Matakuliah
Tahun
Versi
: M0044/Interaksi Manusia dan Komputer
: 2005
:2/2
Pertemuan <<6>>
Interface Analysis
1
Learning Outcomes
Pada akhir pertemuan ini, diharapkan mahasiswa
akan mampu :
Mahasiswa dapat membuat Database
Sederhana dan Query
2
Outline Materi
– Mahasiswa belajar merancang User Interface
– Mahasiswa belajar membuat Form Entry
– Mahasiswa belajar membuat Form Query
3
Terminologi
• Interface: Fasilitas yang membuat model
sistem dan function dapat berinteraksi
dengan actors.
• User interface: Interface untuk users.
• System interface: interface ke sistem lain.
• Usage context: The application domain
characterized by actors and use cases.
4
User Interface
• Are very important: they can make or break
system use and benefit realisation.
• Needs to carefully fit the usage context.
• Need to be designed carefully - small details
multiply difficulties with usage.
• Need to account for the different kinds of users
with different skills and capabilities.
• Very difficult to design without feedback generally must be tested with users.
5
Systems Interface(s)
• May need interfaces for non-human actors, i.e.
other systems
• Not commonly used for administrative systems
• More common for monitoring & control systems
– direct sensors in the environment - e.g. temperature
– direct intervention, e.g. motors, switches
– may also input or output from other computer systems
• Need to design and make sure that these
technical connections can be realised
6
Tailor Usability to Context
• Usage is relative to usage context
Usage context
Desired
properties
Technology
 Routine tasks
 Fixed, wellstructured tasks
 Efficient
 Reliable
 Activation of functions
 Fixed defined dialogue
 Menu and command
driven manipulation
 Non-routine
tasks
 Varying problem
solving tasks
 Flexible to use
 Easy to learn
new functions
 Manipulation of objects
 Loosely defined dialogue
 Direct manipulation
7
Study the Usage Context
• Study both human actors and use cases
– Does the individual user solve several tasks in
parallel?
– Does the user move physically while working?
– Is the work often interrupted?
– Are certain use cases significantly different from the
typical use cases?
– Do certain work tasks require a quick response from
the computerized system?
– How is it ensured that the users notice when the
computerized system performs a signal function?
8
Explore User-Interface
Patterns
• A user interface usually mixes several
patterns or styles
• Four main patterns/styles
– menu
– form filling
– command language
– direct manipulation
• (also natural language)
9
Menu Selection
• Advantages
– Shortens learning
– Reduces key-strokes
– Structures decision
making
– Allows easy support of
error handling
– High level tools allow
for easy programming
• Disadvantages
– Risk of too many
menus
– Slows the frequent
user down
– Consumes screen
space
– Requires rapid display
rate
10
Form Filling
• Advantages
– Simplified data entry
– Requires modest
training
– Makes assistance
convenient
– High level tools allow
for easy programming
• Disadvantages
– Consumes screen
space
11
Command Language
• Advantages Flexible
– Appeals to “power”
users
– Supports user initiative
– Convenient for
creating user-defined
macros
• Disadvantages
– Poor error handling
– Requires extensive
training
12
Direct Manipulation
• Advantages
– Immediately visible
result of interaction
– Useful for both casual
and frequent users
– Can be extremely
efficient
• Disadvantages
– Effort required to
develop
– Difficult to invent
meaningful icons,
symbols, etc., unless
can rely on standard
objects
13
Query Database dan Pencarian Kata dalam
Dokumen Tekstual
• Query database relasional dengan SQL
– Pemakai menulis query yang mencocokkan nilai atribut.
• SELECT NAMA, IPK FROM MAHASISWA
WHERE KOTA = ‘JAKARTA BARAT’
AND IPK > 3.9
ORDER BY NAMA
– Powerful tetapi membutuhkan pelatihan.
– Alternatif:
• Query-by-example
• Form-fillin queries
• Textual searches
• Natural-language queries
14
Query Database dan Pencarian Kata
(Lanj.)
• Desain yang lebih baik dan konsistensi antara sistem yang berbeda dapat
menghasilkan:
– Kinerja yang lebih cepat.
– Pengurangan asumsi keliru.
– Peningkatan keberhasilan dalam menemukan informasi yang relevan.
• Cara pencarian tekstual yang biasa digunakan:
– Pencarian string eksak.
– Pencarian probabilistik.
– Pencarian probabilistik dengan bobot kedekatan kata.
– Pencarian boolean (and, or, not).
• Kerangka kerja untuk mengoordinasikan perancangan antarmuka pencarian
tekstual:
– Formulasi: mengekspresikan pencarian.
• Sumber yang tepat.
• Field untuk membatasi sumber.
• Mengenali frase.
• Membolekan varian: case sensitivity, stemming, partial matches,
phonetic variations, abbreviations, sinonim dari thesaurus.
15
Query Database dan Pencarian Kata (Lanj.)
– Inisiasi aksi: melaksanakan pencarian.
• Aksi eksplisit: Tombol yang konsisten.
• Aksi implisit: Perubahan parameter.
– Memeriksa hasil:membaca pesan dan keluaran.
• Membaca pesan penjelasan.
• Melihat daftar tekstual.
• Memanipulasi visualisasi.
• Mengendalikan ukuran himpunan hasil dan apa yang ditampilkan.
• Mengubah urutan.
• Menjelajah pengelompokan (clustering).
– Memperbaiki: formulasi langkah berikutnya.
• Menggunakan pesan yang berarti untuk memandu dalam perbaikan
pencarian.
• Memudahkan perubahan parameter pencarian.
• Memungkinkan hasil pencarian disimpan.
16
Query Database dan Pencarian Kata (Lanj.)
THOMAS System dari Library of Congress
17
Pembuatan Entity Relationship
Diagram
Customer
1
1..*
Order Header
1
1..*
Order Detail
1..*
Product
1
18
Pembuatan Entity
Relationship Diagram
19