i
522
J. V. Evans
J. M. Hoit
Thomson “Scaitei Results
for 1970
11 May 1976
Prepared for the National Science Foundation
under NSF Grant No. GA-42230 by
Lincoln Laboratory
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
LEXINGTON, MASSACHUSETTS
A I R F O R C E Cl) A U G U S T 31, 1976--305
ABSTRACT
During 1970, the incoherent scatter radar at Millstone
Hill (42. 6°N,
was employed to measure the electron densify, electron
and ion temperatures,
and vertical
velocify
of the ions in the F-region
71. 5“ W)
over periods of 24 hours on an
average of twice per month. The ohservafions spanned the height interval 200 to
900 km, approximately,
and achieved a time resolution of about 30 minutes. This
report presents the results of these measurements in a set of contmr diagrams.
Commencing with the data presented in this report, a method of data reduction has
been used which supersedes the older one of constructing the contour diagrams by
hand. In the new method the ser of points for any given parameter is matched by
a two-dimensional
polynomial surface in a least-squares
carries fbis out is described fully in the report.
fit.
The program that
By ohtairdng a contbmous analyt-
ical description of the data with respect to height and time, machine-drawn contouring becomes possible and is no\vemployed.
means of transferring
the results
The new program also provides a
to other users in machine-readable
addition, the new program yields a more repeatable
form.
In
smoothing of the data wifh
respect to height and time, thereby allowing parameters that depend upon gradients (e.g., heat and particle fluxes) m he estimated more accurately.
111
CONTENTS
111
Abstract
L
INTRODUCTION
11. EQuIPMENT,
PROCEDURES
IfL
AND
DATA-ANA
f-YsIs
3
3
A.
Equipment
B.
Observing
C.
Observations
5
D.
Data Analysis
8
DATA
3
Procedure
9
REDuCTION
A.
Preparation
B.
Least-Mean-Squares
c.
Contour
Plots
D.
Punched
Card and Magnetic
E.
Recovery
F.
Vertical
G.
Weighted
H.
L
Iv.
OBSERVING,
Total
of the Data
of Height
Polynomial
Profiles
Fitting
Tape Output
or Time
Variations
Gradients
Mean Height
Electron
Correction
Content
Uncertainties
i9
RESULTS
A.
Electron
Density
19
Temperature
49
B.
Electron
C.
Ion Temperature
79
D.
Vertical
79
Velocity
i33
References
APPENDIX
– RCVR,
Listing
RCVR1,
RCVRP:
~~ers Instructions,
and Sample Printed Output
135
MILLSTONE
I.
THOMSON
SCATTER
RESULTS
FOR
1970
INTRODUCTION
Since i963, incoherent
and electron
setts
HILL
(Thomson)
and ion temperatures
(42.6-N,
and presents
7f.5’W)
(Refs.
the results
tions reported
were
scatter
in this program
made for periods
I
measurements
of F-region
at Millstone
Hill,
during the calendar
of 24 hours,
approximately
densities,
Massachu-
of annual reports,
year
twice
electron
West ford,
This paper is the eighth in a series
i to 7).
gathered
radar
have been conducted
i970.
a month.
The observaThe results
TABLE I
I
PUBLICATIONS CONCERNING
THE MILLSTONE HILL UHF
(68-cm Wavelength) THOMSON SCATTER RESULTS
E
L
Year
March,
1963
July,
August,
September
::::-
January thr..gh
1964
April,
i965
July,
Ref. 2
December
November
January through December
Ref. 3
J.n.ary,
Ref. II
April,
A.g.d
Ref. 12
June
J.ne,
August,
E
L
January,
Jon.ory
1967
Ref. 13
September
January thro.gh
1966
Ref. 4
December
March,
July,
Ref. 14
September
Ref. 5
through December
February, June, October,
Ref. 14
December
I
January through December
1968
October
January thro.gh
1969
obtained
in earlier
transmitted
Inaddition
the electron
Data Center
totbemeas”rements
density
Ref. 15
Ref. 7
Ref. 16
July
Ref. 16
September, October
year-s have been published
and vertical
Ref. 6
December
February, April,
to the World
ion temperatures,
Ref. 10
1
A,
reported
velocity,
in the articles
Boulder,
here of F-region
a number
in the D- and E-regions
listed
electron
of measurements
of the ionosphere
4.
in Table
I, and have been
Colorado.
were
employing
densities,
electron
conducted
digital
and
in 1970 of
filter
to
subtract
out coherent
two new modes
over
echoes
of operating
from
the radar
were
the altitude
interval
90 to 600 km, approximately,
covered
the interval
afforded
repetition
another
frequency
dent samples
ionosphere
improvement
per second.
repeating
functions
the echoes
surements
and calculating
of the measurements
reported
here,
During i 970, three
were
developed
Double-pu18e
servations
conducted
commenced
modes
them from
were
during a partial
ments have been reported
elsewhere.
lisions
of the neutral
reduction
the earlier
covered
the altitude
the measurements
: ‘:
1
in the lower
interval
samples
of
the height and frewhile
became
in the mea-
both parameters.
‘t00 to 500 km
known as tbe 71
double-
measurements.
in i970 commencing
with ob-
to study the propagation
These
measurements
(in the region
23
in the Fi -region,
of thermal
also permit
where
tides from
the deter-
ion-neutral
col-
but as yet no complete
bas been undertaken.
only the resdts
of temperature)
allows
of eleci9
hy transmitting
between
.?f one another,
intervals
thermosphere
and the ion composition
we present
at Millstone
accomplished
single-pulse
made at irregular
of the auto-
solar eclipse on 7 March.
Results of the eclipse measure20
Routine measurements
using the double-pulse
method
of these data for this purpose
In this report,
These
density
important)
have been repOfied
(F, G, H) spanning the height interval
in i971 and have been used extensively
2i,22
into the lower thermosphere.
become
changes in the
was achieved.
tbe correlation
These
of indepen-
known as RASEM
long pulse used establishes
method.
in that the
to measurements
of operation
pro-
(TIDs ) by simply
measurements
function were
computer
the mesosphere
mination
extended
the first
This method
the autocorrelation
to distinguish
rapid
This program
to he set independently
new operating
measurements
of 15 km,
number
Disturbances
profile
These
the radar
a larger
in which good height resolution
the length of the single
that employed
pulse e experiments
was later
in the digital
taken with the same spacing.
quency resolution
integration.
of the echo autocorrelation
of short pulses
of operating
providing
Ionospheric
these permitted
in the E-region
The measurements
v.ethod
for eight day6 in ~970 and tbe resuIts
subtraction
of the signals;
tron and ion temperatures
pairs
clutter
a power
resolution
was taken of this to try to measure
was operated
of digital
with an altitude
thereby
by Traveling
runs with only 2 minutes
Sequence E-Mode)
18
elsewhere.
correlation
tbe older
increased,
Advantage
(Rapid
The principle
over
for example,
the E-mode
For these measurements,
provided
65 to i 30 km with 3-km height resolution.
was considerably
introduced,
The E-mode
developed.
while the I-mode
grams
17
distant hills at the same range.
of the measurements
200 to 800 km, approximately,
made with single
with a height
long pulses.
resolution
(for
of 75 km.
These data can be used to deduce the temperature
24
of the exosphere from tbei-mal balance arguments,
and results obtained in this way for the
21
period March i969 through March i97i have already heen reported.
Section 11 describes
i9 70, these were
smoothing
little
and presentation
since the program
Results
the equipment,
for electron
and discussed
data gathering,
changed from those employed
began.
was developed
that replaced
the ezrl.ier
This method of data compression
density,
in Sec. IV,
and data reduction
in i969,7 except
electron
and ion temperatures,
procedures.
During
that a new method of data
manual method employed
is described
and vertical
in detail
in SeC. 111.
velocity
are presented
II.
EQUIPMENT,
A.
OE#ERVING,
DATA-ANALYSIS
PROCEDURES
Equipment
The UHF incoherent
trum analyzer
I
AND
directly
portion
scatter
radar
of the receiver
equipment
has been described?
was replaced
by one of newer
into the XDS 9300 computer.
cussed further
development
of these
in Ref. 7.
As mentioned
of the double-pulse
(the F-mode)
reserved
These
above,
are fully documented
the principal
changes
a shelter
of the receiver
Tbe resulting
increase
is located.
comparison
to the greater
amplifier
This required
of the receiver
used to protect
suffer
lees
was further
the receiver
loss and provided
a faster
any of the aging problems
become
noisy
In order
transmitter
and introduce
with the original
amplifier
waveguide
a small
could be adjusted.
it became
improved
necessary
from
the re-
by 330 feet.
drawback
in
However,
with the
to exercise
great
in August i970 when the old gas disby a new solid-state
by L. M. La Londe
More
variations
level
device
University).
prone,
did not
causing them to
along the timebase.
it was also necessary
in the k2ystron amplifiers.
was 200 Msec and by rebuilding
(employThis in-
the new device
tubes were
in the noise
to low altitudes,
of the beam current
(Cornell
importantly,
to which the gas discharge
irregular
modulator
the receiver
was considered
was replaced
recovery.
to extend the measurements
switching
the
into the receiver.
ing diode switches ) built to a design provided
troduced
of the parametric
extending
(20-K)
ease with which the equipment
unwanted CW leakage
TR device
temperature
in the same room as the exciter,
Tbe performance
charge
made during 1970 were
antenna to the room in the main building where
in the system
parametric
care to prevent
and dis-
report.
beneatb tbe 22o -foot-diameter
mainder
in Ref.25
for operating the equipment.
A brief description
of one
22
and a full account of the complete system is
elsewhere
One other change made in (June) 1970 was tbe relocation
I
1968, tbe spec-
modes
has been given
for a separate
changes
During
design that was interfaced
to improve
the
The decay time for this
the modulator
deck (in August),
this
was i-educed to about 70 psec.
The most serious
occurred
on 30 December
,
difficulty
when snow collected
1969.
encountered
Although
its weight
distortion
of the mesh caused by a similar
of surface
improvement
the mesh to its supporting
mesh had “gathered”
of a 3-foot-wide
purlins
(spaced
onal directions
with that of tbe people
were
selectively
span.
In addition
across
tbe pipe purlins.
cables
this,
in which tbe wire
the removal
a set of cables
were
separately
the
a pro-
ties holding
Sufficient
during these operations
the sag of the mesh between
hy introducing
These
To remedy
winter.7
of tbe next
aggravated
cut and the mesh retensioned.
to permit
to this retensioning,
was reduced
during the course
in snow removal)
during the summer
at the apex of the parabola
i4 feet apart)
manually
engaged
event the previous
was undertaken
pipe purlins
in f970 was the loss of gain that
antenna to a depth of over two feet during a storm
the snow was removed
few days,
gram
(together
with the equipment
in the 22o -foot
the pipe
laid diagonally
tensioned
in orthog-
and the mesh
then tied to them.
B.
Observing
Procedure
i
During
24 hours.
previously
were
i9 70, we attempted
to make F-region
observations
twice
per month for periods
of
These were carried out using the single-pulse
experiment
modes A to C described
25
which provide the coverage
indicated in Table H. Two types of measurement
conducted.
In one, the experiment
sequence
3
A to C (Table
11) was repeated
every
30 minutes,
TABLE Ii
THE NORMAL
c
Altitude
Coverage
(km)
7.5
I 00-1000
Power
N
30
150- I 500
Power
N
75
225-675
Power spectrum
Ten Ti, V
30
300-2000
Power
N
75
450-1 I 25
150
I 000
EXPERIMENT MODE SEQUENCE
Sample
S~cing
(km)
75
500
B
“ONE-PULSE”
Measured Parameters
Direct
Deduced
e
z
e
Te, Ti, V
z
Power spectrum
TABLE Ill
THE NORMAL
Mode
Pulse
Length
(psec)
Height
Resolution
(km)
E
100
15
“TWO-PULSE”
Sample
Spacing
[km)
6,9,
15
EXPERIMENT MODE
Altitude
zoverage
(km)
90-60Q
SEQUENCE
Me.swed
Parameters
Deduced
Direct
N
Power
e
z < 120 km: Ti, “in
z > 120k~,
F
40
6
3,6
105-165
Autocorre lotion
1-
“(0+)
N
100
15
15
165-315
Autocorrelation
, “=
e
,.
1(Z<
G
Te, T;,
(
225 ktn: Te, Ti,
n(O+)
N.
e
z >225 km, 7=, Ti, “z
H
Z@
30
30
215-515
Autocorrelation
Te, Ti, V
z
thereby
yielding
a 24-hour
run.
experiment
ments
about 50 profiles
of electron
These
were
operations
was repeated
of the vertical
time to complete
four times
of the F-region
This measurement
which stored
ment,
well
was employed
observations
profiles
were
frequency
was made by the radar
the C-4 ionosonde
was modified
operator,
to permit
better
“driftn
runs was 45 minutes,
by a remote
would turn cm the sounder
and advance
the frequency
return was just perceived
at great
during
measureruns.
The
so that only
in 24 hours.
was made available
in the form
of
at the start of each cycle.*
who then typed the value into the computer
on magnetic
tape.
To make the measure-
it to he tm-ned on and monitored
controlled
range.
termed
foF2 in megahertz
it, along with all the other information,
as to have its frequency
to achieve
were
obtained
in the data reduction
critical
and ion temperatures
A second type in which the C-mode
during the ndrift”
and temperature
The value of Nmax to be employed
a measurement
These
of measurements
density
and electron
“regular>’
in each sequence
drift above hmaxF2.
a cycle
about 30 separate
density.
termed
frequency
synthesizer.
of the synthesizer
The synthesizer
remotely,
Thus,
as
the OperatOr
until the 3?2 ordinary
dials then gave the required
value
of foF2 .
The intent of this procedure
quired
for processing,
However,
the radar
night.
Thus,
stead,
they were
and values
Island,
operators
as a rule,
Virginia.
at all the other
as a function
at Ottawa,
A smooth
stations.
were
profiles
The measurements
Te,
Tr
For completeness,
results
read from
this curve
then processed
hy linear
from
at variance
at 30-minute
between
long pulses
especially
the film
(if available),
employing
interpolation
made with single
at
records
and Wallops
of points that fol-
intervals
the values
(modes
in-
with the observations
values
and punched
of Nmax fOr the
available
at half-
A to C) essentially
range 200 to ‘1000 km, approximately
i6
T-,
.,.
e sequence
range
these data are not included
in each observing
tape for later processing.
FORTRAN
programs
A program
known as ‘ANALYSIS-
multiple-pulse
Normally,
and T, over the altitude
measured
on magnetic
should be made that tbe measurements
altitudes.
as noted above,
The quantities
C.
foF2,
in the data analysis;
with tbcwe derived
Massachusetts
when this was clearly
the altitude
mention
at lower
data on N-,
However,
stored
in reading
not employed
re-
of a run.
(Table
II),
and
have been used to obtain the H+/O+ ratio at high altitudes.
provide
gather
obtained
and Vz over
together
Maynard,
data were
electron-density
yield Ne,
difficulty
were
all the information
upon completion
curve was then drawn through this collection
Values
The recorded
out immediately
encomtered
of time,
except
hour intervals.
recently
a data tape that contained
estimates
Canada,
at Millstone,
lowed the variation
onto IBM cards.
frequently
these real-time
plotted
recorded
West
was to create
so that this Co”Id be carried
written
specifically
of modes
of pulses
iOO to 500 km,
approximately
(Table
to
111).
in this report.
mode (echo power
This is conducted
vs delay and frequency)
for the cme-pdse
are
on tbe XDS 9300 computer
to handle the one-pulse.
ia employed
made with pairs
E through If is employed
and ,,two-pulse*
using
data sets.
data and l,MUPMAPn
for tbe
data.
Observations
The dates and times
on which the ‘Sregularm and ‘driftt-
made in i 970 are listed
in Table
24 hours every
In one instance
month.
* Nmax = 1.24 X 104 (foF2)2
IV.
el/cm3
An effort
single-pulse
was made to operate
(3 O-3 i October
i9 70), a large
when foF2 is expressed
5
measurements
the radar
PoAion
in megahertz.
were
in each mode for
of the measurements
TABLEIV
INCOHERENTSCATTER
OBSERVATIONS
– 1970
EST
Dote
c’
EST
Mm.
K
P
0900
7 January
2
G?w
10
R*
Lcwmtenm gain. Pm,
drift dot. at night.
1200
2-
Drift
Noisy TR tube, Frqvm.cy
synthesizerm+ of lock PO, drift da?a,
0930
2+
Reg
1500
3-
Drift
4+
Reg
1030
2-
t?eg
1545
D+
Drift
—
~$
6 January
Q
21 J.n”.ry
20J.n..fy
1130
17FebrmT
0930
18February
23?ebwwy
1500
24 February
D
2000
9 Mmrch
D
I030
18March
1600
24 Mwch
8 March
D
17Morch
23 Mmch
Q
QQ
Ob,t
14April
D900
15Ap,;l
0900
1-
Reg
28 April
0800
29April
D8Do
1+
Drift
12May
1500
13May
2+
Reg
18May
1500
19‘%?y
1SIX
1+
D,ift
04D0
11June
02D0
2-
RW
101.”.
19c0
24 June
1900
1+
Drift
7 July
QQ
1300
8 ).ly
1300
2-
Reg
18July
QQ
0830
19J.ly
QQ
I1OO
L
D,ift
17August
D
1430
18August
D
150D
5-
D,ifl
24August
QQ
143U
25 August
1400
2-
Drifl
1430
3-
Res
0930
2-
%
14&J
).
Drift
23 J.”,
1400
31August
5 October
D930
\7 September
1500
29 September
Q
1500
6 October
1500
1+
Reg
14D0
14O.+aber
15!20
20
Drift
19D0
1-
Reg
2+
D,;ft
13Octc.be,
3I October
Q
7 November
storm
21December
28December
D
Q
16Septe,nbe,
28 September
1 September
0730
9 November
‘2800
I530
22 December
1600
1+
Reo
1600
29 December
1600
2+
Drift
0330
Q
I November
QQ
~condition,
QQ One of Ffveqvietmt days in moth
Q 0.. of ten .@etest days In month
D One of five mostdisturbedd.y$ in month.
t Ob,e,voti on,,
!,
Data gatheredand malyxed osdescribedI. find.
keg = Reg.lor: Drift = Drift Measurement.
Lotamtmy Technicol ReForl477 (Ref. 25).
Comments
Very df,wrbed. Auror.al
peri~.
very quiet
‘OIIOW,yom.wneti.
was destroyed
by a computer
have discarded
these results
vember
and only %i hours of useful data were
Likewise,
obtained.
a second short run (5 hours)
We
on 24 NO.
has not been included.
Beginning
Alouette
in i968,
a number of observations
11at tbe request
there were
Where
malfunction
in what fo120ws.
many close
possible,
and Table
of scientists
passes
the regular
V lists
uled with this in mind.
of the satellites
monthly
tbe satellite
operations
overflights
The primary
were
at the NASA
were
to coincide
Space Flight
ISIS f, OGO VI,
with favorable
in routine
of the measurements
of
During
i9 70,
II by Millstone
to coincide
that occurred
with passes
Center.
and Alouette
scheduled
of Millstone
purpose
scheduled
Goddard
operations
Hill.
passes,
sched-
made during the passes
of
TAB LE V
SATELLITE PASSES DURING
18 by
1809
576
Alouette
OGO VI
18 May
2233
850
OGO VI
870
OGO VI
10 June
0632
470
OGO VI
0048
450
OGO
VI
10 June
1921
505
OGO VI
17 February
1000
470
OGO VI
23 June
0508
645
OGO Vi
23 February
2025
615
OGO VI
23 June
I 757
405
OGO VI
24 February
0914
42o
OGO VI
8 July
0208
560
OGO VI
17 March
I 709
950
OGO VI
18 July
1213
545
OGO VI
23 March
17W
1010
OGO VI
19 July
0211
I 000
OGO VI
24 March
0557
570
OGO
25 August
1055
1000
OGO VI
Height
(km)
6 January
1544
I 060
OGO VI
7 January
0207
630
20 January
1426
21 January
24 March
1620
1020
14 April
1350
950
$atel I ite
Date
VI
OGO VI
31 August
2001
545
OGO VI
OGO
29 September
0500
560
OGO VI
1532
495
oGO
VI
14 Apri I
2320
780
Aicmette II
15 April
0232
690
1s1s I
13 October
1406
590
OGO VI
15 April
0236
980
OGO
VI
14 October
0254
400
OGO VI
28 April
1201
720
OGO VI
30 October
1154
860
OGO VI
28 Apri I
2329
1075
OGO
31 October
123o
860
OGO VI
12 May
1859
525
Alcwette
1134
895
OGO VI
12 May
2246
930
OGO
was to permit
and & S&
$969, the first
The principal
determine
comparisons
probe measurements,
other emission
lines
from
objective
1 November
were
who,
and ion temperatures
,1.. ——.—.—
Vi
was measuring
at the Blue Hills
was to observe
could be accounted
deduced by remote
of this exercise
made to conduct coordinated
at that time,
the night sky,
II
VI
of electron
of this joint effort
if the 6300 ~ emission
II
and most of the results
attempts
University)
VI
7
1
Satellite
10 October
Dr. J. Noxcm (Harvard
1
1970
Height
(km)
Time
(EST)
During
.:!
IN
Time
(EST)
Date
OGO vf
,
REGUWR OPERATIONS
measurements
the 5577 ~.
Observatory,
a stable
for in terms
sounding
-.
26
have been reported.
Boston,
auroral
of impact
with
63130~,
and
Massachusetts.
red ( SAR )-arc,
excitation
and
due to the
high temperature
sAR-arcs
were
of the electrons.
observed.
to the presence
However,
of low-latitude
ered simultaneously.
In this the effort
on three
auroral
These
occasions
activity
Beginning
quantities
of interest
profiles+ were
obtained
lengths,
(2) removed
optical
as no overhead
Dr. J. Noxon alerted
and radar
have been the subject
variations
plotted
by a Calcomp
also were
(i)
echoes
results
of a separate
combined
us
were
gath-
report?
7
from tbe measured
and on a printout
inserted
spectra,
viz.,
0+ ions are present
power- spectra,
the half-peak-power
the measurement
To correct
were
expressions
obtained
the dependence
on
corrected
for the effects
by extracting
two parameters
y (proportional
that had been obtained
theoretical
of the transmitter
pulse
value to yield
power
to Te) and the ratio of
to Te/Ti).
to represent
spectra
small.
These
Te and Ti,
computed
assuming
In computing
values
as funconly
these theoretical
pulse and tbe finite width of the filters
in distorting
included.
obtained in the above manner for
‘ohs
25
of the change in the Debye length on the spectrum,
use was made of tbe expression
tbe effect
tbe estimate
‘ohs
unfortunately,
inaccurate
altitudes
automatic
‘ohs
Ne
)
holds only so long as tbe second term
are be3ieved
presented
where
obtained
in this report
the electron
density
scheme
remains
of 2000 to 3000 “K and tbe correction
Thus,
tbe electron
extend only to 900 km altitude
from
tbe spectra
data compression
that the contour diagrams
in tbe parentheses
temperatures
then
obtained
to be overestimates.
do not suffer
from
T
-1
T
may be of the order
ohs
as Ne approaches $04 el/cm3.
temperatures
temperatures
X
temperature
Te
near or above this level
The results
f.62
(
this expression
At high altitudes.
the daytime
of the electron
*–
Te=T
becomes
of Te were
width (proportionti
frequent
and that the Debye length is extremely
tbe effects
and (4) removed
The values
in the wings to that at the center
into analytical
the absolute
This profile
of Te and Ti were
tions of the ratio and width through scaling
possible.
was available as a graph
25
Estimates
of Te and Ti
as 10gi o Ne vs altitude.
on plots and on tbe printout.
25
of the changing Debye length with altitude.
It should be noted that the estimates
became
all tbe
the electron-density
made with tbe three
(3) adjusted
on the ionosonde,
together
reduction
Basically,
measurements
and on the Dehye Iengtb.
plotter.
that placed
machine
in Ref. 25.
provided
tbe peak power
in a manner
due to satellites,
as measured
of Te/’Ti,
gathered
are described
in a way that:
spurious
were
data tape so that complete
employed
value of N ~axF2
the correct
altitude
the results
on a single
programs
from
(one in i970)
and valuable
joint observations
in July i968,
The computer
<0.3.
to be disappointing,
Data Analysis
D.
were
proved
this source
is less
exhibit
described
for the electron
of error.
than t 04 el/cm3
considerable
in Sec. 111usually
as a rule,
the echoes
are frequently
scatter
and ion temperatures
and hence,
At night,
so weak that the
and are not reliable.
eliminates
generally
returned
The
such data points so
are left blank in tbe8e
regions.
A second source
the neglect
program
of error
of the presence
has been written
in the temperature
estimates
of H+ ions in the interpretation
that permits
these
spectra
I
I
8
obtained
at bigb altitudes
of the spectra.
to be reanalyzed
Recently,
to yield
has been
a computer
estimates
of Te, Ti.
!
1
!
and the ratio of 0+ to H+ ions. 28
for various
requires
temperatures
several
a single
hours of computer
day,s measurements.
results.
However,
peratures
below
Debye
time
will
to match the observed
Unfortunately,
(using the Millstone
spectra
the program
computed
is quite slow and
Hill xDS 9300 computer)
to analyze
Accordingly,
no attempt has been made to reanalyze
all the i9 70
i 6 it =ppearB that ~be temobtained for five days in i 969,
based on the results
be confined
that is suspect
attempts
ratios.
900 km will be in error
and that tbe error
the region
This program
and composition
only for a short interval
largely
because
to altitudes
of the large
above
correction
between
750 km.
midnight
In practice,
and sunrise
this is also
that must be made for the effect
of the
length.
A third source
the imperfect
0.5-msec
of error
pulses
(B-mode).
and tbe ANALYSIS
by the filters
Empirical
program
The ANALYSIS
altitude
in the temperature
match provided
modified
program
are generated
and time,
corrections
provides
on a Calcomp
the variation
resenting
a data plotting
plotter.
of contours
particular
values
to time
the random
density
from
profile
and Ti vs
in the
As described
correct
by straight
profiles
as a function of altitude
profiles
curve to best follow
to profile
Te,
some of the scatter
which show,
to their
results.
number of independent
and temperature.
ortemperature)
using a French
errors
which plots of Ne,
from the vertical
by
for this effect7
and uncorrected
reduce
diagrams
low altitudes)
when transmitting
to compensate
the large
points are next connected
this 1$coarse18 diagram
In this process
tape from
(and thereby
is to transfer
(of density
These
(cbieflyat
the spectra
derived
To reduce
of constant
step in this process
time on the contour plot.
is to trace
were
it has been the custom to prepare
ously,4 the first
is introduced
to print out both the corrected
as well as smooth the data with respect
measurements),
results
used to measure
previ-
sets of points rep-
locations
lines.
in height and
The second step
the trend of each contour.
are reduced,
albeit with some
smooth-
ing of real variations.
This last step is somewhat
cycle
introduced,
smoothing
for example,
subjective
by TIDs
to macbine
with copies
processing.
some
detail
a parameter
is invai-iably
polynomial
expression.
INSCON.
IIL
the results
the fits andpunches
DATA
A.
Prior
That is,
at a given
lost andtbe
from
cycle to
in the amount of
of contour
later.
modular
INSCON
height)
diagrams
bythe
is tedious
form
other users
of a given parameter
from
the contour
dia-
by a method of data com-
by fitting
XDS 9300 computer
a two-dimensional
using a program
which also prepares
of the fit m IBM cards
is described
unsuited
and time-consuming.
was superseded
program
the results
been asked to provide
can be recovered
inanalytical
FORTRAN
the parameters
renders
although height profiles
operation
are represented
This is per formed
This is a flexible,
recovered
we have frequently
printout.%
In 1970, the hand production
pressioninwbich
maybe
of true fluctuations
to be consistent
also has thedrawbacktbatit
Consequently,
of the ANALYSIS
(or the time variati.mof
from
presence
it difficult
one introduces.
TbiE method of data presentation
grams,
andtbe
makes
called
contour plots
so that the smoothed
results
in the next section.
REDUCTION
Preparation
to fitting
is made to eliminate
of the Data
ananalytical
function to the derived
bad points and assure
cell for the fit to be meaningful.
~SCON
that there
reads
value of Ne,
are sufficient
the one-pulse
9
Te,
Ti,
orvz,
an effort
points in each height-time
(or two-pulse)
data from
the
master
tape written
by either
the ANALYSIS
or MUPMAP
programs
used to analyze
the raw
data.
One-pulse
These
electron-density
data are at altitudes
are filtered
to remove
for contamination
creasing
bad points.
by clutter.
altitude.
two lowest
accepted
creases
monotonically
it is rejected.
point.
AU previously
condition
A “box score”
responding
box score
accepted
from
the
that the density
de-
than at the next lowest
logio
where
acceptable
(Ne) < 8.0.
All box-score
number
If this
datum has been rejected.
in regions
The table is then examined
where
to determine
flanking
of exper-
is i if the cor-
contain too. many rejected
entries
entries
M is the number
The tabulated
altitudes.
which regions
temperature
and ion temperature
subroutine.
These
(0.5 -msec
If there
is more
pulse)
if there
the time
The
points for the
the fit is expected
to
are any time gaps
gap are set equal to 2. The
integrating
After
volume.
the analytic
the B-mode
then filtered
obtained
data to insure
bad points.
than 20 percent,
all three
sure that all temperatures
B-mode
above
time
corrected
that the data from
power
for this effect
km.
data from
450
the data at each height are
from
different
points within
has been developed
have been read from
for known systematic
The corrected
at 450 and 525 km are averaged
225 to ii25
that entails
from the INS CON fit (Sec. III-G).
at each experimental
data are empirically
to remove
observations,
in returned
for correcting
expressions
the temperatures
from
300, and 375 km and C-mode
than one set of C-mode
A procedure
data are next read from the Analysis
data are at 75-km intervals
data at 225,
No account is taken of the variation
the scattering
B-mode
tbe two modes
temperatures
are reasonably
Master
The data are
compared
with the
consistent.
If the two averages
are rejected.
825 km are greater
errors.’
data are first
for each mode.
the Analysis
The ion tem-
differ
by more
The data also are checked
than iOOO “K and that no temperatures
to inare
than 6000” K.
The rejected
data are now estimated
An ‘anchor
the temperatures
by passing
a cubic through the nearest
point n is then added at “i 50 km by extrapolating
at 225 and 300 km.
This anchor
of the fit near 225 km and not to provide
a realistic
is designed
estimate
Tbe data at 975, 1050, and ! iZ5 km are now replaced
to keep tbe final 3.NSCON fit reasonable
to insure
fOF tbe re-
downward
to insure
to insure that 2.5<
and O if the corresponding
If so, the tabular
electron
uses B-mode
averaged.
points.
linearly
with de-
that point
guesses
to be equal to the next lower
This is an M X N table,
to determine
fit to be trustworthy.
to 1i25 km.
greater
data are now checked
is now developed.
Tape by another
C-mode
the data from
initial
at any height is greater
are estimated
examined
monotonically
status table is then printed.
INSCON
peratures
If the density
densities
datum has been accepted
One-pulse
Tape,
altitude,
iequires
by extrapolating
and N is the number of experiment
be good are set equal to i.
Master
at some
i 61 and 229 km are first
to decrease
they
all data at this time are now rejected.
of mm-e than two hours.
resulting
between
procedure
Tape by a subroutine.
these data have been read,
Data above 400 km are next examined
Rejected
i8 next examined
polynomial
fitting
are estimated
with height.
is not satisfied,
iment times
is not satisfied
densities
points.
height,
e8timates
Master
After
data points are required
Since tbe polynomial
data, the rejected
the Analysis
‘i 6i to 950 km.
Density
These
If this condition
down are rejected.
jected
data are read from
ranging from
at high altitudes.
that they are less than 6000 oK.
and status table are now determined
downward
unreasonable
of the temperature
by a 3inear fit.
As with one-pulse
and printed.
exponentially
to prevent
Finally,
five accepted
below
electron
225 km.
This prOceduP~
all temperatures
densities,
from
behavior
helps
are checked
the box-score
One-pulse
vertical
at 75-km intervals
ion drift
from
data are read from
225 and ii25
km.
at 225, 300, and 375 km are B-mode
all altitudes
After
are ‘nominaln
the velocities
Tape,
they are filtered
jected
if the temperature
sion of one-pulse
ing a straight
data, the velocities
at each experimental
to remove
750 and i 125 km.
a parabola
Next,
the values
Finally,
hy values
the velocity
data are
data,
and
the Analysis
Least-Mean-Squares
Polynomial
used by INSCON
the rejected
75o and i 050 km.
at high altitudes.
The velocities
at
by a value Obtained by
This high-altitude
AS with one-pulse
smoothelectrOn
and printed.
Fitting
is identical
is Hauck!s
by pass-
line to the velocities
and status table are now determined
to fit a two-dimensional
This procedure
value.
a straight
is re-
in the discus-
points are estimated
at 900 km is replaced
fit reasonable
the box-score
estimation
nearest
Master
at any time and altitude
for any missing
between
and temperatures,
in this section.
These
data, the velocities
300 km are C-mode
obtained by fitting
the velOcity
through the velocities
ing helps to keep the final INSCON
on least-squares
Tape.
data at that point do not lie within the bounds specified
between
cussed
First,
line through the four good velocities
The algorithm
above
time have been read from
bad points.
temperatures.
passing
B.
Master
temperature
altitudes.
975, 1050, and i125 km are replaced
densities
the Analysis
As with one-pulse
polynomial
for all tfles
‘1Foundations
to tbe input data is dis-
of input data.
for Estimation
A good reference
by the Method of Least
Squares.m29
Consider
value x *,x2,
m experimental
data z{, Z2,
of tbe variable
. ..xm
x.
. Zm. each of which corresponds
We wish to find coefficients
to a particular
bj which minimize
the sum
of squares
m
Z, -:
S.)j’
[
i .i
where
the Pj(xi)
are
M linearly
Eq. (i) with respect
independent
tO bk and setting
bj
~
‘ikpij
i =1
j.1
To solve
functions
aS/ab ~ = O, one arrives
this equation
for the bj,
=
P
If M is large,
1024.
Defining
Pij
at tbe normal
= Pj(xi),
differentiating
equations,
~
‘ikzi
ml’””
P
the inversion
FOP most choices
(2)
.
i.1
one must invert
g=
H
,
of xi.
m
Mm
~
(i)
bjPj(xi)]2
j .i
the matrix
2tE
where
mM
of E may be very
of the functions
Pj(x).
difficult.
In INSCON.
the inversion
Of J+
M maY be as large
as
would then be completely
impractical.
condition
Suppose,
however.
that there
exists
for the data set under consideration,
m
~
i.4
In this special
‘ikpij
case,
= 6kj
the solution
a set of Pj which satisfies
the orthonormality
that is:
k=j
6kj’i
‘
dkj . ~
,
I
k+j
of the normal
equations
(4)
.
is simply
m
hj = ~
Pijzi
(5)
.
i.%
In general,
early
given a complete,
independent
Gram-Schmidt
a recursion
linearly
independent
and unique Ofihonormal
orthogonalization
relation
set may be derived
= (x – Yj) Pj-i(x)
fFOm the pi,(x)
If the Pj, are polynomials
procedure.
for tbe orthonormal
Pj(x)
set of functiOns Pj, (x).
Pr
a complete,
by means
in x, there
lin-
of the
als O exists
namely
j.i,2.
– 6jPj.2(x)
..n
with
P-i(x)
= o
Po(x)
(6)
= 1
and
m
z
i.i
yj =
m
z
id
~j=i.i
m
z
X.P.2.
I X,J-i
P.?.
1,3-5
X.P.
~l,J-i
2
i.!
So far we have assumed
INSCON
to run over
Eq. (6).
all experimental
However,
are simply
is,
that the data zi are functions
polynomialsin
in x and y.
x and y.
data set,
if tbe data lie ona
of asingle
of two variables,
Equations
points and j runs over
For a general
the products
.
P.z.
1,3-2
deals with data which are functions
two-dimensional
nomials
P,
1,3-2
there
rectangular
of the one-dimensional
all combinations
is no recursion
grid,
the required
orthonormal
m
~
Pj(xi)Pk(xi)=6kj
xi .Xi,
xz. ..xm
xi.
and altitude.
(2) through (5) are still
if
izi
time
parameter
valid
In fact,
Consider
then,
if i is assumed
of the one-dimen8ional
relation
corresponding
orthonormal
polynomials
poly to
polynomials
given in Eq. (6).
That
and
(7)
i=i
then
mn
~
i.i
and the desired
~
Pk(xi)
pj(xi)
two-dimensional
INSCON
The method described
These
The experimental
In practice,
is invalid.
coefficients
iteration,
etc.
a first
the missing
datum.
the fit value from
This procedure
A furtbe r complication
and upper altitude
x and y are time
density,
uses Eq. (6) to calculate
times
one-dimensional
and altitudes,
two-dimensional
elec-
respectively.
or-thonormal
poly-
by means of Eq. (5 ).
at certain
times
be used by applying
and altitudes.
converges
is the deterioration
iteration
very
In this case Eq. (5)
Eq. (5) iteratively.
data is w+ed in place
the preceding
usually
variables
z may be electron
as in Eq. (8) to form
bj are evaluated
guess based on surrounding
iterations,
The independent
INS CON first
the method may still
subsequent
(9)
measurements
good data may not be present
However,
(8)
.
.
over tbe experimental
are then combined
Finally,
yi,)
bjj,Tjj,(xi,
ion temperature,
polynomials
l,N
j!.1
which are orthonormal
nomials.
M;jt.
above is used in INSCON.
respectively.
tron temperature,
j.i,
are
will then be
;
j.i
polynomials
= ~kjdk,j,
polynomials
Qj, (yi, )
polynomial
V(Xr Y,,) = ;
and altitude,
Qk,[yit)
orfhonormal
Tjj, (xi, y,, ) = Pj(xi)
The M x N term
Qjt[yit)
i!.1
For the first
of the missing
datum.
During
is used as an approximation
to
quickly.
of the fit neat- its end points,
e.g.,
near the lower
and the earliest and latest experimental
times.
This is due to the well30
known Runge phenomenon
which often afflicts high-order
polynomial interpolation
and leastSquares
fitting.
example,
limits
Ideally,
piecewise
such a basis
one would like to use a basis set less subject to such difficulties;
31
polynomial functions.
Unfortunately,
the matrix inversion required,
set to be adopted,
An alternative
approach,
would be too time
which bas been implemented
points 1$beyond the end points of the experimental
two times
preceding
the earliest
experimental
data.
data points nearest
In some cases
data.
On the other
added.
before
additional
For example.
limits
polynomial
limit
highest
anchor data are added at
altitudes
i3
following
linear
from
the latest time.
extrapolation
of the three
The procedure
points varies
additional
used
with the type of data.
nearby
in tbe fits to one-pulse
of these Pap&meters
is fit to the data.
is the addition of ‘anchor
as the anchor points.
of the experimental
points at +50 km are wed
the data at the three
the INSCON
In general,
anchor points are added by extrapolating
anchm
hand, at the upper altitude
Instead,
in INSCON,
by least-squares
in time and at the same altitude
the data near tbe altitude
were
to be practical.
time a“d at two times
The datum at each of these points is estimated
to anchor
consuming
for
experimental
Te, Ty andVz.
data pOintS are not
(9 75, i 050, and 1‘t25 km) are smoothed
In any event,
while the fit beyond the actual
data may behave
plot contours
recover
reasonably
due to the anchor points,
beyond the limits
data in these
regions
it is not to be trusted.
of the actual experimental
by means of the recovery
data,
fNSCON
and if an attempt
routines
described
does not
is made to
in Sec. III-E,
zero
is returned.
For the INSCON
This may easily
error
fits to be really
be calculated
bar on the polynomial
corresponding
from
useful,
the uncertainty
fit at a given time and altitude
experimental
of the polynomial
will be less
Abj~, = Xjj,, jj,oz
in the INSCON
In general,
than the error
the
bar on tbe
point.
Suppose that the variance 02 of tbe experimental
data is known.
matrix
*t . ~ztr) -i
the uncertainties
in the polynomial
coefficients
The error
must be known.
the punched INS CON output parameters.
Then given the INSCON
bjj may be calculated
(10)
.
fit values
error
from
V(xf
Yi) is then given
by the well-known
error
propagation
formula
‘V(xi,
yi,)z
= ~
[-]2
~
i=% i,.i
The variance
the INSCON fit.
experimental
estimate
time.
of the experimental
The INSCON
points from
of the variance
‘bit
data may be estimated
output deck includes
from
the time averaged
the INSCON fit at each experimental
at any point,
We can then estimate
the scatter
since the variance
square
altitude.
of the data about
deviation
This gives
is much more
dependent
Si< of the
a reasonable
on altitude
than
ui~ by
(12)
Of. course,
another
estimate
on the signal-to-noise
C,
Contour
After
the least-squares
overlaying
the polynomial
ferent
fit on a 421 (time)
appears
to be good,
D.
Punched
Card and Magnetic
For each polynomial
be recovered.
fits,
cards
fits.
Consequently,
grid.
A subroutine
the separation
are differences
ZCONTR
stemming
first
is then
of the contours,
by hand for i9 70.
apparently
exist for the
routines
the
data types.
In general,
from
the dif-
Tape Output
INSCON
punches a deck of cards from
are a convenient
but are smmewhat unwieldy
many INSCON
subroutines
is loaded
in the two methods.
fit calculated,
These
Labeling,
subroutine
The contour plotting
with those generated
but there
applied
Separate
by INSCON.
X 37 (altitude)
a plotting
range are fixed for each of the conventional
have been compared
amounts of smoothing
subroutine.
processed
and the altitude
All contour diagrams
lected
the data preparation
being routinely
range of the contours,
later
fit to a data set has been calculated,
to find contour paths through the table.
the agreement
for example,
Plots
into the computer,
called
of o could be used in Eq. (i O) based,
ratio.
types of data currently
evaluate
of the variation
medium
in applications
new INSCON
for the external
which requi=e
decks are transferred
which the fit may
distribution
the routine
of se-
processing
to a magnetic
Of
tape known
as the CONSUM tape by means of the FORTRAN
tape as one long (6949 word)
bers
(FIT
NO.
and KDAT)
deck and stores
record.
The first
which uniquely
them on tape.
order.
CONSUM
CONSUM.
the fit.
cONSUM
the old fit is replaced
first
tape is then created
Each new fit is inserted
If a new deck has the same two identification
tape,
Each deck i8 stored
two cards of each INSCON
specify
A new CONSUM
new decks and the old CONSUM tape.
logical
program
deck contain two numreads
the new INSCON
from the card images
in the new tape in proper
numbers
Finally,
by the new fit.
on this
as a fit already
a summary
of the
chrono-
on tbe old
of the new tape is
printed.
Several
ways.
years’
First,
sponding
data may be stored
if a copy of a particular
FIT NO. s and KDATs
then scans the CONSUM
The lNSCON
parametem
mary
CONSUM
table.
parameter
E.
a new summary
with the original
of Height
The INSCON
recovery
or Time
recover
RCVR,
RCVR’1 and RCVRP.
the polynomial
representation
The user of these routines
detail the meaning
of the INSCON
Given the INSCON
polynomial
in a labeled
tude limits
polynomial
at the
in the INSCON
output ensures
time
common
the integrity
sum-
of the
list.
while
If an attempt
returns
in which INS CON determined
Tbe user must then decide
interpolated
that the INSCON
value.
polynomial
lNSCON
fits v= + 300 mlsec.
but must be applied
O.
For
definite.
example,
of the necessity
RCVRI
returns
RCVR
sub-
of knowing in
a fit value outside
the value of the
transferred
a fit
of the fit was questionable,
for indicating
which may in
questionable
To ensure this,
instead
via
the time or alti-
is made to recover
to risk using this value,
program.
the time
returns
are normally
lf an attempt
This shift is included
by the user in his applications
in addition to the fit value,
these
and fit value are transferred
that the quality
whether
This procedure
be positive
upward by a constant.
altitude,
is made to recover
RCVR
data,
tbe time.
returns
are shifted
relieved
and the altitude,
and altitude.
P in a region
fact be a reasonable
of the FORTRAN
fit parameters,
The fit parameters
RCVR
-P.
time by means
of the data at any time and altitude within tbe
the time,
block,
of the experimental
at a later
Given the INSCON
is thereby
value
directly,
the INSCON
that the
by INSCON.
fit parameters.
fit parameters,
fit at the specified
the RCVR argument
ative
calculated
Variations
fit to any data set may be recovered
subroutines
routines
Profiles
range of the data.
quires
it evaluates
printed
CONSUM
decks.
This value is then printed
lNSCON
the corre-
which are used to assure
to the parameters
tape,
altitude.
distribution,
set.
Recovery
to RCVR
This tape may be used in two
and input to CONSUM.
of the specified
test values
tape indeed correspond
time and lowest
Comparison
tape.
fit or fits is needed for external
table also includes
generates
experimental
magnetic
may be punched on IBM cards
tape and punches copies
summary
on the CONSUM
Each time
earliest
on a single
of fitting
points
re-
data wbicb may be negtbe vertical
ion drift
v=
among tbe INSCON fit parameters,
RCVR~
and altitude
is similar
derivatives
to RCVR,
but
of the polynomial
fit.
RCVRP
maybe
than the fit itself.
altitude,
based.
the user must specify
RCVRP
based on values
RCVRP
ueed if the user wants a periodic
This has proved
makes
then
returns
RCVRP
useful in several
the 24-hour
values
obtains
from
no attempt to recover
period
approximation
applicationfi.
to the polynomial
In addition
on which tbe periodic
approximation
for tbe fit quantity and its time and altitude
R CVR i.
values
ff the experimental
within the gap;
instead,
fit rather
to the time
and
is to be
derivatives
data span is less than 20 hours,
zeroes
are returned.
if the
data span is more
than 24 hours,
the data span is between
is used to calculate
RCVRP
subtracts
20 and 24 hours,
interpolated
values
a linear
the Millstone
trend from
cubic spline
parameters
mTREAD!!
in labeled
the recovery
knowledge
Detailed
searches
common
routines,
instructions
contained
F.
Vertical
for using these
cards
stantial
derivatives
in altitude
purpose
calculate
cards
8Q/ at, f@/8h,
or a2Q/ah2,
cards
printed
after
plotted
G.
These
by DERQ.
Weighted
average
,,
derived
there
of storage
usually
and
punched on
quantities
such
are some fairly
sub-
amount of information
quantities
contained
in the XDS 9300.
make extensive
As a
use of the
quantities
All seg-
routines.
To
summary
contour
fit exists.
or read from
In the latter
to each INSCON
by direct
maY be calculated
at aS
of as many as i 6 quantities
as cards
stored.
If desired,
~
which an INSCON
case,
Q,
The nec -
the lNSCON
summary
the user need only
fit and wbicb is listed
on the
tape.
an output tape which may later
be used as input to INSCON
plots of the E@
interpolation
if
are also automatically
in the table of DQs calculated
is calculated.
Correction
and ion temperatures
of the plasma
linearly
a single
matched
electron
in a time
Samp3ing the filters
made with single
illuminated
a bank of filters
The return from
to rise
has been written.
the user need only supply a set of data
may be functions
are ultimately
plots are produced
a general-
quantities.
Q is any quantity for
type fit to the E@
At Millstone,
again in an equal time.
1,
writes
of electron
the spectra.
derived
be read in directly
results
of the properties
at tbe output of tbe filter
simple,
results
derived
The E@
where
Mean Height
the measurement.
explore
and are
fit values
the fit parameters
are handled by general-purpose
tbe desired
fits to the OQS are wanted.
Measurements
weighted
to calculate
each update of the INSCON
by DERQ and no INSCON
the INSCON
useful in view of these difficulties,
up to 8 different
may either
DERQ automatically
INSCON
on cards or tape.
to some users
to form
the large
6949 words
the unique fit number which is assigned
sommary
from
quantity or set of quantities.
and 64 time8.
tape on which all INSCON
from
this is very
primarily
bookkeeping
to calculate
run of DERQ.
INSCON
specify
with one of
without having detailed
and RCVRP,
may be recovered
using INSCON
(DERQ)
and major
derived
many as 32 altitudes
essary
together
these
and must also be segmented.
program
and a subroutine
RCVRi
may then be combined
the 3NSCON fits more
RAD usage.
a specific
RCVR,
Each fit requires
programs
drum (RAD),
In a single
fit values
have been made available
in principle,
stemming
cards.
to make
FORTRAN
mentation,
routines
values
While,
difficulties
at Millstone,
In order
INSCON
or the way in which they are stored
and time
The recovered
in each set of INSCON
rapid access
By using one of the input routines
subroutines
or heat fluxes.
practical
consequence,
fit and stores
Gradients
by INSCON.
as particle
SPLN3A
of this report.
By using the FORTRAN
their first
storage.
fit parameters
in the Appendix
routine
If
fit parameters
to a users applicatbe fit parameters
in labeled com-
the CONSUM tape (Sec. D) for a specified
the user is able to recover
of the INSCON
interpolation
data.
of Q, 8Q/8t, and 82Q/8h2 within the gap.
Two FORTRAN
subroutines
are available
to input INSCON
tion prOgram,
,,CREAD!! reads INS CON card decks and stores
mon storage;
all recovered
i6
long pulses
a
of
to the pulse length
in the ionosphere
T from
at any time
represent
by tbe pulse during the course
T sec is used to
would cause tbe power
zero
to a peak and then fall to zero
j after
the pulse has been transmitted
I
wi31 permit
trons
the full power
at other altitudes
to be sampled
z will
from
contribute
those electrons
less power,
i.e.,
lying at a height Z. = et/2.
their
contribution
will
Elec-
be weighted
by the factor
(i3a)
where
w = cT/2 is the instantaneous
tributed
over
echo power
perature
the altitude
P(z)
ratio,
(i3b)
Zo–w<z<zo+w
.0
interval
height interval
(z.
by the pulse.
– w < z < Z. + w) that contribute
wbicb depends upon their
approximately
occupied
number density
Ne,
The electrons
to the estimate,
height
dis-
yield an
z, and electron-to-ion
tem-
as
Ne
P(z)
=
z
[~ + (Te/Ti)zl
Since the echo power
I
compute
the effective
(44)
~
P(z)
“
is measured
or weighted
height
in the profile
measurements
it is a simple
matter
to
Z of the measurement
(i5)
provided
that P(z)
is known at shorter
intervals
of every
75 km).
%.O-msec
measmements
ulated on the real-time
nominal
from
than the samples
mean heights
Thus,
for p~ecise
work,
in Eq. (i4)
allowance
effective
pulse heights.
general,
has tended to be ignored
real-time
(RETfAS)
Accordingly,
(i msec)
of tbe vertical
one of the first
Ti,
applications
from
of the pulse) .in the initial
correction
has been named HEQu IV.
of these quantities
time,
nominal
Z. is the nominal
of the
above hmaxF2,
particle
altitudes.
tbe nominal and
i6
but, in
fluxes
of Z are not stored
lNSCON
fits.
on the
are then recovered
The relation
cards
at all B - and C-mode
the equivalent
fits tO
heights
(i. e.,
of DERQ which calculates
the INSCON
height
for Ne,
nominal
Te,
altitudes
Z corresponding
this
Ti,
and
...
to each
used is
height and w is 75 km for B-mode
are performed
the INSCON
from tbe use of nominal
The version
DERQ firi+t reads
DERQ then calculates
height.
arising
data and i 50 km for C-mode
by a cubic splitm interpolation,
differentiation,
data.
and integration
‘f7
. .. . ..
values
the higher
between
of DERQ has been to correct
and Vz data for the inaccuracy
At each experimental
————,
at
and these are tabfrom
results
to be returned
owing to the fact that the values
the center
The quadrature
differ
(gathered
for the 0.5- and
data tape.
Te,
B- OF C-mode
results
should be made for the difference
This has been done in studies
one-pulse
Values
cause less power
of spectra
Z are computed
tbe A-mode (0.1 msec) power profile
25
These value8 of E typically
height Z. . ci/2 by as much as 35 km for the C-mode
the No and Z2 terms
where
weighted
data printout.
where
Vz.
height intervals
Accordingly,
.
I
routine
versions
SPLN3A.
This routine
by using SPLN3A
now assumed
quantities
to interpolate
Te,
to be the correct
in DERQ and has proved
Total
Electron
useful in several
other
recovered
at their lQ@2Q
from
height
Z.
the original
As discussed
of these interpolations
new fits and a new set of contour plots.
plots after
heights
lNSCON
above,
fit,
zc,
and
DERQ
and which can be read
All plots for Te,
the equivalent
Ti,
height correction.
Content
used to calculate
to integrate
at each experimental
23-24 March
the results
are the corresponding
DERQ is also routinely
DERQ uses SPLN3A
and Vz are nOw calculated
the values
value at the equivalent
m output tape which contains
and v= given in this report
results
Ti,
between
by INSCON which then produces
H.
present
of DERQ.
The experimental
produces
is always
total electron
the measured
electron
Ne from
An example
time are then tabulated.
i970 is shown in Table
content (TEC).
density
This version
i6i
of
to iOOO km.
of the TEC results
The
from
VI.
TAB LE VI
TOTAL ELECTRON CONTENT
DERIVED
TOTAL
EST
1611
1655
i740
1823
1908
1957
2040
212+
2208
2252
2336
0020
0103
0147
0230
0314
I.
ELECTRON
TOTAL
CONTENT
(161-1000
,is6251E
..P27c7~
,.J
r...
.%01 151E
.1877R1K
. . ..
017852E
.1 7005E
,155
..’392E
,14658E
c13047E
.11385E
, 98235E
.85782E
.77351E
23-24,
TOTAL
14
14
14
14
14
13
13
13
MAR, 1970
CONTENT
.73797E
,75771E
.8505;
E
.104O1E
(CM-2)
13
13
13
14
0652
0735
0820
.nqn7
...,
0952
1047
1130
1215
1258
.13503E
.17865E
,23142E
,28031E
,31305E
.33555E
,3449SE
.35i55E
,35929C
14
14
1+
14
14
14
14
14
14
1342
1426
1510
,37083F
,38246E
,38474E
14
14
14
EST
0357
0440
0524
0608
14
~~
14
14
14
1970
Uncertainties
Error
principle,
bars for the INSCON
given the INSCON
be rather
complex
INSCON polynomial.
gence of the ion flux.
since INSCON
INSCON fits.
the uncertainty
fits themselves
polynomial
of such quantities
The assumptions
does not necessarily
and their uncertainties,
is sought contains
unbiased
estimates
from
In
in
this calculation
derivatives
of the
heat flux and the diver-
might also be called
of arbitrary
INSCON
in Sec. III-B.
tbe uncertainty
However,
are the protonospheric
behind tbe calculation
p~ovide
derived
as discussed
also may be calculated.
if the quantity whew e tmcertainty
Examples
of quantities
may be derived
coefficients
any quantity dependent on these coefficients
will
MARCH
Khl)
CBNTCNT
( CM-2)
.34274E
14
,3350z’t
14
---. .330242E i4
DERQ also has been used to investigate
fits.
FOR 23-24
BY DERQ
into doubt
functional
Of the
An alternative
procedure
for investigating
fits is to use DEBQ to perform
experimental
to produce
simulated
sults calculated
However,
IV.
from
INSCON
This procedure
by carrying
fit,
INSCON
of these
fits,
the calculation
may be used
fNSCON fit has the same magni-
calculations
providing
lNSCON
S of the original
fits may then be calculated
measure
about the re-
of the uncertainty
to be performed
out for a few representative
for each
tbe quantity whose
will fluctuate
a direct
is too time-consuming
for the derived
from
a random number generator
about the original
data.
The results
the original
uncertainties
derived
Each of these fits is in turn used to calculate
data sets.
quantity.
s tatter
of quantities
Given the known scatter
INSCON
as tbe original
is being investigated.
the derived
t~ical
data sets whose
dependence
simulated
uncertainty
study.
data about the corresponding
tude and altitude
of these
a simulation
the uncertainty
for every
data sets,
of
data set.
one may determine
quantity.
RESULTS
A.
Electron
Density
The electron-density
Teble
IV.
These
contours
are presented
tions.
The contours
values
of loglo
are drawn for values
comments
deserve
6-7 January
and 20-21 January [Figs.
the reduced
antenna gain resulting
discharge
tube in the TR system.
tion.
Other
small
outages
these exceeded
for the days and times
loglo
Ne >3.0
at intervals
to be made concerning
listed
in
of each set of observa-
of logio
Figs.
i (al and (b)] at high altitudes
from
the snowstorm
Also
on i 7-18 August [Fig.
2000 EST are thought to be poor either
unless
I(a-z)
Ne = o.2.
HOwever,
abOve hmax F ~ are not thought to be reliable.
Ne S 4.0 at altitudes
A few general
in Figs.
160 to 900 km and the full time
span the height interval
occurred,
because
damage
of external
as a consequence
i (a-z).
The results
at night are suspect
and the existence
1(p)] the results
interference
of transmitter
about t hour [as on 12-13 May – Fig. %(j)],
of a noisy gas
between
or a receiver
or computer
the INSCON
for
owing to
1700 and
malfunc-
failures,
program
but
managed
to smooth through the gap.
We have described
!
near noon.
Figures
i2-i3
The layer
1(a-c)
transition
provide
May [Fig.
i(j)].
In summer
than in winter
occurred
the two types
tWe daYs exhibit
thickness
is less
good examples
to tbe !’s“mmern
cause the daytime
set.
previously
,,Winter.
on quiet days?-’
the thickness
and hmaxF2
variation
of tbe layer
around tbe end of September
fn 1970 there
first
depressed.
is tmically
We have XISO described
storms?”
than in summer
type of behavior,
appear
daytime
of this behavior.
The day-to-night
values
of electron-density
higher
and hmaxF2
with a single
is typicallY
In tbe spring
equinox,
seen in 1970 in the results
of Nmax is reduced
(measured
[Fig.
seen at Millstone
of NmaxFZ
’240
there
obtained
in summer,
The peak value is usually reached
>300 km.
particular
variation
values
to these basic
patterns
caused by magnetic
when the trough
was observed
ae seen in i967 and i 968, i.e.,
sunspot maximum.
Nor were
large
that there
was some manifestation
responsible
for this phenomenon
marked
increase
bebavior
i(t)].
modification
appear to have been no instances
instances
be-
is much larger
back to winter
of the station in the late afternoon
on the first
on
largely
move to the latitude
that we have seen previously
to 2613km.
is a rapid
near ground sun-
by a3most any criterion)
In i970 tbe transition
peak
of abnormally
day of a magnetic
of the lifting
on the evening
in hm=x F2 seen at this time
of tbe layer
evening
i5
storm.
of Nmax observed
However,
(induced by electric
of f 7 August [Fig.
and the large
increase
to
around
it does appear
fields)
that is
1(p) 1, as is evident hy the very
upward drift velocity
v= observed.
MILLSTONE
C6-07.
JRN,
LCIGIONS
m
HILL
1970
~
m
rm
“..
\
\
~“”’
“.2
.
0
m
m
16
(a)
Fig. 1(0-z).
as f.nctio”s
Computer-drawn plots showing contcwrs .f constant log 10 N. (where Ne is the electron density/cm3)
of height and time for the measurements mode in 1970 (Table IV).
S?–
MILLSTONE
HILL
17-18,
FEB. 197C
LOGIONE
~
———
.
(.)
Fig. l(a-z).
Continued.
-3
m—
MILLSTONE
23-24
.FKB.
L13G10NC
HILL
1370
~
.,.,
.,.,
, “.4
, 4.6
-’-..5.,
.... .. ..-..
.$- . .. .. .. ------------
-...-”
-.
,
(d)
Fig. 1(0-z).
Continued
HILL
MILLSTONE
:;);:;;
1970
mzEL
700
\
\
/’----”
/,”’
—
(e)
Fig. 1(0-z),
Continued.
24
MILLSTONE
HILL
17-18,
M9R,1970
I fir... hl.
i,
-Fm
i,
\.
$.
m
>2
EST
“c
(f)
Fig. 1(.-z).
Continued.
“
“4
0’
w
“
ILL5T’3W
HILL
3-zLI. !W3.197C
OGlcNr
m
5.,!
,Cc
6CZ
,.(
,0
.,—,
k
.
.
.
(9)
Fig. l(a-z).
Continued.
,G=2
cm
3“
.
L
(h)
Fig. 1(.-z).
Continued.
. ,,.,,,
......
MILLSTONE
HILL
28-29.
W’R. 1970
L13C10NC
.
m
.
m
cm
1-
Ir
L3”
,r.&
y
k
L
L
,,
(i)
Fig. I(a-z).
,, .. .
.
Confi.u~.
MILLSTONE
HILL
&lr3ti
NRY! 1970
Tmz
“.,
~4.4
.,
“.6
m
m
,.4
,s
\7
f,,
5,
>3
1
I
m
“
b,
ES?
w
(j)
Fig, l(a-z).
Continued.
“
e
<1
“
“
zt. –
MILLSTONE
HILL
18-19,
WIY,1970
L13G10NE
___
——
——-—
m
,s. s
(k)
Fig. I(a-z).
Continued.
MI LL3TOW
HILL
10-11,
JUN. 1970
LOCICNE
w
1
~“”’
$
5.,
w
.
5.,
.
,m
k
L
(1)
Fig, 1(0-z).
Continued.
MILLSTONE
HILL
73-?LI
JUN. 1970
Em
m
.
(m)
Fig. I(a-z).
Continued.
*m
MI LLSTEINE
07-08,
JUL.
LCY210NC
HILL
1970
~
m
m
m
w
.
,
(.)
Fig. I(a-z).
Ccmtinued
.
m.
MILLSTONE
18-19 )JUL.
LOCIONK
HILL
L970
~
—
em
No
!,0
Lsl
(0)
Fig. I(a-z).
Continued
MI LLS1ONE
17-16.
WG2
, “.
,,
KILL
1970
I -9-5439
4.:.
h
‘,,
$,
52
b,
b,
ES?
(P)
Fig. I(a-z).
Continued.
m
.
,.
,,
,,
I
MILLSTEN=
24-25
.WJG,
LOGIONF
HILL
1370
-
m
m
,
,
(’q)
Fig, l(O-Z).
Continued.
.=
MI LLST3NE
31’WG-OISCP,
L13GIONZ
HILL
1970
m
m
m
~.
36..6
~’””
~
EST’’’””
‘z’
(,)
Fig.1(0-2).
o
Continued.
MILLSTONE
HILL
16-17
.SEP.197C
LOG,,, NZ
ZmcL
&’”~
\
. . .. . . . .
‘
-“--) /L
(s)
Fig. l(a-z).
Continued.
\
‘/
(t)
Fig. l(a-z).
C.mtinuaJ.
l/--
~
““
.
MILLSTONE
HILL
05-06,0
CT, 1970
LCICIONE
m
m .
(u)
Fig. 1(0-z).
Continued.
:,..-
(v)
Fig. I(a-z).
Continued.
\
.1
.
JA
I
.2,
\,
\
/
i
‘~.,..y
‘\
/
,“.,
7m
~.—
--—--.,
m
—..
z..
=
—..
*
g
——----
~
m .
m
b!
h
,,
(w)
Fig. 1(0-z)..
Continued.
-EEL
.-. ———
.........——.—.———
~:g(~<;~q
,////”;./”’””-
‘—’\,
,,
,.,
3
—-’”<’-’/’’’’;’’”””’”:::”””’”:
-—---’”,
,,
‘—–-’\.\
‘L--,/’,./’/,/<
‘..._../”
,/———’.e
\“,
./’
:/,,’”,/
,“~”’””:,-~
\
------1,.:
~,
“
~
./”’,/’ ..’” ,/-”’/.
--l
-------------)
===sisxN&,r.——
\
‘-..
—.
~
“--” /’ , /,/, ,,///---/’ / .’”’ /’”
----__~
---
\y\5..
,y::
._
,.,
~.
__.Ti
...-.
t s+
–’-””-”-””--”-””””--–-’i;-””””-b,
““-”’”’-’[9
“-““
-.F
,_
,,
,,
(w)
Fig. l(a-z)..
_//qp:
...........
Continued.
43
IS
,9
“-l ----L..----4””-7”)-””-7”)
.
I
/J////”
s+
.~..-.
(x)
Fig. l(cI-z).
Continued.
44
-~.... . .........L.-.--,--.
---,----1
hbti
.
.
,,>of ;, ,J
I
!
,,’.
,
‘\
,/
./’
,/
,-’ -...
/
.
/
,/
1
,,
I
/’
I
,./ -“”’ “\
‘ ,,“’”
I
, ,. .--,
..’”
.
\
~
,1
~~=’;
‘L.>’”
\.‘< .._/”
/-\.,
,/ ,,.,
---
\,
J
“.,
-1”
/“”” i
\.. ..__..-
-“--’”’--’–’-”--—=,
I
(x)
Fig. l(vz).
,
‘
/’
/
//
/
---’;:--”<:-<;
/
\;t
~,.
.
,,.4
/
-mm
continued.
45
.
*
(Y)
Fig,
l(G-z).
Continued
xc-
MILLSTONE
HILL
28-29.
DEC. 1970
L13C10NE
~
1. L
(4
Fig. I(a-z).
Continued.
~
Ii
ii
),
~,
,!
nighttim.a period
of i 7-48 August [Fig.
24.25 August [Fig.
i(q)],
it appears
(>i 04 elj’cm3 ) down to lower
quiet night.
trons),
This suggests
altitudes
night.
During
The observations
scatter
gram organized
is swpported
disturbed
of 3i October
radar
a magnetically
disturbed
were
occurred
Scatter
On 4 November;
a second
our participatim.
depressed
[Fig.
during an instance
red amkma.
B.
conducted
of overhead
The .rasults
Electron
Contours
Figs. 2(a-z)
Fig.2(k)].
( elec-
present
on the
much as expected,
conducted
and Arecibo)
despite
jointly
with the other
that participate
in a prO-
G (then Comrnis sion 3)
The intent was to gather observations
was seen m the sua on 28 October
to begin 2t 0900 EST on 30 October.
marred
were
were
much of the data.
As
during
at 0750 EST
This was
it transpired,
no magnetic
reschetiuled.
on the sun at 2241 EST and this. was followed
Unfortunately,
in the joint
in this instance
progr.arn prior
.Normal
other operati~ns
to 0600 cm 7 November.
behsvior
was exhibited
afternoon
precipitation
is referred
of 9 March
at Millstone
[ Fig. i(e)]
appear
at MillOn. this day,
o“ 8 November
:to have been made
that was responsible
to that paper. for a thorough
temperature
intervals.
(-2000”
This
on. the evening
for a low latitude
for this night have been examined. in. considerable
of electron
rapid than the sunrise
increase
ture is again roughly
the electron
which occurs
appears
the electron
when a slow decrease
spanning the range
In summer
K) at sunrise
rapid increase
During the daytime,
detail by NoxOn and
discussion.
and extends
level
rwghly
zenith distance
sunrise
and Te reaches
decline
as the electron
of Te is more
a maximum
density
a little
increases
complex.
after
[e.g.,
There
ground sunrise.
Fig. 2(b)].
is a marked
increa$e
Thereafter,
At sunset there
around 1700 to 1900 EST when heat from the magnetosphere
ternpemt”re
to rdnmst its daytime
usually
This decrease
midnight
[e.g.,
The winter
sphere
decreases
as the density
value
decays
and remain
behavior
by photoelectrons
Fig.
at this level
for a few hours prior
is thought to be caused hy a density
Figs. i(a),
[e.g.,
to local
increase
2(y)].
is Often a
decrease
is able to main-
The temperate
throughout
sunrise
there
at local
is a further
tain the F-region
temperature
is less
At night the tempera-
which is arrested
increase
x = i 05”.
until mid-
The sunset decrease
a b- to 8-hour interval.
over
by a very
in a space of 3 hours [e.g.,
constant at all levels
commences.
in
is characterized
all levels
when the solar
t-emains
to the nighttime
temperature
at almost
to commence
temperature
225 to 900 km are presented
constant with time.
In Winter the time variation
,,.,
,,.
(,,
particles
Temperature
at 200-K
rapid increase
:,,:
2B flare
until. .midafternoon.
Evans,27 a,ld the reader
..:
high
i(x)].
Tbe observations
,,
temperatures
behaved
Grcmp of Commission
(U RS1!.
2B fiace.uc.curred
stone precluded
was very
Working
A class
by ATS- i.
N ~ax
electrox
Chatanika.
then scheduled
and the observations
by a prcdon event observed
flux of precipitating
the density
(St. Santin,
period.
remained
night i~ cent rast to the
period.
the day on which computer. malfunctions
storm
by the higher
Union of Radio Science
and the joint observations
below hmaxF2
much of the disturbed
through i November
facilities
by the Incoherent
of the International
with that of the quiet day thai followed
density
Of a weak ionizing
the day on i 8 August,
the fact that tinis was a very
incoherent
throughout
the presence
and this interpretation
disturbed
i (p)] is compared
that the electron
ma~. then
much of the night.
[e. g., Figs. 2(a),
that commences
The
2(z)].
a few hours after
i(z)].
has bee”
explained
escaping
from
a!j a consequence
tbe conjugate
49
of heat supplied
point which remains
to the magneto-
sunlit.
During March
MILLSTONE
HILL
(11-07.
JRN, 1970
~
sm.
/&l ‘P I“w’mrm
/“?
/“”m/
‘m/
“r
/37
‘EC
,0,
em
/‘%
I
I \T 7\r200
7m
m
m
m
(0)
Fig. 2(..,).
Computer-drawn
plots showing contours of constant electron temperature Te (i. “K) as functions
of height ond time for the measurements
mode in !970 (Table
IV).
“’”
[LLSTONE
)-21 . J9N,
HILL
1970
.
m
7CM
m
.
.
m
,,
I
,,
I,5
,
1
,,
I
L
ES?
L
k
‘
(b)
Fig. 2(0-z).
Continued.
L
‘m
L
I
!,
.
Fz.3
Km
(c)
Fig. 2(.-z).
Continued,
MI LLS1ONE
HILL
~3-2Ll.
FEB. 1970
m.
ml?
—
(,j)
Fig. 2(a-z).
Continued.
LLSTONE
HILL
-18. MFIR, 1970
,03
800
—
. ..
-./
x-i \
~
ma
‘‘
.
.
,.
,s!
-\&/-
‘cc
-E
m
I&a
1,
s
I,,
,
L
k
2
b
L
E+’
(9)
Fig. 2(.s-2).
Continued.
,
L
IL
L
s
II
.sTONE
HILL
29, QPR. 1970
~
.
. ..
.
mu
__--’”
7
,
L
L
)111/
!
,s
L
‘-
I
4
ES?
‘
(i)
Fig. 2(0-.).
Continued.
,
L
,
,
7
‘——’4—J
\\\\\\\\\\\
:1~
L
L
,L--r
L
(j)
Fig. 2(0-2).
Continued.
A
!
/-J-
!
~~
LS1ONE
19. WY,
HILL
1970
.
h\\\\\\\\~/
.
.
A!!!!r
/
d’
x
,m,
,
s
\
,*
L
,
k
L
L
EST
(k)
Fig. 2(.2-z).
Continued.
s
L
1
m
1
1,
I
,,
—-
MILLSTONE
HILL
10-l I, JUN. 1970
T.
‘-iN7F!wr72%K7i’’
I
(1)
Fig.2( a-z).
Continued.
tlILLSTCINE HILL
23-24.
JUN. 1970
TM
,,
4
,
L
>
L
h
k
ES+
(m)
Fig. 2(0-2).
Continued.
1
,,
1!,
I
,s
117
,
LLSTONE
HILL
-08, JUL , 1970
em
,m
m
.
(n)
Fig. 2(a-z).
Continued.
‘-..
\\\
(0)
Fig, z(o.z).
Continued.
.
MILLSTONE
17-lB.
WIC.
T,
HILL
1970
em
.
m
0.
.
“m
.2.
m
.
2UM
~
l—
(P)
Fig. 2(a-z).
Continued.
X.2
MILLSTONE
~:-25,
WG,
HILL
1970
~
,m
-..
,
>
(q)
Fig. 2(.-z).
Continued.
LLSTUNE
HILL
RUG-01 SEP, 1970
.
m
m?
X0
MILLSTONE
16-17,
SEP.
HILL
t970
~
em
,Ct
m
,
k
‘L
‘,,
‘“
“
I
“
\
F:si
(J
Fig. 2(0-.).
continued.
4
‘
L
,
5
L
b3
(t)
Fig. 2(0-z).
Continued.
MILLSTONE
HILL
05-06,
OC”T, 1970
-mEL
.
.
.Lii-J/11
m
I
,
,
/
L
--’’”
L
L
A
\\\\\\
b
L
L
ES;
(u)
Fig. ‘2(c-z).
Continued.
L
L
‘1,
‘!~
‘“
-LSTONE
HILL
-14. OCT. 1970
! .,.
__-—
s47,1
—
m
m
.
L
L
L
41
k,
J\
L
(d
Fig. 2(.-=).
Continued.
L
L
,
I,,
I1,
L
MILLSTONE
HILL
~lOCT-OINLW.
IE
1970
900 .
-“///
\\~\
800
70,
,
1,,
1
13
1
17
1,,
Es?
(w)
Fig. 2(.a-z).
Continued.
72
I
1
,,
i
,1,
1
1
2’
k
‘
,
?s0
“000
\
\
/’-
.,00
em
-ml (v
(@
Fig.2 (a-z).
Continued.
73
,
,00,
(
‘0”
LLSTUNEHILL
-09.NLIV.1970
,:1
.
,*4,
,
b
k
EST
‘
(x)
Fig.2(c!-z).
Continued.
I
I
I
74
k
“
,4,
k
-mEL
“w .“m
m
.Xm.%a
.Um
“.0.
m!
IEoc
..m .%m .“COI
,
(x)
Fig.2(a-z).
Continued.
75
F.-
-.. .,. .
MILLSTONE
HILL
21-22,
C!FC,
1970
:
‘//’’—II—
(Y)
Fig. 2(a-z).
Continued.
‘m
.
7Q2
mc
.
.
,m
2,.0
m
(a
Fig. 2(0-.).
Continued,
and October,
conjugate
nitude of the local
sunrise
electron
OCCUI’6 a few hOUrS before
density,
the phOtOelectron
(xc < i050, may cause the tem~erature
and Z(v) appear
to provide
Anomalously
clear
to begin increasing
examples
high electron
and may be caused by be;:
conducted from
or created
possible
to distinguish
cipitation
tends to fill
observed
on 9 March
between
are associated
between
[Fig. Z(e); prior
to local
on the magsunrise
sunrise.
with magnetically
the ~.agnetospbere
ti E&
where
by precipitation
these sources
in the valley
prior
Depending
at conjugate
Figures
2(u)
of this behavior.
temperatures
of ring current
particles
10cal sunrise.
flUX established
except
it is generated
27
at night when,
at Millstone,
periods
by the decay
Often it is im-
of soft electrons.
the E- and the F-layers.
to midnight
disturbed
particle
p~e-
The very high temperatures
are thought to be associated
with particle
pre-
cipitation [c f., Fig. $ (e)].
The increase in Te after midnight is thought to be caused by conjugate
27
Aa
noted
above,
there is also evidence for particle precipitation
during the evening
sunrise.
of i 7 August
[Fig. i(P)]
which appears
to have maintained
the electrOn
temp~rat~re
tO high values
as late as 220032ST.
The very
perature
midnight.
geating
low values
to be several
of electron
The beat flux conducted
that during 7 November
into “the layer
The ion temperature
At low altitudes
was also considerably
at least until
bigher
on this day,
sug-
beat was. being suppli.w! JO the local .iOnospbere
T-
from
(400 to 700 km),
increasing
Ti tends toward
height,
in a similar
derived
raises
described
in the contouz diagrams
(<350 km),. :T~ varies
with the eIectrons
by
fashion
[ Figs.3(&-’X
to the neutral
temperature
these data ha-<e been reported
heat suppfied
the ion temperature
] at iOO ‘K intervals.
to the ions via coulomb
to a value intermediate
Te and begins to exhibit
and. values
by Salab and
between
similar
encounters
T= and Te.
diurnal variations
With
to those
above.
Vertical
Velocity
Contour diagrams
difficulty
in extracting
ously degraded
which reduce
for the vertical
velocity
this parameter
from
whenever
tbe quality
quantity on 6-7 January,
appears
synthesizer
Vz are presented
ratio
is reduced,
Accordingly,
20-21 January,
9 March
it is the first
or there
useful results
bias in the measurements
as one of the receiver
local
of the day,
tube.
oscillators
thereby
quantity to be serieffe CtS
not obtained for this
On the first
of these days.
which may have been intro-
On 20-2i
became
introducing
Owing to the
are instrumental
were
and 7-9 November.
by the poor gas discharge
standard for a portion
in Figs. 4(a-v).
the measurements,
of the spectra.
contributed
employed
ter frequency
the signal-to-noise
to have been a systematic
duced by the noise
January,
unlocked
large
errors
the frequency
with the site masin the drift
estimates.
We have not previously
scatter
caused tbe tem-
prevaiied
in the magnetosphere.
is plotted
of the exospheric temperature
~van~.zt
At higher altitudes
velocity
on 7 iSoxembe~
This situation
Ion Temperature
C.
there
above normal.
considerable
the decay of ring cmwent protons
D.
density. .dusing the daytime
hundred degrees.
attempted
in the data and the seeming
suits gathered
to present
contour
diagrams
for Vz owing to tbe large
existence of a time-varying
systematic
difference
in the re i6
The source of this difference
was thought to be the use
by tbe B- and C-modes.
(in i969 ) of only haff the B-mode
filter
gathered
that it persisted
in later years
suggests
bank for part of tbe year.
79
HOwever,
when the full filter
analYsis
Of data
bank was back in use.
08
I,
‘“LLST13NE
HILL
I-21 , JRN, 1970
-@mm
.
em
mu
.
.
I
1,
L
?
L
4*
4
k
ES+”s’
(b)
Fig. 3(0-2).
Continued.
L
L
k
,
I,,
_LsTONE
-l E,FEB.
HILL
1970
~
!m
‘G
\,m
m
,63
la
1
,!
L
L
L
L
I
!9
ES+
L
i
‘
(c)
Fig. 3(a-z).
Continued.
,
L
!77
L
MILLSTONE
HILL
;3-2L4.
FEB. 1970
~
:~z.”
\\
co
.
(d)
Fig.3(a-z).
co.tin.~
\ ,“s0
,.,.,
r
MILLSTONE
::,MRR.1970
HILL
=
900
, 21
1
8M
lm
–
100
6UJ
Soo
g
1~
ml
q..
~oo
30C
20
II
0
2
0
b
!3
ES?
q
(e)
~ig, S(o.z).
continued.
84
6
J
MILLSTCINE
~7- 18. NW.
HILL
1970
[
3
i
1
1
[m
?),
1
1
,1
.,
w
4
!,*
g
,
\2
L
L
6
k
\
km
ES;
(f)
8
...
s-
Fig. 3(0-2).
..=
.-—
Continued.
2
,
k
k
0
(9)
Fig. 3(a.z).
Continued.
-----
co
-1
(h)
Fig.3(.a-z).
Continued
.STUNE
29,9PR,
HILL
1970
~
7CM
~
mm
,,m
,
,
1
,1
I
,,
1
!s
L
I
L
ES?
‘
(0
Fig, 3(wz).
Continued.
3
L
,
L
L
“--MILLSTONE
HILL
12-13,
MQY, 1970
T,
.
~
‘
,U3
\\\\\
=—J--------=
L’———
/“
--’’’
//-’
/
———————
!.
—————
,.
\\\
-\/\
\
,m
.
.
*(
.
,
L
4,
,
L
L
k
Es+
(j)
Fig.3(a-z).
Conti..d.
k
L
L
L
s
.—
MILLSTONE
HILL
18-19
.MRY,1970
TI
~
,Nm
1
—
&
L
L
L
k
!30
L
ES;
(k)
Fig. 3(0-z).
Continued.
L
k
Im
I
1.
,.
I
,,
(1)
Fig. 3(0-2).
confinu~.
m
,*
,
4!
L
L
,’
L
b.
mT
L
‘
(m)
Fig. 3(a-z).
Continued.
L
\
‘
L
1
),
L
MILLSTONE
HILL
07-08.
JUL , 1970
.
“’w]]$~qi[&-.Y
.
tam
>,,m
n
m
‘
*l///
.
m
4;1
—
m
/
11.
.
,,
,
,
,
4,
3
IJ
Ed
b
‘
(n)
Fig. 3(a-z).
Continual.
L
b
k
L
,
MILLST13NE HILL
lE-19.
JUL.
-@
-
1970
/
(0)
Fig.3(0-z).Continual.
LLSTCINE
-i8.
Wc,
HILL
1970
~
X0
.
Em
(P)
Fig. 3(a-z).
Continued.
MILLSTONE
2U-25.
WC.
HILL
1970
,m
\--=
~
‘=’’’-’N:!L-:
~
—
—
=’//////1/
! 600
Km
“—--////
—//
m
I
,
I,s
L
.\\L
/“
//
L
L
L
L
3
E’+
‘
(q)
Fig. 3(a-z).
-
confi.u~
s
$7
L
1
,1
I
,,
(r)
Fig. 3(a-z).
Continued.
MILLSTONE
:6-17
.SEP.
HILL
1970
/
A-zm-
,m
I
L
L
5
L
4
,
L
ES+
(4
Fig. 3(a-z).
Continued.
L
,
L
7
!79
(t)
Fig. 3(0-2).
Continued.
MILLSTONE
HILL
1
-
—
“{///
z
x
“m
~“
,m
1,
,
I
,
L
L
43
!31
b
ES+
L
(.)
Fig. 3(cvz).
Continued.
L
L
L
,
L
“ONE HILL
OCT. 1970
,m
4,
(v)
Fig. 3(.-z).
Continued.
MILLSTONE
HILL
31 DCT-OINCIV.
1970
WI
j
I
m -
G
~
%
g...
“m
.
4
\
1
(w)
Fig. 3(0-z),
Continued.
i 02
L
s
7
,
L
L
(w)
Fig. 3(0-z).
Continued.
i 03
1
1,
I
L
L
,LLSTLINE HILL
-D9. N8V, 1970
—
—
-%.
t 04
-EEm..
,!,2!”
I
,
~,~
L
20
(x)
Fig. 3(a-z),
Continued.
io5
b
L’
L
L
[LLSTEiNE
HILL
I -22, DEC. 1970
=
em
7CM
7
I
,,
4,
L
L
L
L
EST
(Y)
Fig.3(.a-z).
Continued.
7
L
L
I
,>
1
,,
MI LLSTUNE
HILL
;:-29.
DEC. 1970
-
II
,Sa
.
7
1
,,
L
,
L
L
k
ES;
(z)
Fig. 3(a-z).
Conti..d.
7
,
L
It>
L
LLSTONE
HILL
-l E, FEB. 1970
m
1
,5
,m
I l\l\\\\\v///
1
\\\/i.!
m
I
!1
I
,,
s
,
L
k‘,,’
i
ES~
k
,
L
(.)
Fig, 4a.v).
Comp.ter-drawn
of height and time recovered
plots showing contours of constant vertical
for some of the measurements
made in 1970.
velocity
v= (m/See)
as fUnGti0n5
,
&
:LSTCINE
HILL
-2L4, FEB. 1970
m.
,m
Em
f’
-,,
-m
/’
“.
.-z
.
(b)
Fig. 4(a-v).
1
Continued.
MILLSTONE
HILL
17-18,
MRR, lg70
Vz
sm.
x
(c)
Fig. 4(a-v).
Continued.
MILLSTONE
HILL
~3-24.
MRR. 1970
?52
‘JZ
(d)
Fig. 4(a-v).
Continued.
.S113NE
15, WR,
HILL
1970
~
-s
\
\
u
-s
\
-’”-
\
—-m
“’0
2.
IEn
,
I,1
I
,,
I
,5
7
1
,,
1
\
ES+
2’
(e)
Fig. 4(a-v).
Continued.
-,
/’
-5
\
1“
1
\
o
/
(f)
Fig. 4(a.v).
Continued.
,,.,, .,.,., ,,,,,,;.,;::{<&.~:jg:.?
~$,,.. ,...:..... ..
~....
MILLSTONE
HILL
12-13,
MRY. 1970
1,
“z
,$
),
1.-5,.”1
. ...
!,
21
2,
M
Es?
=,.
(9)
Fig. 4(.-v).
Continued.
W
m
1,
,,
!>
LLSTONE
-19,1WY,
HILL
1970
~
.
.
,m
e-”
.
.
,,
(h)
Fig. 4(a-v).
Continued.
(i)
Fig. 4(a-v).
Continued.
[LLSTONE
HILL
3-24.
JUN. 1970
m
m
m
m
wm
.
X.2
(j)
Fig. 4(a-v).
Continued.
MILLSTONE
HILL.
07-08,
JUL. 1970
Vz
pJ
m
m
“o
.
L
L
1!,
4!
,
h
E+
h
‘
(k)
Fig. 4(.-v).
Continued.
L
7
,
\,
1,,
m.
fan
m
m
..
‘d
(1)
Fig. 4(a-v).
Continued.
I
.+40
LLSTONE
HILL
-18. RUC>
1970
,Cm
.
(m)
Fig. 4a-v).
Continued.
MILLSTONE
HILL
2q-25,
RUG. 1970
v,
,
s
7
L
L
b
k
4Y
ES+
‘
(.)
Fig.4(o-v),
Conti.u~.
k
7
k
!,
I
!,
MILLSTONE
HILL
31 WC-O ISEP. 1970
Vz
.
~
I
L
-,0
-,0
\
.
m
(0)
Fig.4( a-v).
Continued.
m.
“,
-,.
-,
m.
I
,00
cm
X4
m
M
(P)
Fig. 4(. Y-v).
Continued.
MILLSTUNE
HILL
28-29.
SEP. 1970
Vz
.
=
I
m
xc
!,
(q)
Fig. 4a-v).
Continued.
MI LLSTCINE
HILL
05-06,
OCT. 1970
‘~
\
,.,
Fig.4(a-v).
—
Continued.
..
LLSTONE
HILL
-14. OCT. 1970
.
-s
L
.--J
m
/’-’%
m
!m
L
\7
,
4,
,
b
‘
k
ES;
(s)
Fig. qo-v).
Continued.
%
L
,
\!
!
!,
I
.*
,C6
1
(t)
Fig. ~g-v).
,
Continued.
-..
,.
d
,SIIUF
1
.,
I
..
I
1
.7
.
1
!,
1
!,
(t)
Fig. 4a-v).
Continued.
i29
!
!,
1
,7
!,
LLSTONE
HILL
-22. DEC. 1970
m
ma
2C4
,.
.
!?
I
,3
L
L
L
L
L
EST
(.)
Fig. 4a-v).
Continued.
L
L
1
!,
1
,,
1
,.
LLSTONE
HILL
:-29, DEC. 1970.
m
,m
.
.
,Cm
(.)
Fig. 4(a-v).
Continued.
Here the C-mode
greater
results
confidence
above
-400-km
The general
thermal
employed
of large
more
velocity
in this region
During the daytime,
following
ion production
exceeds
rate is higher.
Above
which becomes
h~axF2
above
There
associated
with the growth
is often a fairly
well
defined
(md
period
of
loss
downward
at. all altitudes
so that ions migrate
about 500 km, there
below about 500 km.
down to lower
is a transition
levels
where
the
to upward escaping
ful.3y developed by about 700 km. The magnitude of this escape flux in 1969
7,i6
study.
At night in summer,
the drift at all levels appears to be
of special
directeddownward
as the la$e.r decays by sinking.
though the velocity
(>600 km):it
As we have
drawn for the region
than those below.
surmise.
is usually
In this region,
ity,
of >450 km.
near sunset.
the “elocity
recombination
flux,
reliable
upward ~.elocity in the region
of the layer
was the subject
altitudes
this means that the contours
behavior Df the vertical veIocit y of the plasma over Millstone Hill has been dis i6,32-34
of eariier papers.
The most striking fe=iure of the contour diagrams
expansion)
downward
for the nominal
results,
altiitude are probably
cussed in a series
is a period
were
in the C-mode
tends to remain
night tend to be very
downward.
erratic
In”winter
th~pe aPPe2rs
The values
=nd probably
obtained
these portiohs
tO .be mOFe variabil-:
for high altitudes
of the contour
diagrams
should not be trusted.
Tbe vertical
parallel
xelocit yobse
rved at Millstcme
to$md perpendicular
‘z
where,
‘0”96””11
in the F-region,
electric
west (E-W)
to the. magnetic
maybe
represented
as the sum of components
field. in the north-south
(N-S): rr.erid ian plain
via
(16)
+ 0“2*”1NS
tlie component perpendicular
to the magnetic: field. is related
to the east-
field in
E ~w ~~
(17)
1
‘=7”
35$36 it appears
that on quiet days Vl
< +30 m/see.
Thus, with
NS
some possible small error Vz may be taken as a measure of VI, . The velocity observed in the
33
and this allows
vicinity of hmax F2 depends upon the N-S component of the thermospheric
wind
From
separate
measurements.
the component
of the wind to be recovered
Hcdt37 have examined
in detail
results
from
incoherent
scatter
measurements.
for two days in i970 (23-24 March
Salah and
and 28-29 September)
using this approach.
An extension
served
the pressure
lower
of this work has been the calculation
diurnal neutral temperature
(temperature)
boundary
tion of exospheric
concentrations
reported
recently,
Roble40
for the ionosphere
temperatures
complete
theory
temperature
(which esta~h
observed
and meridional
model
adjusted
the E-W pressure
for the neutral
to produce
has combined
the above neutral
and was able to reproduce
gathered
on 23-24 March
1970.
by the incoherent
yet attempted.
132
atmosphere
(having fixed
diurnal varia-
of the observed
density,
This appears
scatter
That is,
electron
bas been app3ied to the results
calculation
the electron
using the ob-
variation.
the observed
winds in tbe presence
the ion drag).38’39
This analysis
38
and Antoniadis?’
by Roble Q &
at Millstone
use of information
of the zonal wind velocity
to describe
in a local
are simultaneously
by Salah and Holt
More
model
gradients
conditions)
variation
technique
with a photochemical
and electron
and ion
to represent
tbe most
in testing
ionospheric
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are indebted to W. A. Reid, L. B. Hanson, J.H. McNally,
D. E. Olden, and others of the staff at Millstone Hill wbo assisted in
operating and maintaining the equipment employed to gafher the dam
reported here. R. F. Julian, J. K. Upham, and Mm. A. Freeman all
contributed to the reduction of tie results. During 1970, tbe incoherent scatfer work at Millstone was supprted by the U.S. Army as
part of a program of radar propagation study. Preparation of this
repxt
was supported by tbe National Science Foundation under
Grant GA-42230.
REFERENCES
1. J. V. Evans, “Ionospheric Backscatter Obsematiom at Millstone Hill; Technical
Report 374, Lincoln Laboratory, M. 1.T. (22 January 1965), DDC AD-616607.
2.
“Millstone Hill Thomson Scatter Results for 1964; Technical Report 430,
Lincoln Labratory,
M. I. T. (15 November 1967), DDC AD-668436.
3.
“Mtllstone Hill Thomson Scatter Results for 1965,” Technical Report 474,
Lincoln Laboratory, M. I. T. (18 December 1969), DDC AD-707501.
4.
‘Wtillstone Hill Thomson Scatfer Results for 1966,” Technical Report 481,
Lincoln Lakrato~,
M. 1.T. (15 December 1970), DDC AD-725742.
5.
“Millstone Hill Thomson Staffer Results for 1967,” Technical Report 482,
Lincoln L.&ato~,
M. I. T. (22 July 1971), DDC AD-735727.
6.
“Mfllstone Hill l%omson Scatter Resufts for 1968,” Technical Report 499,
Lincoln L&ratory,
M. 1.T. (23 January 1973), DDC AB767251/2.
7.
“Millstone Hill Thomson Scatter ResuIts for 1969) Technical Report 513,
Lincoln L&oratoW,
M. I. T. (23 July 1974), DDC AD-AO08505/O.
8. —,
9.
Planet. Space Sci. &
10.
11.
12.
13.
Planet. Space Sci. L3, 1031 (1965), DDC AD-616607.
, J. Gmphys. Res. 7JI, 1175 (1965), DDC AD-61431O.
—
1387 (1967).
! Planet. Space Sci. M, 1225 (1970), DDC AD-716056.
, J. Atmos. Terr.
Pbys. U,
, J. Geophys. Res. E,
DDC AD-714446, respectively.
1629 (1970), DDC AD-716057.
4803 and 48I5 (1970), DDC D-714447
14.
, Planet. Space Sci. Q,
15.
, J. Afmos. Terr.
16.
, Planet. Space Sci. 23, 1461 and 1611 (1975).
and
763 (1973), DDC AD-772137/6.
Phys. &5, 593 (1973), DDC AD-771877/8.
I
17. G. W. Armistead,
J. V. Evans, and W. A. Reid, Radio Sci. Z, 153 (1972).
18. J. V. Evans, editor, “The Millstone Hill Propagation Study: Progress in FY 1970:
Technical Note 1970-20, Lincoln Laboratory, M. 1.T. .(2 December 1970),
DDC AD-717156.
19. J. V. Evans and W. L. Oliver,
Radio Sci. J, 103 (1972).
20. W. L. Oliver and S. A. Bowbill, “fnvestig-ation of ths Ionospheric Response to the Solar
Eclipse of 7 March 1970 by the Thomson Scatter Radar Technique at Millstone FR1l
Ionospheric Observatory,’, Aeronomy Report 51, Department of Electrical Engineering,
University of Illinois, Urbana (1 February 1973).
21. J. E. Salah and J. v. Evans, ~pace Research X311(Akademie-Verlag,
pp. 267-286.
22. J. E. Sala.h, R.H. Wand, and J. V. Evans, Radio Sci. Q,
I
23. J. E. Salab, J. v. EV.IIS, and R.H. Wand, Radio Sci. j,
Phys. ~7, 461 (1975).
Berlin, 1973),
347 (1975).
231 (1974); also J. Atmos. Terr.
133
,,,,,
~
24.
J. S. Nisbet, J. Atmos. Sci. 24, 586 (1967).
25. J. V. Evans, R. F. Julian, and W. A. Reid, “incoherent Scatter Measurements
of F-Region DenaiW, Temperatures, and Vertical Velocity at Millstone Hill,” Technical Refpct 477, Lincoln Laboratory, M. I. T. (6 Februm’y 1970), DDC AD-706863.
26. J. P. McClure, W .B. Hanson, A. F. Nagy, R,J, Cicerone, L. H. Brace, M. Baron,
P. Bauer, H. C. CarlSon, J. V. Evans, G. N. Taylor, and R. F. Wood man, j. Geophys.
Res. —
78, 197 (1973).
27. ]. Noxon and J. V. Evam, “Simultaneous Optical and Into herent Scatter Observations
of TWO Low-Latitude Auroras,” Planer. Space Sci. 24, 42S (1976).
28. J. L. Massa, “Theoretical and Experimental Studies of the Ionization Exchange between the Ionosphere and Plasmaspbere,” Ph. D. Thesis, University of Michigan,
Am Arbor (1974).
29. W. W. Hauck, Jr., “f%undationsf orEstimationbythe
Method of Least Squares;
Smithsonian Astrophysical ObservatoT Special Report 340 (27 December 1971).
30. G. Dablquist, A. Bjorck, and N. Anderson, Numerical Methods (Prentice Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1969), pp. 101-103.
31.
M.H.Schultz,
Splfne Analysis (Prentice Hall, E@wOOd
cliffs,
New JerseY. 1973).
32. J. V. Evms, R. A. Brockelman, R. F. Julian, W. A. Reid, and L. A. Carpmter,
Sci. ~, 27(1970),
33. J. V. Evans, Radio Sci.6,
60% alsoj,
Radio
843(1971).
34. J. V. Evans and J. M. Holt, Radio Sci. 6, 855(1971).
35. J. V. Eva.ns, J. Geophys. Res. u,
2341 (1972).
36. V. W. J. H. Kirchboff and L. A. Careenter,
37. J. E. SaIahand J. M. Hok, Radio Sci.2,
J. Atmos. Terr.
Phys. ~,
419(1975).
301 (1974).
38. R. G. Roble, B. A. Emery, J. E. Salah, and O. B. Hays, J. Geophys. Res. Z% 2868
(1974).
39. D. A. Anmniadis, J. Atmos. Terr.
40.
R. G. Roble, Pfanet. SpaCe L%$ ~,
Phys. &l, 187(1976).
1017-1034(1975).
J
a
I
i34
APPEND3X
RCVR,
RCVR,
RCVR?,
completely
and RCVRP
deck generated
These
subroutines.
and RCVRP.
are intended
The user
self-documented.
the use of these
RCVRi,
RCVR1,
RCVRP:
USERS INSTRUCTIONS,
AND SAMPLE
PRINTED
OUTPUT
by INSCON.
RCVR,
at the experimental
altitudes,
but may use any others
two or three
Listings
grams
additional
COMMON
block
distribution
to the following
include three
calls
CREADto
then called
to test RCVR,
INSCON
to these times
Each recovery
on
read the card
torecoverthe
The user is not limited
within the range of the data.
therefore,
for information
short test programs
SUBROUTINE
or RCVRPis
and altitudes.
and are,
listings
routine
and
requires
subroutines:
SET,
RCVRI:
SETI,
RCVRP:
RCVR4,
SETI
for external
rather
refer
first
RCVRI,
times
RCVR
of SET,
intended
listings
Each test program
fit values
for external
should
LISTING
IPL
lPL
and IPL
SPLN3A,
TRIDAG
are included
distribution,
than blank COMMON.
duced by the RCVR% test program
follows
in this appendix.
the INSCON
parameters
An abbreviated
the listings.
135
In tbe version
are stored
example
of these pro-
in a lahelled
of the printed
output pl’o-
,:,.
RCVR,
PROGRAM
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
1
2
3
TEST
RCVRl#
RCVRP LISTINGS
RCVR
CUtlMON LABEL,
1D4y~O~
KDAT, NX/ NY, NPX# NPy# Xl,
YWAX, YMIN, RELTMEr SHIFT,
FAcY, A, SIG,
lSTAT
‘Oj
MENSION
OIHENSIBN
1
YT) DMA?* DMIN~ x~AX* x~lh,
GAMX> DELX) FACx* GA~yI DELy*
(15)
LABEL
xT1641#
YT(64)J
GAMX132).
DELX132~~
FACx132~J.
SAKY[3~I
DELY132)~
FACY(32J~
A(32$32))
S~~(64~~
1ST AT f64’64]
c
10 CALL
CREAD
c
WRITE (6,101)
c
00 20 1=1/NPx
ITIME
= Xl(!)
+ RELTf+E
IF( ITINE
.GTo E6400)
171 ME”1T1wE-86400
IHRS = lTI~E/3600
MINS = [ IT1flE- 1HRS*3600j/60
]TIME
. 10000
00 20 J=l,
NPY
CALL RCVR(XT(l)J
20
c
c
101
201
I
WRITE 16$201}
CUNTINUE
GO TO 10
100*r
rTl*E~
HRS
+
YT[J)$
P)
~T[JJ/
p
8x1
3HF17)
c
ENO
. . . . . . . . . --------
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
--------
--------
RCVR(x~
‘f,
---------
. . . . . . . . . ------------
. --------
TESTO31O
TEST0320
TEST0330
TEST0340
TEST0350
TEST0360
TEST0370
TEST0380
TEST0390
TEST0400
-------r?cv 0010
PI
JOHN M, HOLT
MIT
LINCOLN
LABERATfIRy
MI LLST6NE
P,
0.
BOX
LEXINGTON,
TEST0180
TEST0190
TEST0200
TESTO21O
TEST0220
TEsT0230
TEsT0240
TEST0250
TEST0260
TEsT0270
TEST0280
TEsT0290
TEST0300
MINs
. . . .. FORMAT ST AT EM ENDS...-.
FBRMATI IPI,
4x4 4HTIME~
5x~ gHALTITbOE~
FORMAT (5X,
14# ~xz
F$oC~
5x~ FI105)
SUBROUTINE
I
+
,
TESTOO1O
TESTO020
TESTO030
TESTO040
TESTO050
TESTO060
TESTO070
TESTO080
TESTO090
TESTO1OO
TESTO11O
TEST0120
TEST0130
TEST0140
TEST0150
TEST0160
TEST0170
HrLL
FIELo
s?ATl@h
73
Massachusetts
02173
RCVR uSES THE INsCDN
FIT
parameters
sT8RE0
IN c6~HnN
TD REcavER
THE lt.iSCCiN FIT
VALuE
p AT ‘lME
x ‘ND
‘L TITuOE
‘*
‘OAT
‘NO1cATEs
THE TYPE. UF OATA,
FOR EXAMPLE
ELECTRON
oENs ITY.
THIs
Information
i 36
-
RCV
RCV
RCV
Rcv
RCV
RCV
RCV
RCV
RCV
RCV
0020
0030
0040
00s0
0060
0070
0080
0090
0100
0110
c
c
c
IS ALSO ON THE FIRST
CARD OF THE INSCON
OUTPUT DECK.
X IS IN
sEcONDS,
wITH
x.O
AT THE HBuR PREcEDING
THE FIRST
EXPERIMENTAL
PERMISSIBLE
VALUES oF
DATA~RELTMF~
. THE SMALLEST
AND LARGEST
c
c
X ARE GIVEN BY X!IIN AND xmAx. Y 1S IN Kilometers
AND ‘Ay ‘ANGE
FROM YMIN. 10 YIIAx.
IF X OR Y !S QuTSIDE
THE ALLoWED RANGE~ RCVR
RETURNS P-D.
THE NPX EXPERIMENTAL
VALUES OF x ARE STCIRED IN XT.
THE NPY ExPERIMENTAL
VALUES OF Y ARE STOREO IN YT. THC DATA TO
WHICH INSCON FITS AN Nx BY NY LEAST MEAN SQUARE P0LYN8MIAL
RANGE
FROM DMIN TO DMAX. EACH TERM OF THE POLYNDWIAL IS OF THE F@RM
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
PX(i)*PY
(J)*
A(J, l).
THE, A(J, I)
ARE
THE Px( I ) AND PY(J)
ARE POLYNOMIALS
Respectively
THEy
XT( I) ,AND yTIJl
COEFFICIENTS
GAMX,
DELx J FACX,
COEFFICIENTS
WHICH
4RE
GAMY,
OUTPUT
BY INSCON.
OR THfiNIYRMAL
CVER
ARE DEFINED
By RECU~s ION
DELY, .FACY.
IF DEsIRED
A
LOWER CIRDER LEAST
MEAN SQUARE FIT
MAY BE REcOVERED
BY DECREASING
NX AND/OR
NY.
ISTAT(J,
I)
IS AN NPY BY NPX 4RRAY WHICH
INDICATES
AT (XT(I))
YT(JI).
IF IS TAT IJ#I).l~
THE CJUALITY
OF THE FIT
THE FIT
RETURNS
ISTATIJ,
SIG(J)
IS GOOD.
IF
i?s-P.
LARGE
II.2.
1s THE
ISTAT(J#Ij=O,
THE
FIT
‘+Ay
BE
BAD
AND
RCVR
TIME
GApS IN ThE DATA ARE IvOlc ATED Oy
RCVR RETURNS
P*-P
IF X IS wITHIN
THE GAp.
SQUARE ROOT OF THE MEAN SQUAQE DEvIATION
ABOUT
THE FiT
OF THE DATA AT ALTITuDE
CONSTANT
WHICH
IS ADDED BEFoRE
NEGATIvE
VALUES.
YTIJI.
FITTING
SHIFT
IS A POSITIVE
TO DATA wHICH
TAKES
ON
COMMON
LABFLJ
lDAYNOJ
UDAT,
NX,
NY,
NPX> Npy#
Xl)
YT) ,OMAXJ DMIN~
XMAX~ XfIINJ
RELTME/
SHIFT,
GAMX# DELXJ
FAcx~
GAf+f J DEL’f~
i
YMAX,
YMINJ
FACYJ
A, SIG.
ISTAT
3
DIMENSION
LABEL (151
DIMENs ICIN XT164),
YT164),
GAMX( 32),
DELx( 3?),
FACX1321,
GAMY(321,
1
DELY(32)~
FACY(32)#
A( 32,32),
SIG(64),
ISTAT( 64)64)
DIMENSION
PX(32).
PY(321
c
X .GE. xMIN ●AND.
lFIX
.LE,
XMAX .AND*
Y ●LE. Yfl AX ●AND+ Y .GE. YMIN) GO To
1
“P . 0,
RETURN
IN)/[Xi+AX-XHIN)
10 XP = 12. *x-X~AX-XH
YP * (2. *Y- Y~Ax-Y’l INl/(YMAx-YMIN)
CALL SET(XP,
NX, GAMX/ OELx# FACX, PX)
CALL SET(YP,
NY, GAt4Y) DELY, FACY, PY~
P*O.
00
00
20
20
?0
I.l,
J=l,
10
NX
NY
$’ = P * PX(II*PYIJ)*A(J,
II
P . ( IOMAX. ONIIN)*P+OMAX+oM
IF(.IPL(X,
Y)
.EQ.
3) P.-P
RETURN
IN)/20
c
ENO
. . . . . . . . ..-
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..-
SUBROUTINE
c
c
CREAO
REAOS
. . . . . . . . . . ----------
cREAD
THE
CARD
DECK
GENERATEo
BY
INSCON.
THE
cONTENTs
oF
RCV
RCV
RCV
RCV
RCV
RCV
RCV
RCV
RCV
RCV
RCV
RCV
RCV
RCV
RCV
RcV
Ucv
RCV
RCV
RCV
RCV
RCV
RcV
RCV
RCV
RCV
RCV
RCV
RCV
RCV
RCV
RCV
RCV
RcV
RcV
RCV
RcV
RcV
RCV
RCV
RCV
RCV
RCV
RCV
RCV
RCV
RCV
Rcv
RCV
RCV
0120
0130
0140
0150
0160
0170
0180
0190
0200
0210
0220
0230
0240
0250
0260
0270
0280
0290
0300
0310
0320
0330
0340
0350
0360
0370
0380
0390
0400
0410
0420
0430
0440
0450
0460
0470
0480
0490
0500
0510
0520
0530
0540
0550
0560
0570
0580
0590
0600
0610
----CREDOO1O
CREOO020
CREDO030
c
THE
c
c
c
.L
[sTAT(J,
II ONLy IF.
GIVEN J, EITHER THERE Is
ISTATIJ,
Ij
IS NOT O, OR J=NPY.
IF NO CARO IS
J, CREAD SETS lSTAT(J~IJ”l”
1
2
CARD;
ARE
STORED
lN
BLANK
CCIMMONLABEL,
10 AyN8,
KDAT, NX# NY, NPX,
YMAX, YmIN, RCLTME,
cOMMPN,
NPY,
XT,
SHIFT,
INSC5N
YT,
OMA~,
GAMX#
PuNCHEs
AN 1 ‘UCH ‘H~TG1vEN
PREsENT FUR
OMIN>
DELX~
FACX)
XMAX*
XMINJ
GAf+Y~
DELyz
FACY,
A) SIG,
IsTAT
D~MENSi8N
LABEL (15)
DIMENSION
XT(64),
YT(64)>
GAMX132),
DELx( 3?)*
FACX{32)~
aA”y(3~JA
OELY( 32),
FACY132)>
A(32,32),
SIG( 6+),
15TAT(64~6+)~
1
3
IST(641
2
c-
READ(581OI)
IL ABEL[ 11)
1=1/151,
REAO(5,2011
XT[l)~
I“lz Npx
J=l, NPY
READ(5J2D1)
YTIJl#
READ( 5,201)
OMAX) DMIN.
‘%MAx,
N . MA X( NX, NY)
READ(5,201)
GAMx(I)#
OELx(I)~
GAMY(1),
DELYI I).
1
00 10 1,1/Nx
10 READ(5*201)
A(J~l)*
Jsl#Ny
REAO(5,201)
SIG(J),
J=l~Npy
IDAYNO>
xMIN~
KDAT,
yMAx~
FAcXI
FAcY(
1),
I)*
Nx*
yMIN~
NY,
UPX~
WY
RELTME
1=1*N
J1*l
20
30
4D
50
REAO(5)301)
YP,
00 60 J~Jlf
Npy
IF(ABS(YT(J)-YP1
DO 30 1=1/NPX
IsTAT(J,
I)
* i
GO TO 60
00
so
1=1/
llST(I)~
.LT.
NPxl
oOR.
‘1
YT [J)
.GE.
9999s9)
Gfi To 40
1.l#NPx
IsTATIJJI)
IF(J
.FQ.
. lSTll~
NPYJ RETURN
J1=J+l
GU TCI 20
60 CONTINUE
c
c
101
201
301
L
. . . .. FORMAT ST ATEMENDS.....
FoRt4ATl15A4,
13X,
16/ 5141
FoRMAT(6( 1X, E12051 )
FORMAT (F7.1*
4x* 6411)
. . .
tNU
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ----------
SUBROUTINE
c
c
c
c
sETlx#
SET CALCULATES
P ( OEFINEO
By
DIMENSION
P(1)
= 1.
N>
THE
GAM~
P(l)>
GAM,
FIRsT
DEL,
GAK(l)~
OEL/
FAC,
PI
N oRTHOhOR@AL
polynomials
FA[)
AT AR fiuMENT
x“
#
oEL(l)#
FAcfl)
P(2)
= x - GAMl~)
00 10 L.3, N
138
----------
SET
SET
SET
SET
SET
SET
0010
0020
0030
0040
0050
0060
sET 0070
SET 0080
sET 0090
SET
SET
SET
20
SET
SET
c
SET
ENO
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
P(LI
. (x-GA M(LII*PIL-1)
DE ?0. L=lt N
P(L)
. P(L)/FAC(L)
RETURN
10
FUNCTION
c
c
..
IPL
-
DEL(LI*PIL-2)
0100
0110
0120
0130
0140
0150
. . . .
IPL(x/Y)
DETERMINES
WHETHER
THE
INSCON
FIT
IS
G900
AT
POINT
(X#Y).
COMPON
LABEL,
IDAYNO#
KOAT,
NX,
NY,
NPX*
NPY> XT,
YT,
DMAX,
DMIN*
XMAX,
XMIN$
YMAX,
YVIN8
RELTME,
SHIFT,
GAMX,
OELX,
FACX,
GAMY,
OELY,
;
3
FACY,
A, SIG,
ISTAT
OIMENSION
LABEL (15)
DIMENS1ON
XT1641/
YT(64),
GAMX(32),
DELX(32)/
FACX(32),
GAt4Y132)#
1
DELY( 321>
FACY( 321)
A(32J32)J
s15(64),
ISTAT(64J64)
1
L
DX s ABS(X-XT(l)I
00 10 1*2, NPX
OX1 = ABS(X-XT
(I))
IF(OX1
OGTC OX) GO TO 20
10 OX = DX1
I-1
20 IP=
DY . A8S(Y-YT(
l))
Do 30 J.2, NPY
30
40
50
60
70
.
DY1 * ABs(Y-YT(J))
IF(DY1
.GTo
OY) GO To 40
OY . OY1
JP.
j:l
IF II ST AT(JP,
IP)-l)
50,60,70
]PL = 3
RETURN
IPL
= ?
RFTURN
. .
IPL
* 2
IF(X
,GT,
XT(IP)
oANOt
ISTAT(JP,
x OLT.
XT (IPI
.ANOO
lSTAT(JP)l
1
RETURN
IP+l)
P-1)
sEQ.
,EQo
2 +OR.
2)
IPL.3
1PL
IPL
I PL
,-- . .
L
-m--.
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
-::
f ---------------------------------------------------------------
pROGRAM
TEST
RCVR1
INSCON
IS A FORTRAN
PROGRAM WHICH CALCULATES
LEAST
OFt
INcOHERENT
FiTS
TO, AND PLOTS CONTOUR DIAGRAMS
MEAN
SQUARE
0330
0340
0350
. . . .
TESTOO1O
TESTO020
TESTO030
TESTO040
SCATTER
OATA
TEsT@350
OBTAINEO
AT MILLSTONE
HILL.
THE FIT
VALUE ANO FIRST
DERIVATIVE
VALUES
CORRESPONDING
TO A GIVEN
TIME
ANO ALTITUOE
MAY BE RECOVEREOTESTO060
BY MEANS OF SUBROUTINES
CREAD ANo RCVR1 . F3R EXAMPLE
THIs
pReGRAM TEsToo70
TESTO080
FIRST
CALLS
CREAO TO REAO THE CARO OECX GENERATED
BY lNSCON.
IT
THEN CALLS RcvRl
TO RECOVER
THE INSCON
FIT
vALuES
AND DERIvATIvES
TEsToo90
TESTO1OO
AT THE ExPERIMENTAL
TIMES
AND ALTITUOES.
c
COMMON LABEL>
IDAYNQ8
KDAT,
NX# NY,
NPx>
Npy>
Xl,
YT*
DMA3# oVIN,
xMAx~
xKIQ*
1
YMAX,
YMIN>
RELTME)
SHIFT/
GAMX* OELx~
FAcx~
GAMy*
oELy>
2
FACY,
A) SIG,
IsTAT
3
OIMENS1ON
LAFKL( 15)
DiMrNs]8N
xT(64),
YT(641,
GAMX(32)#
DEL X(32)/
FACX[32),
GAMY(32)J
0ELY(32)$
FACY( 321>
A( 32,321,
SIG( 64),
ISTAT( 64,64)
1
c
10
CALL mlio
c
WRITE (6,101)
c
20
...
:
,. FORMAT
101
FBRMAT~ IHI,
11X,
2011 FORMAT (5X,
ST AT EM EN TS. ..SO
4X,
4HTIMEJ
5X,
8HALTITUOE,
8x,
5HOP/OY)
14)
5X)
F6. OJ F16.5#
~x? EIP.5J
c
lHP,
4x,
13X,
E12”5~
5HOP/DX,
TESTO11O
TEST0120
TEsT0130
TEST0140
TEST0150
TEST0160
‘E5T0170
TFsT0180
TEsToi90
TEST0200
TEsTo2io
TEST0220
TEsT0230
TEST0240
TEST0250
TEsT0260
1EsT0270
1EST0280
TEsT0290
TEST0300
TESTO31O
TEsT0320
TEST0330
TEST0340
TEST0350
TEST0360
TEST037CI
TEST0380
TEsT0390
TEST0400
TESTO41O
c.,
. . ”.
---- .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ------SUBROUTINE
RCVRll
X/
Y,
P,
POX,
PoY}
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
i40
RCV1OO1O
RCV1OO2O
THE. Px( I)
AND PYIJ)
ARE POLYNOMIAL ~ WHICH
iRE ORTHONORMAL
@VER
xT[ I ) AND YTIJI
RESPECTIVELY.
THEY ARE OEFINED
BY RECURSION
cOEFFICIENTS
GAMx# DELXJ
FAcX)
GAMY,
DELY,
FACY.
IF DEsIRED
A
LOWER ORDER LEAST
MEAN sQUARE FIT
MAY BE RECOVERED
BY DECREASING
NX AND/OR
NY.
ISTATIJ,
I 1 IS AN NPY BY NPX ARRAY wHICH
lNDIcATES
THE QUALITY
OF THE FIT
AT (XT(I).
YT(J)).
IF IsTAT(J.1)=1#
THE FIT
IS GOOD.
IF
lsTAT(J,
l)qo,
TH.E FIT
MAY BE SAD AND RCVRI
RETURNS
P.-P.
LARGE TIME
GAPS IN THE OATA ARF INOICATED
BY
ISTAT(J,
i)=2.
RcVR1
RETuRNS
P=-P
IF X IS wITHIN
THE GAp.
SIG(J)
IS THE SQUARE ROOT OF T!+E MEAN SQUARE DFv IAT18N
ABOUT
rs A POSITIVE
THE FIT
OF THE DATA AT ALTITUDE
YT(J).
SHIFT
CONSTANT
WHICH
IS ADDED BEFORE FITTING
TO OATA WHICH TAKES ON
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
NEGATIvE
VALUES.
COMMON LABEL,
IDAYNO,
KDAT,
NX> NY,
NPX>’ kPy>
XT,
YT,
DMAK, OMIN.
xMAx#
xMIN#
;
YMAX,
YKINJ
RELTME.
sHt FT> GAMX8 DELX.
FAcX#
GAMY* DELYD
3
FACY.
A. SIG,
IS TAT
DIMENsl
DN LABEL (151
OIMENSION
XT(64)#
YT(64)?
GAMX(32),
DELx(32))
FAc X(32)>
GAMY(32)>
1
r)ELY(321#
FACY(321J
A(32,32),
SIG(64),
ISTAT(64#6+)
DIMENSION
PX(32)#
pY(32),
PXli32),
PY1(321
c
IFIX
P.
10
20
.LE.
Y .LE.
1
XMAX
YMAX
wAND.
.AND.
X
Y
●GE.
xMIN
.GEo
YMIN)
.AAO*
G@ T@ 10
Il.
RE;u=;
XP * (2. *x. xMAx-xMIN)
/(xMAx-xMIN)
YP * [2**y.
YMAx-YMIN)
/( YMAx.YMIN)
CALL SE T1(XP,
NXJ GAMXJ OELX~
FACX/
CALL SET I (YP,
NY* GAMY,
DELY*
FACY.
P*O.
PDx = O.
pDY * 3.
00 20 r.l,
Nx
oe 20 J=l,
Ny
P = P + PX(I)*PYIJI*A(J,
I)
PDX D POX + PXl(I)*PY(
Jl*A(J#I)
PDY = POY + PX(I)*PYl
lJ)*A(J~I)
P . I ID!+ AX. DMIN)*P+OMA
X+ OMIN)/2.
POX = [DMAX-OMIN)*pOX/l
POY . (DMAX-OMltN)*POY/(
IF(IPL(x,Y~
.EQ.
3)
RETURN
PX.
PY,
Pxll
PY1)
XMAX-XMIN)
YMAx-YMIN)
P=-P
L
END
RCV1023O
RCV1024O
Rcvi0250
RCV1026O
RCV1027O
RCV1028O
RCV1029O
Rcv103OO
Rcv1031o
RCVi03f0
RCV1033O
RCV1034O
Rcv1035O
Rcv1036O
RCV10370
RCV1038O
RcV1039O
Rcv104OO
RCV1041O
RCV1042O
RCV1043O
RCV1044O
RCV1045O
RcV1046O
Rcv1047O
RCV1048O
Rcv1049o
RcV105OO
RcV1051O
RCV1052O
RCV1053O
Rcv1054O
Rcv1055O
RCV1056O
Rcv1057O
RCV1058O
RCV1059O
RCV106OO
RCV1061O
RCV1062O
RCV1063O
RCV1064O
Rcv1065O
RCV1066O
RCV1067O
RCV1068O
................................................................................
SUBROuTIKE
c
c
c
c
c
sETl(X/
N,
GAM, OEL,
FAC,
p,
pI~
SET1 CALCULATES THE FIRsT
N URTHONERMAI. POLYMUMIALs
P 10 EFINED BY 6A?.
OEL, FAC) ANO THEIR DER!VATIVFS
P1
ARGUMENT X.
DIMENSION
P(1),
Pill),
GAMI 1)>
OEL’1 1),
FAC(l
I
AT
SET IOO1O
SE TIOO2O
SET IOO3O
SET IOO4O
SET IOO5O
SET IOO6O
SET IOO7O
P(l)
.
P(?)
PI(1)
“.x
. 0.
SET IOO8O
SET IOO9O
SET101OO
1.
GAM{2J
PI(2)
= 1.
00 10 L=31N
P(LI
=.(x-GAM~L)~*plL-l)
. P(L.1)
+ (x-GAPI(
10 PI(L)
00 Z!O. L=l#N
P[L)
. P[L)/FAC(Ll;
. Pi(L)/FAC(L)
20 PI(LI
RETURN
- DEL~LJ*p(L-2)
L))* P1[L.1)
-
c
ENO
. . . . . . . ..-
----------
. . . . . . . . . . ---TEST
------------
sET1011O
SET1012O
SET1013O
SET1014O
OEL(~J*Pl{L-2)
SET1015O
SET1016O
SET1017O
sET1018O
SET1019O
SET102OO
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TESTOO1O
. . . . . . . .
c
PROGRAM
RCvRp
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
INSCUN
IS A FORTRAN PROGRAM
FITS
TO,
OBTAINED
VALUES
C!
SY-UEAMS
8F SUBRWTJN~
FIRS~
CA(
THEN CALL
AT THE E)
INTFRP8LATION
PRQCEDu~
ITi-T
Iii
!Laluu<u
TESTO030
TESTO040
TESTO050
)TESTO060
TESTO070
TESTO080
k
COMMON LABEL,
IOAYNCI,
KoAT,
NX# NY,
NPX~ NPY> XT> YTO ONA8> DMIN~
xflAxD
x“IN$
YMAX,
yMIN/
RELTME~
sHIFT~
GAMx I OELx~
FAcx#
GAMy’
oELyJ
FACY,
A, sIG.
IsTAT
OIMENSION
LA8EL(15)
OIMENSIOb
XT(641#
yT(64)#
GAMX132)#
DELx(32~’
FACX(32)~ ‘AHY[32)’
OELY132),
FACY(32)#
A(32,32),
SIG(64),
1STAT(64~641
1
1
2
3
c
1.0
CALL
CREMO
c
WRITE (6,101)
TEST0130
TEST0140
TEST0150
TEST0160
TEST0170
TEST0180
~~~+~~~~
TESTO21O
TEST0220
TES70230
TEST0240
...---=-
c
OQ 20 1=1!150
RI=
I
x . 600. *(RI-1.)
IF(X
.LT. O.)
- RELTME
x=x+86400.
ITIME
. X + RELT~E
IF( ITIME
!GT. 86400)
20
lTIME=ITIME-86400
IHRS
. lTIME/3600
MINS
. (l TIME- 1HRS*3600)/60
ITIME
. 1000O
+ loo*l
HRs + MINs
CALL RcVRP(X,
y7(3J$
p~ ~DxJ
‘Dy.
1> xml N)
WRITE (6,201)
IT IME)
YT(3)1
P. POX# POY
CONTINUE
GO TO 10
c
c
. . . .. FORMAT
$TATEm EN Ts.
..Qo
TEST0320
TEST0330
TEST0340
TEST0350
TEST0360
TEST0370
TEsT0380
TEST0390
TEST0400
$42
-----
JSfm&%mK
101
FDRMATI
IHI.
11X,
2011 FOR MAT15X,
4x,
4HTIME,
5HDP/DY)
14,
5X? F6.0,
5x,
8HALTITUDE,
F16.5,
4x,
8x,
E12.5,
IHP,
+X,
13x,
5HOP/CX,
E12.51
c
. . . . . . ..!
TESTO41O
TEST0420
TEsT0430
TEsT0440
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...!!..!!.!
SUBROUTINE
RCVRp(X>
Y,
P>
pOX,
PDY,
lNO,
XSI
RcvRP
USES THE INSCON
FIT
PARAMETERS
STORKO IN COMMON TO RECOVER
A PER IOOIC
APPROXIMATION
TO THE INSCON
FIT
VALUE P, ANO ITs
DERIVATIVES
WITH RF:SPECT
TO X ANO Y, PDx AND PDY,
AT TIME
X AND
ALTITUDE
Y.
XS IS THE BEGINNING
(SECONOS
FROM THE MI ON IGHT
PRECEOING
THE FIRST
EXPERIMENTAL
TIME)
OF THE 24 HOUR PERIOD
ON WHICH THE
PER IOOIC
APPROXIMATION
IS 10 !3E BASED.
IF
INO=l
A PER IOO!C
APPROXIMATION
IS CALCULATED
BASED ON FIT
VALUES
OSTAINECI
FROM RCVRI.
IF IND.O
RCVRP RETuRNS
THE ORIGINAL
NONPER1ODIC
INSCON
FIT
VALUESO
COMMON LAEEL,
IDAYNO,
KDAT,
NX/ NY,
NPX,
NPY/
XT,
YTJ DMA?,
DMIN#
xMAx#
xWIN*
YMAX,
YMIN/
RELTME#
SHIFT,
GAMX.
OELX.
FACX*
GAMy~ DELY.
FACY’,
A, SIG,
IS TAT
3
OIMENSION
LA8EL( 151
OIk!ENSf ON xT(641?
YT(64).
GAMx1321#
DELx13>),
FACX( 32),
GAMY(3?)J
1
DELY13210
FACY(321~
A(32J 3?),
SIG164),
ISTAT(64J64)
1
DIMENsION
OATA w/ O.,
xX(7),
PP(71,
PPDX171,
.166667$
.333333*
.5*
W(7),
PROX1N[7),
‘*333333>
‘.1666679
. . . .. USE RCVR1 OTRECTLY
IF
INO. O OR THE
20 HOURS*,**.
lF(l
NO.. EQ.
O .OR*
XNAX-XMIN
.LT.
72000.
1
CALL RCVR1(X,
Y, P> POX, PDY)
> RETuRN
DATA
SPANS
PP17Y171
o./
LESS
RcvPOi10
RcvP0120
RCVP0130
RCVP0140
RCVPD150
RCVP0160
RcvP0170
RcvP0180
RCVP0190
RCVP0200
THAN
I
IF(XMAX-XMf
N .LT.
86400.1
●GE. 86400.1
IF IXMAX. XMIN
XPR I X
REPEAT
10,
WHILE
XpR .GT.
XPR = XPR . 864D0.
REPEAT
20,
WHILE
XPR .LT.
XPR = XPR + 86400w
IF(XMAX-XMIN
oLT.
86400.
)
,.o.
CALL
CALL
OP.
OPOX
OPDV
D.T
.
.
.IF
XMAX-XMIN
.GT.
oATA . . . . .
RCVRI(XMN)
y> P1)
RCVR1(XMN+86400.,
P2-P1
. POX2 - Poxl
. PDY2
- POY1
fxPR. xMNl /86400.
CALL RCVRI IxPR,
Y,
P = P + DP. OT
POX . PDX + DPOX*OT
PDY = PDY + DPDY*DT
P,
)
XMN. XMi N
XVN. XS
XMN*86400.
xMN
GO TO
86400.
3D
ADO LINEAR
PDx IJ PDYII
POX?,
Y. P2.
T? END
TO &LL
RECOVERED
POY2)
RCVP0410
RCVP0420
RCVP0430
RcvP0440
POX,
POY
RCVP0450
RCVP0460
RCVP0470
RCVP0480
RETURN
c
c
c
. . . . ,FIND
TIMES
XL-XU=64800(18
30
XL
ANo XU~ 3 HOURs
HOURS) .
xi
XL
XU
= XMAX + [86400
.-xMAx+xMIN)/2,
: xC-108OO.
. XC + 10800.
- 86400.
. .,
●,us E RCVR1
c
c
lF(XPR
.GT.
XU
DIRECTLY
IF
.ANo.
.LTs
xPR
X
IS
BEFDRE
BETwEEN
xL)
AND
XU
ANO
3
Hou Rs
xc*
AFTER
XL*
:~\~-;CVRIIX~y~pJpOX~pDy)
)
1
c
c
c
c
. . . ..c ALCULATE
ESTIMATES
Pi
POY1 AND PDY2 QF pOy[xC)
BOUNDRY OF THE GAP. . . . .
CALL RCVR1 (XMAX.
Y~ p,
pDx~
PI
. P + PDX*(XC-XHAX)
POY1 . POY
CALL RCVR1(XMIN,
Y, P,
POX,
IN-86400$)
P2 . P + POX*(XC-XM
POY2 * POY
0? = ?2 - ?1
OPOY . POY2 - Poyl
c
c
c
c
c
00.
o.c ALcuLATE
xx(I).
xL
INTERVALS
OUES NOT
PPII)=P(XXII)I”
ANO XX(NISXU
ANO P2 oF p(x C) , ANo ~$T IMATEs
FRoM p,
pDx AYD poy Ar EAcH
pDy)
PDY)
AT TIPES
xX(l)
.O, XX(N)
WHERE
ANO XX(2)
. .. XX(lJ1J
ARE ,AT HDuRLy
eETkEEN
xL ANo xU.
ExIsT
ARE ExcLuDEo.
TIMES
xX(I)
FOR
L+HICH
oATA
N.(1
00 +6 1.1,7
RI=
I
XX(I)
. XL + 3600, *(RI-1.)
IF(XX(I)
.GT. 86400. ) XX(l~”XX(l~-E6400”
.GT.
xMAX .OR.
XX(I)
.LT.
XMIN)
IF(XX(I)
CALL RCVRl(XX(I)~
y,
pP( I)/
PpOXlll,
N.N+l
XX(NI
= XX(I)
IF(N
.GT.
1 .AhO.
xx(N)
,LT - xx(N-llJ
PP(N)
. PP(I)
+ w(ll*Dp
PPOYIN)
. PPOY(I)
+ w(I)*opoy
40
c.
c
c
G?
T8
‘+o
PPo Y(rll
xx(N1-xx(N)+~6400”
CONTINUE
USE
CUBIC
SPLIhE
lNT~RpoLATloN
CALCULATE
P(x)
ANO POX(XJ
RLAMO : 1.
Do . 6..
(( Pp(2).
pp(i))/(xx(2)-xx(
BE TkEEN
THE
pOINTs
pp(xx(
I ) )
.
i))-ppDx
{l))/
(xx(?]-xx(
. 1.
6.*(
PPOX(N)
- (ppl N)-pp(N-l
l)/(XX(
N)- XX(N-ll
))/
(XX(N)
-XX(N-1))
1
IF(XPR
!LT$
XU) xPR=xpR+8640°”
CALL sPLN3A(N#
l#xx,
pp*RLAMO~Dot
RMuN~DN`xpR
Ip'poxJss2'pRex1N)
CALL SPLN3A(N#
llxX/PpDy~
O.> O.#O~/o.
~xpR#pOy'poxy`
ss2JpRox
RETURN
l))
RMUN
ON .
c
ENO
*44
IN)
To
RcVP0490
RCVP0500
RCVpo510
RCVP0520
RcVP0530
3cvP054D
RcVP0550
RCVP0560
RCVP0570
RcVP0580
RCVP0590
RCVP0600
RCVPO61O
RcVP0620
RCVp0630
RCVp0640
RCVp0650
RcVP0660
RCVP0670
RCVP0680
RcVp0690
RCVP0700
RcvPO71O
RcVp0720
RCVP0730
RcVP0740
RCVP0750
RcvP0760
RcVP0770
RCVP0780
RcvP0790
RCVP0800
RCVPO81O
RcVP0820
RCVP0830
RcVP0840
I cVP0850
RCVP0860
RcvP0870
RCVP0880
RCVP0890
RcVP0900
RcVPO91O,
RCVP0920
RcVP0930
RcVP0940
RcVP0950
RcvP0960
RcvP0970
RcVP0980
RcvP0990
RCVPIOOO
RcvP101O
RcvP102O
RcVP103O
lln~
201.2
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2039
2039
2039
2039
2039
2039
2039
203g
2039
203g
2039
2039
2039
203g
2104
2104
2104
2104
2104
2104
2104
AL TITUOE
150.
225.
300.
375.
450.
525!
600.
675.
750.
825.
900.
975.
105IJ.
1125.
150.
225.
300.
375.
450.
525.
600.
675.
750.
825,
900.
975.
1050.
11?5.
150.
225.
300.
37s.
450.
525.
600.
675.
2104
750.
825.
900.
975.
2104
2104
2133
2133
1050.
1125.
150.
225.
oP/ox
.,44337
E.02
.10711
E-o1
P
-885.56632
1163.06590>
1948.94308
2690.71146
3181.53133
3418.26056
3490.43291
3500.16388
3512.98395
3539.59937
3548.52.033
-,159 EIE. rjI
-.5217
jE. ol
-,74241
E-01
-,69387
E.o I
-*36018E-01
.17525E-01
●75941 E-01
,12163E
00
.14103E
00
.13266E
00
.11684E
00
.14710E
00
-023849E-02
.45780E-02
.62258 E-02
-, I0216E-01
-*33848E-01
-.46180
E-01
-.32601 JE.01
.10787E-o1
.74926E-01
.14021E
00
.18348E
00
.18967E
00
,16804E
00
.17308E
00
-.33654E-02
. ,25657E-02
.70942E-02
-.18783E-02
- ,25048 E-01
- ,44557 E-01
-.42789E-ol
-oll179E-ol
.45812E-ol
.11158E
00
.16308E
00
●18142E 00
-3509
.97;70
-3469.86119
-3655.79992
-880.71529
1175030152
1944.72735
2647s09170
3101.70718
3331 oo2952
3438,90297
3525.12140
3636.305+6
3753.09551
3813,66047
-3773,52254
-3701*69777
-3913,15259
-876.57$53
1176*92096
1957.07819
2641.10716
3059.48564
3263.26924
3382.11590
3526.17767
3731.86008
3951.44887
4086.60412
-4065.72192
--3965.16338
-4174.35110
-868.30834
1165.43042
.16726E
00
.16108E
00
. ,64208
E.02
-, I0628E-01
*U.
145
5.
GOVERNMEW
PRINTING
oP/oY
-.37441E
.88094E
. 10958E
.83944E
.47119E
.18177E
.34477E
.64399E-01
.29844E
.33177E
..17540E
-.775o9E
.18073E
.59526E
01
01
02
01
01
01
00
O@
00
00
00
00
01
-,33525E
. 88205E
. 10536E
. 78268E
.43732E
.19918E
●11175E
.12881E
.16286E
.13351E
.15971E
..11061E
-.14678E
.73615E
-.37017E
;90782E
.10497E
.74082E
.38936E
.18506E
.15755E
.23493E
al
01
b2
01
01
01
01
01
.30221E
.25979E
.82016E
-.12440E
-.6186fJE
.81662E
-,43161E
.93250E
01
01
00
01
00
01
01
01
OFFICE:
01
01
02
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
:?
00
01
1976--600-223--64
I3lBLlOGRAPHlC DATA
SHEET
1. Report No.
3. Recipient’s Accession No.
5. Report Date
11 May 1976
4. Title and Subtitle
Millstone Hill Thomson Scatter Results for 1970
7. Author(s)
8. Performing Organization Rept.
No.
Technical Report 522
John V. Evans and John M. Holt
S. Performing Organization
6.
Name and Address
10. Project/Task/Work Unit No,
Lincoln Laboratory, M.I. T.
P.O. Box73
Lexington, MA 02173
11. Contract/Grant No.
GA-42230
12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address
13. Type of Report & Period
Covered
Sational Science Foundation
RAIN Directorate
Washington, DC 20550
Technical Report
14.
15. Supplementary Notes
16. Abstracts
During 1970, the incoherent scatter radar at Millstone Hill (42.6”1\r, 71.5”W)
was employed to measure the electron density, electron and ion temperatures, and
vertical velocity of the ions in the F-region over periods of 24 hours on an average
of twice per month. The observations spanned the height interval 200 to 900 km,
approximately, and achieved a time resolution of about 30 minutes. This report
presents the results of these measurements in a set of contour diagrams.
17. Key Words and Document Analysis.
17a.
Descriptors
Millstone radar
F-region
diurnal variations
electron density
ionospheric scatter
seasonal variations
temperature effects
spectrum analyzers
7b. Identifiers/Open-Ended Terms
7c. COSATI Field/Group
19.. S_ecurity Class (This
\
neport)
UNCLAWIED
20. Security Class (This
Page
UNCLASSIFIED
8. Availability Statement
‘ O R , . , N T I S - 3 6 ( R E V . lo-731
ENDORSED BY ANSI AND UNESCO.
THIS FORM MAY BE REPRODUCED
121.
152
22. Price
USCOMM-DC
8265-P74
L