AP United States History - Terms and People – Unit 7, Chapter 20 (12th Ed.)
HONOR PLEDGE: I strive to uphold the vision of the North Penn School District, which is to inspire each student to reach his or her highest potential
and become a responsible citizen. Therefore, on my honor, I pledge that I have neither given nor received unauthorized assistance on this work.
Girding for War: The North and the South, 1861 - 1865
Before studying Chapter 20, read over these “Themes”:
Theme: The North effectively brought to bear its long-term advantages of industrial might and human resources to wage
a devastating total war against the South. The war helped organize and modernize northern society, while the South,
despite heroic efforts, was economically and socially crushed.
Theme: Lincolns skillful political leadership helped keep the crucial Border States in the Union and maintain northern
morale, while his effective diplomacy kept Britain and France from aiding the Confederacy.
After studying Chapter 20 in your textbook, you should be able to:
1. Explain how the firing on Fort Sumter and Lincoln’s call for troops galvanized both sides for war.
2. Describe the crucial early struggle for the Border States.
3. Indicate the strengths and weaknesses of both the North and the South at the start of the war.
4. Describe the diplomatic struggle for the sympathies of the European powers.
5. Compare Lincoln’s and Davis’s political leadership during the war.
6. Describe the curtailment of civil liberties and the mobilization of military manpower during the war.
7. Analyze the economic and social consequences of the war for both sides.
Know the following people and terms. Consider the historical significance of each term or person.
Also note the dates of the event if that is pertinent.
A. People
Napoleon III
Maximilian
Charles Francis Adams
Clara Barton
William H. Seward
Edwin M. Stanton
+Abraham Lincoln
Jefferson Davis
B. Terms:
Alabama
Morrill Tariff Act
Trent Affair
National Banking Act
Laird rams
King Cotton
draft riots
martial law
habeas corpus
Border States
greenback
C. Messages from the past: "S.S. Baltic. Off Sandy Hook Apr. Eighteenth. ten thirty a.m. Via New York. . Hon.s.
Cameron. Secy. War. Washn. Having defended Fort Sumter for thirty four hours until the quarters were entirely burned the main
gates destroyed by fire. The gorge walls seriously injured. The magazine surrounded by flames and its door closed from the effects
of heat. Four barrels and three cartridges of powder only being available and no provisions remaining but pork. I accepted terms of
evacuation offered by General Beauregard being on same offered by him on the eleventh inst. Prior to the commencement of
hostilities and marched our of the Fort Sunday afternoon the fourteenth inst. With colors flying and drums beating. Bringing away
company and private property and saluting my flag with fifty guns. Robert Anderson. Major first Artillery. Commanding."
*Telegram announcing the surrender of Fort Sumter, April 13, 1861
+=One of the 100 Most Influential Americans of All Time, as ranked by The Atlantic. Go to Webpage to see all 100.
AP United States History - Terms and People – Unit 7, Chapter 20 (12th Ed.)
HONOR PLEDGE: I strive to uphold the vision of the North Penn School District, which is to inspire each student to reach his or her highest potential
and become a responsible citizen. Therefore, on my honor, I pledge that I have neither given nor received unauthorized assistance on this work.
D. Sample Essays: Using what you have previously learned and what you learned by reading
Chapter 20, you should be able to answer an essay such as this one:
1. What is a “rebel”? Who were the “rebels” of the American Civil War?
2. Explain what the North had to do to “win” the war as compared to what the South had to do.
E. Voices from the past:
In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous question of civil war.
The Government will not assail you. You have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressors. You have no oath
registered in heaven to destroy the Government, while I shall have the most solemn one to “preserve, protect, and
defend” it.
I am loath to close. We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies. Though passion may have
strained, it must not break our bonds of affection. The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield and
patriot grave to every living heart and hearthstone all over this broad land, will not swell the chorus of the Union when
again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature.
From Abraham Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1861
Looking forward to the speedy establishment of a permanent government to take the place of this, and which, by its
greater moral and physical power, will be better able to combat with the many difficulties which arise from the
conflicting interests of separate nations, I enter upon the duties of the office, to which I have been chosen, with the hope
that the beginning of our career, as a Confederacy, may not be obstructed by hostile opposition to our enjoyment of the
separate existence and independence which we have asserted, and, with the blessing of Providence, intend to maintain.
Our present condition, achieved in a manner unprecedented in the history of nations, illustrates the American idea that
governments rest upon the consent of the governed, and that it is the right of the people to alter or abolish governments
whenever they become destructive of the ends for which they were established.
The declared purpose of the compact of union from which we have withdrawn, was "to establish justice, insure
domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare;" and when in the judgment of the
sovereign States now composing this Confederacy, it had been perverted from the purposes for which it was ordained,
and had ceased to answer the ends for which it was established, a peaceful appeal to the ballot-box, declared that so far
as they were concerned, the government created by that compact should cease to exist. In this they merely asserted a
right which the Declaration of Independence of 1776 had defined to be inalienable. Of the time and occasion for its
exercise, they as sovereigns, were the final judges, each for itself. The impartial and enlightened verdict of mankind will
vindicate the rectitude of our conduct, and he, who knows the hearts of men, will judge of the sincerity with which we
labored to preserve the government of our fathers in it spirit. The right solemnly proclaimed at the birth of the States and
which has been affirmed and re-affirmed in the bills of rights of States subsequently admitted into the Union of 1789,
undeniably recognizes in the people the power to resume the authority delegated for the purposes of government. Thus
the sovereign States, here represented, proceeded to form this Confederacy, and it is by abuse of language that their act
has been denominated a revolution. They formed a new alliance, but within each State its government has remained, and
the rights of person and property have not been disturbed. The agent, through whom they communicated with foreign
nations, is changed; but this does not necessarily interrupt their international relations.
From Jefferson Davis’ First Inaugural Address, February 18, 1861
F. Reading a Graph:
Using these graphs,
explain:
Resources of the North and South - 1860
Population
Total = 31.5 million
Railroad Mileage
Total = 31,000 miles
Value of
Manufacturing
Total = 1.9 billion
Value of
Exports
Total = 316 million
1. What advantages
did the North have
over the South?
2 What advantage
did the South have
over the North?
3. How did the South
hope to use that
advantage?