ENERGY SUPPLEMENTS
pp. 217-220
Fats and Oils
• Types
– Animal fats
• Types
– Choice white grease
– Beef tallow
– Poultry fat
– Fish oil
• Characteristics
– Saturation
Beef tallow>Choice white grease>Poultry fat>Fish oil
» Higher melting point than oils
– Vegetable oils
• Types
– Corn oil
– Soybean oil
– Canola oil
– Cottonseed oil
– Linseed (Flaxseed oil)
• Forms
– Free oils
– Whole oil seeds
– Grain processing byproducts
• Characteristics
– More unsaturated fatty acids
» Lower melting point
– Animal/Vegetable blends
• Animal/Vegetable blend
• Restaurant grease
– Ca salts of long-chain fatty acids
• Sold as Megalac
• Bypasses ruminal fat digestion
• Primarily used in diets of lactating dairy cows
Fats and Oils
• Advantages
– Increase energy concentration of diet without
increasing heat increment
• Results in decreased feed intake, but improved
feed efficiency
– Less lb feed/lb gain
• Increases milk production in lactating sows and
dairy cows
• Improved reproduction in sows and dairy cows
• Most useful in hot weather
– Supply essential fatty acids
– Increase absorption of the fat soluble vitamins
– Decrease dustiness of diet
– Improves palatability
– Lubricates equipment
• Limitations to amounts of supplemental fat that
can be fed
– Cost
– Feed handling characteristics
– Feed storage characteristics
• Need addition of antioxidants
– Increases requirements for other nutrients
• Decreased intake
– Must increase the protein concentration of diet
• Decreased availability of some minerals
– Ca and Mg
– Particularly a problem with unsaturated oils
• Increased requirements of vitamin E and Se to
prevent production of peroxides in calves and
lambs
– Particularly a problem with unsaturated oils
– Nonruminant fats take on the characteristics of their
fat source
• Fat of nonruminants fed vegetable oils will
contain a high concentration of unsaturated fatty
acids
– Results in a soft, oily fat
» Difficult to process
» Short shelf life
» Discounted price
Question
• Addition of which of the fat sources below is
likely to cause soft pork bellies if fed to a
growing/finishing pig?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Beef tallow
Choice white grease
Corn distiller’s grains
Poultry fat
Restaurant grease
– Excessive amounts of fats may alter rumen
fermentation in ruminants
• Effects
– Reduce fiber digestion
– Reduce feed intake
– Reduce milk fat percentage in dairy cows
• Relation to type of fat
Worst problems
Less of a problem
Free oils > Tallow > Whole oil > Ca-chains of FA
seeds
Limitations to the Amounts of Fats Fed to
Livestock
• Milk replacers for pigs, calves, or lambs
– < 20% of the DM
• Nonruminants
– Dogs and cats
• 30 to 40% of DM
– Swine and poultry
• < 10% of diet DM
• Ruminants
– With normal ingredients
• < 5% of diet DM
– If fat source is ruminally protected (Whole oil seed or
Ca-chain of FA)
• < 7% of diet DM
Byproduct Energy Supplements
Sugar Refining
Sugar cane
• Byproducts of sugar refining
Plant
Byproduct
TDN
CP
CF
% of DM
Sugar Cane
Liquid molasses
82
6
0.5
Dehydrated
molasses (4:1 mix
with bagasse)
70
9
7.5
Liquid molasses
80
8.5
-
Dehydrated
molasses (Mix w/
beet pulp
75
10
15
Beet pulp
75
10
20
Sugar Beets
• Molasses characteristics
– High energy
• 70 – 80% TDN
– Low protein
• 3 – 7% CP
• Mostly NPN
– Highly palatable
– Highly laxative
• High mineral (potassium) content
– Uses of molasses in livestock diets
• Increase energy concentration
• Intake stimulant
– Mechanism
» Sweetness
» Reduces dustiness
– Common use
» Starter diets or creep feeds for young livestock
• Pellet binder
• Laxative for lactating sows
• Liquid protein supplements
– Mixtures of molasses with an NPN source and other
nutrients
– Primarily used for beef cows or feedlot cattle
Role of Molasses in a Liquid Protein
Supplement for Cattle
– Problems with excessive amounts of molasses in
diets
• Difficult handling of feed
• Rapid fermentation in the rumen
– Decreased ruminal pH
– Lactic acidosis
• Scours
– Maximum amounts of molasses in diet
• Nonruminants (including horses)
– 10% of the DM
• Ruminants
– 5% of the DM
• Beet pulp
– 75% TDN, 10% CP, and 20% CF
• High energy forage
– Maximum amounts in diets
• Horses and beef cows
– 50% of the forage
• Finishing cattle
– <15% of the diet
• Lactating sows
– < 20% of the diet
• Growing-finishing pigs or poultry
– Do not use
Food Wastes
• Types
Type
ME
DM
CF
kcal/lb
CP
Lysine
%
Corn grain (for
comparison)
1555
89
2.3
8.3
0.26
Dried bakery
product (Bread,
cookies, crackers
etc.)
1682
91
1.2
10.8
0.27
Potato chips
2000
90
2.0
5.0
0.20
Salvage candy
1600
93
0
3.0
0
• Concerns
• Variable composition
• Usually high in fat
• Starch is rapidly fermented in rumen
• High salt concentration
• Maximum amounts of food wastes in diets
– Growing-finishing pigs
• < 50% of the corn
– Young pigs (< 60 lb) or growing-finishing cattle
• < 20% of the diet