Name __________________
Animal Science 321X
Spring, 2007
Final Exam
A.
Multiple choice. Mark the letter of the most correct answer on the answer sheet.
(1 point per question)
1.
The most effective method to reduce pollution of water and air with nutrients on a
farm is to _____?_____.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
2.
A concentrated animal feeding operation may legally discharge manure into a
surface water source if _____?_____.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
3.
it doesn’t have a NPDES permit and there is no precipitation.
it doesn’t have a NPDES permit and there is a 25-year, 24-hour storm.
it has a NPDES permit and there is no precipitation.
it has a NPDES permit and there is a 25-year, 24-hour storm.
all of the above.
All records related to nutrient management on a CAFO must be kept for
_____?_____ year(s).
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
4.
decrease the production rate of the livestock on the farm.
improve manure application to prevent nutrient losses.
improve manure storage to prevent nutrient losses.
balance animal diets and plant fertilization to reduce the amount of
nutrients entering the farm.
none of the above.
1
5
10
25
100
The largest amount of reactive nitrogen entering the global ecosystem comes from
_____?_____.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
ammonification of soil organic N.
nitrification of ammonia.
nitrogen fertilizer application.
nitrogen fixation by rhizobium bacteria.
none of the above.
1
5.
Concentrations of nitrate in water resources in Iowa increase in the spring because
_____?_____.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
6.
_____?_____ could be used to meet the crude protein requirements of a 150 lb
finishing pig.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
7.
Ammonia
Biuret
Chains of amino acids
Urea
All of the above
Moderate heat treatment of a protein source like soybean meal will increase the
efficiency of nitrogen use by cattle by _____?_____.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
8.
high concentrations of N in fertilizer and manure are applied in the fall.
nitrification of NH3 in soil increases with increasing temperatures in the
spring.
there is little plant growth to take up nitrate from the soil.
there is a high moisture content in the soil.
all of the above.
improving the amino acid composition of the protein escaping ruminal
degradation.
increasing the degradation of protein to ammonia in the rumen.
increasing the incorporation of ammonia into microbial protein in the
rumen.
reducing the degradability of the protein in the rumen.
all of the above
Essential amino acids are amino acids that _____?_____.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
are required in the diets of nonruminant animals.
are not required in the diets of ruminant animals.
are not synthesized in adequate quantities in animal cells.
are most efficiently utilized if their amounts are proportional to the
animal’s requirements for them each of them.
all of the above.
2
9.
Most of the nitrogen released by deamination of excess amino acids in the cells of
mammals is excreted as _____?_____.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
10.
During manure storage, fecal protein is degraded to ammonia and _____?_____
which contributes to manure odor.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
11.
the manure is injected in the fall
the manure is injected during the growing season
the manure is injected in the spring
the manure is surface-broadcast in the fall
the manure is surface-broadcast in the spring
Most P from a row crop field is transported to surface water source like lakes
_____?_____.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
13.
bicarbonate
N2 gas
urea
volatile organic compounds
all of the above
One hundred percent of the ammonia-N in manure is available for crop
production if _____?_____.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
12.
ammonia.
amines.
bacterial protein.
urea.
none of the above.
bound to plant organic matter.
dissolved in surface runoff.
dissolved in tile drainage.
with eroding soil particles in surface runoff.
none of the above.
As the concentration of total P in a soil increases, the proportion of P that is in the
available inorganic form in the soil will _____?_____.
a)
b)
c)
decrease.
not change.
increase.
3
14.
Phosphorus that is _____?_____ is immediately available for algae growth in
rivers and lakes.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
15.
If manure is applied to meet a crop’s nitrogen needs, the amount of P applied will
usually _____?_____.
a)
b)
c)
16.
laying hens
lactating dairy cows
growing-finishing pigs
gestating sows
all of the above
Most excess P is excreted by cattle _____?_____.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
18.
be 2 to 4 times less than the crop’s P needs.
meet the crop’s P needs with no deficiency or excess.
exceed the crop’s P needs by 2 to 4 times.
Phytate does not reduce the availability of phosphorus in feeds for _____?_____.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
17.
bound to clay particles
bound to organic matter
bound to sand particles
dissolved in tile drainage
none of the above
bound to phytate in their feces.
bound to phytate in their urine.
as inorganic salts in their feces.
as inorganic salts in their urine.
none of the above.
If distillers dried grains are used to replace 40% of the corn grain in the diets of
feedlot steers, the amounts of land used for manure application should be
_____?_____ if the fields on the farm have a high P-index.
a)
b)
c)
decreased
not changed
increased
4
19.
_____?_____ are efficient at recycling P in their saliva.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
20.
The best balance of N and P in manure with crop needs will be achieved if
_____?_____.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
21.
50 times less greenhouse gas effect than
25 times less greenhouse gas effect than
an equivalent greenhouse gas effect to
25 times more greenhouse gas effect than
50 times more greenhouse gas effect than
The major greenhouse gas emitted by livestock operations is _____?_____.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
23.
N volatilization from the manure is decreased
N volatilization from the manure is increased.
P volatilization from the manure is decreased.
P volatilization from the manure is increased.
None of the above.
On a molar basis, equal concentrations of methane will have approximately
_____?_____ carbon dioxide.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
22.
Growing broilers
Growing-finishing pigs
Lactating beef cows
Lactating sows
All of the above
ammonia
carbon dioxide
hydrogen sulfide
methane
none of the above
In anerobic metabolism of carbohydrates, hydrogens released during glycolysis
are primarily used to produce _____?_____.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
glucose
unsaturated fatty acids
methane
water
none of the above
5
24.
In addition to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, decreasing methane production
will _____?_____.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
25.
Methane production in the rumen of cattle fed a high grain diet will be
_____?_____ than of cattle fed a high forage diet.
a)
b)
c)
26.
acetic acid
ammonia
methane
propionic acid
all of the above
Adding grain to a high forage diet for a dairy cow will reduce greenhouse gas
emissions associated with milk production by _____?_____.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
28.
greater than
equal to
less than
Adding the ionophore, Rumensin, to the diet of feedlot cattle will increase the
production of _____?_____ in the rumen.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
27.
decrease ammonia emissions from the cattle.
decrease phosphorus excretion from the cattle.
increase the growth rate of the cattle.
increase the odors emitted by the cattle.
none of the above.
increased propionic production in the rumen.
increased microbial protein synthesis in the rumen.
increased milk production per cow.
reduced methane production in the rumen.
all of the above.
Rank the following manure storage methods for greenhouse gas emissions from
greatest to least.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Anerobic lagoon, compost, earthen pond slurry, stacked solid
Anerobic lagoon, earthen pond slurry, stacked solid, compost
Compost, stacked solid, earthen pond slurry, anerobic lagoon
Compost, earthen pond slurry, anerobic lagoon, stacked solid
Earthen pond slurry, anerobic lagoon, compost, stacked solid
6
29.
Bedding livestock with straw will _____?_____ greenhouse gas emissions for
livestock units.
a)
b)
c)
30.
Greenhouse gas emissions are greatest from manure that is applied during the
_____?_____.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
31.
CERCLA rules
Master Matrix
NPDES permit
TMDL plan
None of the above
Most nuisance complaints regarding livestock operations result from
_____?_____.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
33.
fall
early spring
late spring
summer
none of the above
According to Brian Ritland with the Pinnacle Group, livestock units can only be
built if they exceed the minimum distance limits by a scoring system set by the
_____?_____.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
32.
increase
not affect
reduce
nitrate pollution of groundwater sources
phosphorus pollution of surface water sources
odors emissions into the air
overgrazing of riparian pastures
none of the above.
Odors from a livestock operation can be controlled by regulating only the
_____?_____ emissions from the farm.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
ammonia
hydrogen sulfide
methane
volatile organic compounds
none of the above
7
34.
Hydrogen sulfide in livestock buildings is particularly dangerous because it
_____?_____.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
35.
In a confinement building using a deep pit for manure storage, hydrogen sulfide
will _____?_____ when the manure is not agitated.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
36.
duration of the odor events
frequency of the odor events
intensity of the odor
offensiveness of the odor
all of the above
Skatole and p-cresol are odor components that are produced in manure from
excess _____?_____ in the manure.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
38.
concentrate in the manure
concentrate above the manure in the pit
concentrate below the roof of the building
disperse evenly throughout the building
all of the above
The frequency of complaints regarding odor emissions increases as the
_____?_____ increases.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
37.
can’t be smelled at any concentration.
can’t be smelled at high concentrations.
can’t be smelled at low concentrations.
is smelled at all concentrations.
none of the above.
carbohydrates
fats
minerals
proteins
none of the above
Odor production from manure in an open, dirt beef feedlot will be greatest during
a _____?_____.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
cool, dry period.
cool, rainy period.
hot, humid period following a rainy period.
hot, dry period during a drought.
none of the above.
8
39.
Reducing the _____?_____ of livestock diets will reduce odor emissions from
livestock facilities.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
40.
Adding soy hulls to laying hen diets will reduce odor emissions from these farms
by ____?_____.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
41.
binding ammonia from the manure.
preventing production of hydrogen sulfide in the manure.
reducing dust in the building.
reducing the moisture concentration of the manure.
none of the above.
Biofilters are mats of organic material like straw and compost that inhibit odors
by _____?_____.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
43.
increasing the amino acid balance of the diet.
increasing the protein content of the diet.
masking manure odor.
trapping excess nitrogen into microbial protein in the large intestine.
none of the above.
Alum is spread on top of the manure in broiler houses to _____?_____.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
42.
calcium
phosphorus
sulfur
zinc
all of the above
forcing the odor plume to rise in the air
preventing ventilation air from leaving the building.
preventing production of volatile organic compounds in the manure.
providing media for aerobic bacteria to metabolize gaseous odors.
all of the above.
Natural windbreaks reduce odors from livestock facilities by _____?_____.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
trapping dust near the barns.
forcing the odor plume to rise above the ground.
absorbing odors in the leaves.
a and b above.
all of the above.
9
44.
Prior to composting, coarsely chopped straw should be added to manure to
_____?_____.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
45.
Odor emissions from an anerobic lagoon will be lowest if _____?_____.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
46.
greatest in the fall.
greatest in the spring.
greatest in the summer.
uniform throughout the year.
none of the above.
Rank the following manure storage methods for odor emissions during land
application from greatest to least.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
48.
manure in the lagoon is totally removed at each cleaning.
manure additions are infrequent.
manure additions are slow and uniform.
manure additions are primarily during the winter.
none of the above.
In the Midwest, odors from anerobic lagoons are _____?_____.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
47.
increase aeration of the manure.
increase the carbon to nitrogen ratio of the manure.
increase the moisture concentration of the manure.
a and b above.
all of the above.
Anerobic lagoon, compost, earthen pond slurry, stacked solid
Anerobic lagoon, earthen pond slurry, stacked solid, compost
Compost, stacked solid, earthen pond slurry, anerobic lagoon
Compost, earthen pond slurry, anerobic lagoon, stacked solid
Earthen pond slurry, anerobic lagoon, stacked solid, compost
New livestock buildings should be placed at least _____?_____ from a
neighboring rural residence.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
75 feet
200 feet
¼ mile
1 mile
4 miles
10
49.
Because _____?______, cryptosporidium are a major human pathogen in water
supplies.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
50.
E. Coli O157:H7 is present in high numbers in the gut contents of _____?_____.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
51.
e)
allowing cattle to drink directly from pasture streams.
applying manure within 75 feet of a stream without a vegetative buffer.
allowing precipitation run-off to flush out livestock lots.
applying manure from calves in areas where precipitation will not run-off
into pasture streams.
none of the above.
To prevent amplification of pathogenic organisms on farms, young calves should
be _____?_____.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
53.
all mature cattle.
cattle fed high forage diets.
cattle fed high grain diets.
cattle grazing pastures.
none of the above.
Pathogen contamination of streams can be reduced by _____?_____.
a)
b)
c)
d)
52.
few oocysts are shed by livestock hosts.
numerous oocysts are required to cause an infection in humans.
oocysts can survive in the environment.
oocysts are destroyed by water treatment.
none of the above.
fed waste feed from mature cattle.
mixed with mature cattle.
mixed with growing heifers.
segregated from cattle greater than 3 weeks of age.
none of the above.
To minimize pathogen infections, pastures used for manure application should not
be grazed until _____?____ days after application.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
1
7
14
30
60
11
54.
Placing supplemental feeding sites in a pasture near a stream will _____?_____.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
55.
Spot-grazing of pasture will result in _____?_____.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
56.
10 to 20% moisture with heavy vegetation.
20 to 30% moisture with little vegetation.
20 to 30% moisture with heavy vegetation.
30 to 40% moisture with little vegetation.
30 to 40% moisture with heavy vegetation.
To avoid the development of gullies in a pasture, a cattle producer should
______?_______.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
58.
the development of bare and weedy patches in the pasture.
maintaining pasture forage at a desirable maturity.
optimal growth of pasture forage.
uniform manure distribution.
all of the above.
The problem with soil compaction in a pasture will be greatest if that pasture were
grazed when the soil contained _____?_____.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
57.
increase pollution of the stream with sediment.
increase pollution of the stream with phosphorus.
increase pollution of the stream with pathogens.
a and b above.
all of the above.
use continuous grazing with a single water source.
use rotational grazing with a fenced trail to a single water source.
use rotational grazing with a water source in every paddock.
a and b above.
all of the above.
To minimize stream bank erosion, stream banks should be covered with at least
_____?_____% vegetation.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
10
25
50
75
90
12
59.
Grazing will be best managed if the producer uses _____?_____.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
60.
continuous grazing with a set stocking rate for the entire season.
rotational grazing with a set stocking rate for the entire season.
rotational grazing with hay harvest of excess forage in several paddocks
early in the grazing season.
strip-grazing with grazing of some the strips deferred until August.
none of the above.
In a properly managed rotational grazing system, cattle should be moved to a new
paddock ______?_____ when forage slows during mid-summer.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
daily.
weekly.
every 14 days.
when 50% of the forage is removed from the paddock.
none of the above.
B.
True or false. Mark ‘a’ for true and ‘b’ for false answers on the answer sheet. (1
point per question)
61.
Global warming will increase the frequency of droughts and floods.
62.
Methane is produced in an anerobic lagoon by the same pathways as methane is
produced in the rumen.
63.
Finely grinding the forage in the diet of beef cattle will increase methane
production by the cattle.
64.
Increasing the frequency of manure application will increase greenhouse gas
emissions from the fields where application is done.
65.
Farmers can sell carbon credits to carbon dioxide-emitting industries by changing
their grazing management to rotational grazing.
66.
Unless confinement buildings are adequately ventilated, hydrogen sulfide is likely
to cause the death of humans inside the buildings when the manure is agitated.
67.
Neighbors are less likely to file an odor nuisance complaint on a livestock
operation that is owned by a person who is active in that community than an
operation owned by a person from outside the community.
68.
Cleaning manure from a livestock building every 6 months will result in less odor
emissions than weekly cleaning of the building.
13
69.
Biofilters are more effective at reducing odor emissions from livestock
confinement buildings during the summer than during the winter.
70.
Chopped straw blown on top of slurry manure as a floating cover must be
replaced once per year.
71.
To minimize odors, anerobic lagoons should be pumped on clear, sunny days with
minimal wind.
72.
Odors during application of manure from anerobic lagoons will be minimal if
manure additions to the lagoon continue up to the day of pumping.
73.
The only source of cryptosporidium that infect humans are livestock.
74.
Cattle usually shed oocysts for cryptosporidium when the cattle are mature.
75.
E. Coli O157:H7 can multiply in water troughs.
76.
Composting at 140oF will kill most pathogenic organisms and cysts.
77.
Pastures used for manure application can be grazed by all cattle without affecting
pathogen infections.
78.
It is most desirable for a pasture to have a single forage species like smooth
bromegrass.
79.
A pasture that is grazed at an adequate stocking rate to prevent any seedhead
development in June will likely have adequate forage for the cattle in August.
80.
In a properly managed rotational grazing system, all paddock should be the same
size.
14
C.
Short essay and problems (5 points each)
1.
Beef cattle finished at Summit Farms at Alden were managed in a new facility.
Describe this facility and compare and explain the differences in ammonia and
odor emissions and phosphorus losses from this facility to these emissions and
losses from a traditional open dirt feedlot.
2.
a)
Ammonia and odor emissions
b)
Phosphorus losses
A traditional corn-based diet for finishing cattle would contain 0.35% P.
Therefore, if this diet was fed to the 960 cattle finished at Summit Farms, they
would excrete 8060 lb P/year of which 80% would be available when injected.
Since Summit Farms is feeding a diet containing 25% distillers dried grains, their
diet contains 0.50% P. Therefore, their cattle excrete 10060 lb P/year of which
80% would be available when injected. If they have to apply their manure
according to a P-based manure management plan, their corn yields are 200 bu/ac
and corn requires 0.36 lb P2O5/bu, how many acres will Summit Farms need to
apply their manure if they feed:
a)
the corn-based diet
b)
the dried distillers grains diet
15
3.
4.
Environmental problems attributed to swine confinement units include odor and
greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere and eutrophication of surface water
sources. Addition of crystalline amino acids and the enzyme, phytase, to pig
diets have been suggested as methods to decrease environmental problems
associated with swine confinement facilities. Which environmental problems
would each of these feed additives reduce and explain how they would have these
effects?
a)
Crystalline amino acids
b)
Phytase
Improper grazing management results in impaired botanical composition,
increased soil compaction and erosion, and increased phosphorus and pathogen
pollution of streams in pastures. Describe a grazing system that will prevent these
problems and explain how this system would control these problems.
16
17