Veterinary Services
NAHMS Sheep 2011
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Veterinary Services
National Animal Health Monitoring System
American Sheep Industry Association
January 23, 2014
NAHMS Sheep Studies
• 3rd national sheep study – 1996, 2001, 2011
• NAHMS studies developed with the purpose of
providing comprehensive U.S. animal health
information
– related to disease prevention and control, animal
welfare, production, product wholesomeness,
environmental considerations, and economic
consequences.
2
22 States represent:
70% farms with 1+ ewes
85% ewe inventory
3
Key questions
• Describe trends in sheep health and
management
• Producer biosecurity practices, disease
prevalence
• Provide sera for future research
5
Percent of operations
Trends: Percent of Operations by Breed
60
50
49
40
30
33
26
22
20
14
10
5
0
Black faced White faced White faced Mottle-faced
(fine)
(med)
cross
Colored
Hair
Redefined in 2011
1996
2001
2011
6
Trends:
Percent of Sheep by Breed
50
43
45
Percent of sheep
40
35
30
25
18
20
15
14
11
10
5
5
0.8
0
Black faced White faced White faced Mottle-faced
(fine)
(med)
cross
1996
2001
2011
Colored
Hair
7
Trends: Biosecurity
Percent that quarantine
60
50
48
Percentage
40
30
30
2001
2011
20
10
0
Percent of operations
Percent of sheep
8
Trends: Biosecurity
New sheep procedures prior to arrival
80
% of operations
70
70
64
60
50
40
44
38
30
30
2001
2011
20
11
10
0
Any
Shearing Foot trim Medicated Deworm
vaccines
footbath
External
parasite
treatment
9
Trends:Biosecurity
New sheep procedures after arrival
80
68
% of operations
70
60
50
40
44
33
37
30
25
20
15
10
0
Vaccinations Shearing
Foot trim
2001
Medicated
footbath
Deworm
External
parasite
treatment
2011
10
% of operations
Trends: Biosecurity
Disease familiarity
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
85
54
47
41
34
17
2001
2011
11
% of operations
Trends: Biosecurity
Vaccination practices
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
71
64
30
15
2
1996
2001
1
2011
4
12
Antibiotic usage (NAHMS 2011)
• Nearly 8 of 10 operations did not use antibiotics
in feed or water as a growth promotant
• 69.0 percent of operations administered oral,
injectable or topical antibiotics (not in feed)
13
Antibiotic (not in feed) usage
Sheep treated
Percent of operations
Nursing lambs
43.1
Weaned replacement lambs
18.8
Weaned market lambs
15.7
Ewes
59.0
Any
69.0
14
Antibiotic Use (not in feed)
for operations that gave antibiotics
Disease/disorder
% operations
treated
Primary Antibiotic Used
(% operations)
Respiratory
67.7
Penicillin (29.9%)
Mastitis
44.2
Penicillin (26.1%)
Lameness/footrot
35.8
Tetracycline (22.2%)
Diarrhea/scours, digestive
30.4
Aminoglycocide (12.6%)
Reproductive
19.7
Penicillin (13.2%)
Pinkeye
13.2
Tetracycline (7.2%)
Navel infection
11.8
Penicillin (7.6%)
Abortion
8.7
Penicillin (4.1%)
15
Percentage of sheep affected/treated
43.1 % farms
15.7 % farms
59 % farms
Disease /
Disorder
Nursing
Lambs
% affected
(% Rx)
Market Lambs Ewes
% affected
% affected
(% Rx)
(% Rx)
Respiratory
2.8 (94)
2.6 6.0 (92)
1.5 (96)
Diarrhea/scours
3.5 (82)
2.9 5.3 (79)
4.2 0.4 (75)
Pinkeye
0.2 (97)
1.1 (84)
0.6 (96)
Lameness
0
11.0 (81)
3.9 (90)
Mastitis
0
0
1.4 (89)
Abortion
0
0
0.7 (75)
16
Enteric Pathogen results
17
Operations
(% positive)
Samples
(% positive)
Serotype
Serotype
Salmonella
247 (76%)
3,722 (27%)
93.8%
diarizonae
2.3%
kentucky
Campylobacter
240 (54%)
2365 (20%)
80.6%
C. jejuni
17.9%
C. coli
Enterococcus
247 (100%)
1821
(98.4%)
68.7 %
E. hirae
9.1%
E. faecium
and faecalis
Campylobacter isolates - resistance
18
Antimicrobial
C. coli
n=82
C. jejuni
n=369
C. lari
n=8
Azithromycin
8.5 %
.5 %
0
Ciprofloxacin
14.6 %
6.0 %
100 %
Clindamycin
3.7 %
0
0
Erythromycin
8.5 %
0.5 %
0
Florfenicol
0
0
0
Gentamicin
0
0
0
Nalidixic Acid
14.6 %
6.2 %
100 %
Telithromycin
7.3 %
0
0
Tetracycline
61 %
62.6 %
12.5 %
Enterococcus isolates - resistance
Antimicrobial
E. faecalis
n=96
E. faecium
n=63
Other
Enterococci
n=1585
1.0 %
1.6 %
0.2 %
Ciprofloxacin
0
36.5 %
0.9 %
Daptomycin
3.1 %
1.6 %
28.1 %
Erythromycin
7.3 %
7.9 %
1.0 %
Gentamicin
1.0 %
0
0.1 %
Nitrofurantoin
0
27.0 %
0.6 %
Penicillin
0
1.6 %
0.1 %
Streptomycin
7.3 %
3.2 %
1.1 %
Tetracycline
30.2 %
47.6 %
46.6 %
Vancomycin
0
0
0
Chloramphenicol
19
Salmonella isolates - resistance
Antimicrobial
20
S. diarizonae
n=179
S. kentucky
n=28
S.
montevideo
n=24
Amoxicillin
0
0
0
Ampicillin
0
0
0
Chloramphenicol
0
0
0
Ciprofloxacin
0
0
0
Gentamycin
0
0
0
Streptomycin
1.1 %
64.3 %
0
Tetracycline
0
67.9 %
0
Antimicrobial Resistance
• Salmonella
– 178 farms tested for susceptibility
• 6 of 178 (3.4%) farms had resistant isolates
(tetracycline, streptomycin)
– 2 of 6 reported no antibiotic usage
21
Treatment records
For operations that used antibiotics
70
% of operations
60
51
50
46
40
37
36
30
20
16
10
0
Product
expiration date
Name of
Product
Open Range
Identity of
animals treated
Fenced Range
Reason for
treatment
Pasture
Dry Lot
Any Record
All
22
Add-on Studies
• Sera Aliquots*
– Orthobunyaviridae
• Dr. Brad Blitvitch, ISU
• 5,156 sera
– dilution of 1:20 by plaque reduction neutralization test
using Cache Valley virus (CVV)
– OPP seroprevalence of WY sheep
• Drs. Brant Schumaker, William Laegreid
(WY State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory)
• 1415 ewes, 54 flocks
Dr. Paul Plummer, ISU aliquot
23
Prevalence of CVV-Neutralizing
Antibody by Region
Sheep 2011 Participating States
W A
M T
M E
ID
N D
M N
O R
10%
W I
VTN H
SD
W Y
17%
CA
49%
N V
M I
M A
N Y
CT
IA
N E
U T
PA
IL
IN
O H
N J
CO
M D
D E
M O
W V
KS
VA
KY
AZ
N M
N C
O K
TX
AR
TN
SC
G A
M S
AL
LA
Regions
FL
West
Central
East
RI
OPP seroprevalence
Wyoming 2011* vs National 2001
90
80
*Brant Schumaker, U WY
75
% of operations
70
60
60
47.5
50
40
30
34.8
21.9
20
20.9
18
13.6
10
0
Open Range
WY Flock
Fenced Range
2001 Flock
Pasture
WY Ewe
All
2001 Ewe
25
What’s next?
• Complete disease specific data analysis
• Sheep and Goat? Death Loss
– Data collection 2015
• Wildlife Services, NASS and Veterinary Services
– Previous studies
• 2009 – Sheep Nonpredator Death Loss
• 2004 – Sheep Predator and Nonpredator Death Loss
• 1999 – Sheep Predator and Nonpredator Death Loss
26
27
www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/emergingissues/downloads
www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/emergingissues/downloads/QFeverRiskAssessment_FINAL.pdf
28
Collaborators
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•
•
•
Tom Besser, WSU
Bradley Blivitch, ISU
Paula Cray, ARS Athens
JR Dubey, ARS Bethesda
Michelle Emery, NVSL
Sandra House, ARS
Ray Kaplan, U Georgia
Don Knowles, ARS Pullman
Alan Huddleston, VS
Jim Logan, WY/ASI
Paula Menzies, U Guelph
•
•
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Janet Peyeur, NVSL
Paul Plummer, ISU
Mary Reynolds, CDC
Paul Rodgers, ASI
Diane Sutton, VS
Cindy Wolfe, U MN
Qijing Zhang, ISU
NASS enumerators
VS and State animal health
technicians and veterinarians
29
Questions?
30