquatic larvae
terrestrial adult!!!!
• lungs + skin for gas exchange
• chambered heart:
systemic circulation
pulmonary circulation
• most oviparous - Water!!
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Amniote Evolution
Have body covering that retards water loss
Have physiological mechanisms that
conserve water
Amniotic membrane
Amniotic Egg
Reptiles & Birds
1. Turtles, terrapins, tortoises
• Protection
• Keeps from
drying out
• Temperature regulation
Reptile Characteristics
• Reproduction
– internal fertilization
– leathery protective shell around egg
– Amniotic egg!!!
3. Tuataras
2. Snakes
4. Crocadiles, alligators, caimans
Reptile Characteristics
• Dry skin with horny scales
• Lungs with many chambers
• Three-chambered heart
– some separation of oxygen-rich and
oxygen-poor blood
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Class: Aves (birds) around 9,000 species
Modern Birds
- derived from dinosaurs
- adaptations to flight
• feathers
• streamlined bodies
• light bones (fenestrated)
• no
teeth
- efficient lungs and
circulatory systems
- 4 chambered heart
- Endotherms
Archaeopteryx
Reptile-like
- reptile teeth
- long tail
- wings w/claws
Bird-like
-wings
- feathers
- furcula
Mammals – 4,200 species
• Characterized by
– hair
– mammary glands
– differentiated teeth
– three middle-ear bones
• Are endotherms
• 40% rodents; 20% bats
• 3 groups of mammals 1) Monotremes, 2)
Marsupials, 3) Placentals
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Monotremes
**** Lay Eggs!!!!
Marsupials
- Marsupium
- Live birth
Placentals
• Characterized by placenta
– for exchange between embryo and mother
• Give birth to fully developed young
Subclass: Eutheria (Placental mammals)
Viviparous
-
Placenta (organ of exchange
between mother and embryo)
No loss of eggs
Maternal bond
Resources
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On seeing the marsupials in Australia for the
1st time and comparing them to placental
mammals:
“An unbeliever might exclaim „surely two
distinct creators must have been at work”
MYA
200
225
290
350
Mammalia
mammals
(4,600 species)
Aves
birds
(9,000 species)
Reptilia
reptiles
(6,500 species)
Amphibia
amphibians
400
Osteicthyes
Bony fishes
(4,000 species)
400
Chondricthyes
Cartilagenous fishes (850 species)
450-500
Agnatha
Jawless fishes
(24,000 species)
(60 species)
16