Ecology Chapter 3 & 4
Name:
Biology 5.0
Date:
Period:
Chapter 3: Biosphere
3-1 What is ecology?
• Ecology: the study of
•
Interdependence:
Levels of Organization
1. Biosphere: largest level, our ________________, portions of planet where ____________ exists (land,
H2O, air) - _________ above to _________ below
2. Biome: group of ecosystems that share _______________ _______________ (temp. and rainfall)
3. Ecosystem: collection of all
in a particular place together with the
environment.
4. Community: groups of
populations that live together in a
area
species that live in
area.
5. Population: groups of individuals of the
6. Species: group of organisms that can
Biotic and Abiotic Factors
 Biotic –
and produce fertile
.
part of the environment
o Examples: Plants, Animals, Mold, Fungi, Bacteria, Protist

Abiotic –
part of the environment
o Examples: Sunlight, heat, soil, wind, water, temperature

Environment or Habitat – all conditions or factors
includes both
and
an organism;
factors.
3-2 Energy Flow
• At the core of every organism’s interaction with the environment is its need for
to
power life’s processes
Producers (_________________________)

Use solar or chemical
into complex organic molecules
o Plants
to produce
by assembling inorganic compounds
o Some _____________________
o Some _____________________
•
•
Photosynthesis: captures
energy and converts it to
energy
Chemosynthesis –
energy used to produce carbohydrates
• Example: bacteria in harsh environments such as deep sea volcanic vents or hot springs
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Consumers (_________________________)
•
Can’t trap energy directly; must acquire it from other ____________

Herbivores – eat

Carnivores – eat other

Omnivores – eat both
and

Scavengers – consume
of other animals

Decomposers – break down
leaves, roots,
or
matter – produces detritus (small pieces of dead
and decaying plant and animal remains)

Detritivores – feed on
3-3 Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Feeding Relationships
______________  ______________  ______________

Food Chain – energy

Food Web – relationship more complex than a chain
by
passed on when organisms eat and are eaten
Trophic Levels: each step in a food chain/web
•
Ex:
then
Ecological Pyramids – shows relative amount of
Biomass – total amount of living
at each trophic level
within a trophic level
3-3 BioGeoChemical Cycles
*Recycle Matter*
Photosynthesis –
CO2 from atmosphere; happens in the
6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2
Respiration –
CO2 to atmosphere; happens in the
C6H12O6 + O2  H2O + CO2
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Carbon Cycle
1. Volcanoes, respiration, fossil fuels, and decomposition
add ______________ to atmosphere.

Organic carbon is locked deep beneath the Earth’s
_____________ – high pressure converts layers of
sediment (dead organisms and waste) to carbon-rich
______________________.

Fossil fuels are extracted and processed to make
_______________ and __________ –burning fossil
fuels release _____________
2. Plants take CO2 and make ____________________
3. Plants are eaten by animals, carbohydrates are passed through the _____________________________
4. As the animal breathes and eventually dies and _______________, CO2 is returned to the ______________
Water Cycle
1. How does water enter the atmosphere?

__________________________ - water changes from a
___________ to a __________________

__________________________ - evaporation through
_____________________
2. As water rises, it cools and _________________ into
tiny droplets that form _______________
3. Droplets return to the earth as __________________
4. Water __________ the rivers, ground water, ocean or
plant roots to _______________ the cycle.
Nitrogen Cycle
1. Nitrogen gas makes up ___________ of atmosphere
2. ____________________________ - bacteria take
nitrogen gases and turn it into ___________________,
nitrite, and nitrate.
3. Plants and animals use _____________ to make
_______________ acids.
4. Animal dies and decomposes returning nitrates to the
________________.
5. _________________________ - other bacteria convert
nitrates into nitrogen _____________.
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Phosphorus (as phosphate) Cycle
•
Phosphate – parts of ____________/____________
•
Found in ____________that are worn down
•
Washes into rivers/streams/oceans for __________________
organisms
•
Taken in by _____________ and turned into organic
compounds
Nutrient Limitation
•
Primary Productivity – the rate at which _________________molecules are created by _________________
•
If nutrients are in short supply, they are called _________________ _________________
Ex: Nitrogen is often limiting in water; if there is suddenly as input of N (fertilizer runoff), organisms can
grow rapidly (Algal Bloom)
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Chapter 4: Ecosystems and Communities
4-1 The Role of Climate
• Climate:
-term, over entire
o Weather:
•
area
-term,
Greenhouse Effect
•
CO2, H2O, CH4 all trap
•
Keeps the
and hold it next to the
suitable for
The Effect of Latitude on Climate
•
Earth has 3 climate zones due to unequal heating because of the angle of the sun
– ___________________________
– ___________________________
– ___________________________
Heat Transport
•
Ocean and wind _____________ help produce Earth’s climates
•
They are affected by _____________ and Earth’s ____________
4-2 Niches and Community Interactions
The Niche
o _____________ and _____________ something lives; the way the species obtains what it needs to
_________________ and _________________.

Habitat is the general place where an organism live (

Niche is the organism’s how it interacts with biotic and abiotic factors (
)
)
Community Interactions
1. Competition
•
Organisms compete for
.
Examples: ____________________________________________________
•
Competitive Exclusion Principle – no 2 organisms occupy the
habitat at exactly the
niche in exactly the
time.
2. Predation
•
One organism (___________) captures and feeds on another (_____).
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3. Symbiosis
•
Mutualism – both species
Examples:
•
Commensalism – one
, the other is not
nor
Examples:
•
Parasitism – one
, other is
Examples:
4.3 Ecological Succession
Ecological Succession - change in an
1. ____________________ Succession – no remnants of an older community (volcanic eruption or bare rock)

1st to colonize barren areas are called

Examples:
-composite, symbiotic organisms
2. ____________________ Succession – disturbance affects the community - soil exists (wild fires, clear
cutting, plowed for farming)
3. Climax Community – fairly
, dominant community established after
4-4 Land Biomes
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