Unit 6: Cold War to the Present
(Vietnam – Iraq)
K. Vietnam: Vietnam is part of a former _________ colony that in
1954 was divided into ________ and _______ Vietnam. North
Vietnam was run by a _______________ government headed by
________________. South Vietnam was run by a
______________ government headed __________________. The
government of South Vietnam was __________ and often
repressive. However, the U.S. _____________ the government
because it was _________________, in fear that if South Vietnam
fell to the communists, all of Southeast Asia might __________.
Throughout the early ________, communist-backed gorilla forces
known as ______________ fought against the South Vietnamese
government. The U.S. sent aid and support to the government. By
the summer of 1964, the U.S. had begun limited ___________ of
positions held by the Vietcong and supported limited
____________ raids on North Vietnam’s coast.
1.
In August, 1964, President _____________ reported that
the North Vietnamese had attacked two American ships
in the Gulf of _____________. At the President’s
request, Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin
________________, which allowed the President to carry
out a _________ against the Vietcong and North
Vietnam.
2.
Johnson quickly began bombing ___________ bases in
North Vietnam. In February 1965, after the Vietcong
attacked an American ____________ in South Vietnam,
Johnson ordered an ___________, or military expansion,
of the war. In April 1965 he began sending U.S.
____________to fight against the Vietcong.
3.
American troops encountered _____________ in fighting
the communist ___________. Vietcong guerrillas used
____________________ tactics and booby traps. They
launched small-scale attacks and then disappeared into
the _____________ or friendly villages. To counter such
tactics, American troops adopted a __________________
strategy. The troops destroyed jungles and villages in an
attempt to force the Vietcong out into ________ combat.
4.
The U.S. continued pouring troops into Vietnam. During
the height of the conflict, more than ___________
American soldiers were serving in the country. Despite
the growing influx of U.S. troops and massive bombing
of his country, ______________ vowed to keep fighting,
believing that his forces would ___________ the U.S. in
a war. Once the U.S. had escalated the fighting, there
seemed to be no way of leaving without damaging its
international _____________. Between 1965 and 1967,
American officials estimated that some _________
attempts were made to open direct _______________, all
unsuccessful.
5.
By the end of 1967, U.S. military leaders assured the
country that the ________ of the war was in sight.
6.
January 30, 1968, marked a ______________ point of
the war. That day, the Vietcong launched ___________
attacks on numerous towns and bases in South Korea.
Occurring on ________, the Vietnamese lunar
______________, these attacks became known as the
______________________. These attacks were quickly
repelled. However, the American people were shocked
that an enemy was supposedly near ___________ could
launch such a large-scale attack. After Tet, many citizens
began to believe that the U.S. could not ______ the war.
7.
In March, 1968, President Johnson announced that he
would __________ nearly all bombing of North Vietnam
and try to begin negotiations. These peace negotiations
proved fruitless, however, and the fighting
____________.
8.
Gradually, as the U.S. moved ___________ into the
Vietnam War, opposition grew. Americans divided into
two groups. Those who supported the war were called
“_____________;” those who opposed the war were
called “____________.”
a. Many of those who opposed the war were ____________.
The antiwar movement centered on _______________
campuses.
b. Many students protested the ____________ calling the
system ____________ because it offered a deferment to
college students, which meant that a person who could not
____________ a higher education was more likely to be
drafted. Many people protested the fact that
____________Americans made up a disproportionately
large number of American soldiers fighting overseas.
c. Some protests turned ___________. During a 1970 protest
at ________________________ in Ohio, four students were
_____________ when the Ohio National Guard fired on
demonstrators. Two more students were killed by state
police at ________________ University in Mississippi.
9.
During this tumultuous period in the U.S., some young
people rebelled against established ____________ and
searched for a new set of ___________. These people
made up what was known as the ______________
because their values and practices conflicted with those
of established society. On the other side, a large number
of ________________ Americans were angered by riots,
protests, and a war that seemed to be going nowhere.
The deep ____________ these Americans felt against the
protesters soon developed into a backlash against the
______________ movement.
10.
By 1968, American ____________ had reached a turning
point. As a result of the __________ Offensive and the
continuing ____________, polls showed that the majority
of Americans had turned against the President’s
________________ of the war.
a. The ______________ party also became
_________. Senators Eugene McCarthy and Robert
Kennedy, both of whom _____________ the war,
announced they would challenge Johnson for the
________________ nomination. In March 1968,
Johnson stunned the nation by announcing that he
would ___________ run for reelection. Hubert
Humphrey, Johnson’s Vice-President, became the
______________ candidate. As the election
progressed, however, it appeared that
______________ would gain the Democratic
nomination. Then, Kennedy was _____________ in
June 1968. In August, the Democrats nominated
_________________ for President.
b. Meanwhile, the _______________ chose Richard
Nixon as their candidate. During the campaign,
Nixon promised to bring __________ to the nation
and end the ________ in Vietnam. Nixon ______ a
close victory and thus became President.
11.
To help him handle foreign policy matters, Nixon
appointed ___________________, a brilliant political
scientist, as his national security adviser and later his
secretary of state. Wanting to be remembered as a
___________________, Nixon proclaimed a policy of
____________, or ________________ of tensions
between the United States and the communist block. He
also visited ____________ and began arms limitation
talks with the Soviets that led to agreements by both
sides to ban ____________ warfare and limit the growth
of nuclear weapons. Nixon also worked to improve
relations with _____________, lifting trade and travel
restrictions, and in February 1972, he visited the country.
12.
Despite a campaign promise to end the war in Vietnam,
Nixon moved ___________. He did not want to
________________ U.S. troops without a peace
agreement and thus become the nation’s first President to
____________ a war. In June 1971, the New York Times
published a secret defense department study known as
the _______________________, which indicated that the
nation’s various administrations had ___________
Congress and the _______________ about the war in
Vietnam. The documents angered many Americans and
increased protests against the war.
13.
To quiet opposition to the war, Nixon announced a policy
of “___________________.” The policy consisted of
withdrawing U.S. troops and replacing them with South
Vietnamese _____________. Nixon hoped that
Vietnamization, combined with ____________ bombing
of North Vietnam, would allow the U.S. to withdraw
from the war “____________________.”
14.
In January 1973, the warring sides signed a
_________________ agreement ending the military
presence of the United States in Vietnam. The war,
however, continued. In 1975, Congress refused President
__________ request for funds to aid South Vietnam in its
continuing war. In January 1975, North Vietnam
launched a _________ offensive against the South. In a
few months, the communists conquered South Vietnam
and ____________ the country under ____________
rule.
15.
Vietnam Myths & Facts:
a.
Myth: The U.S. soldiers were very __________
and __________ educated.
Fact: The average age was _______, and _______
of our troops were high school graduates.
a.
Myth: The soldiers were mostly poor and from
_______________.
Fact: While ________ of the 58,000 killed came
from the lowest third in income, _______ came
from the highest third; _________ were black.
b.
Myth: Many were jailed for _______________
during the Vietnam war.
Fact: Though ___________ did dodge the draft,
only ____________ were convicted.
L. Latin America-Shortly after taking office, ___________
implemented a program of ________ to Latin America called the
___________________________. Its purpose was to develop
long-term _____________ growth among Latin American nations
in order to _______________ communist revolutions.
M. The Middle East: When war broke out between __________ and
its ___________ neighbors, the U.S. supported __________. The
Soviet Union backed and armed the __________ states. Israel
quickly _________ the Arab-Israeli War of 1967.
1.
In 1973, during the Jewish holiday of _______________,
____________ and _____________ forces launched a
surprise attack against ____________ in an attempt to
regain land lost to Israel during a previous conflict. The
U.S. supported Israel, while the Soviet Union aided the
Arab states. The two _______________, however, also
worked to___________ the conflict. The combatants
eventually agreed to a cease-fire.
2.
After the war, Secretary of State ___________________
worked with Israel and Egypt to reduce tensions in the
_________________. He engaged in
_____________________-flying back and forth between
the capitals of the two nations in an attempt to produce a
lasting ____________. Kissinger’s efforts resulted in
_________________ relations between Egypt and Israel.
3.
On the world stage, President __________________
attempted to promote a foreign policy based on
____________ and ___________ rather than
__________ or _______________ considerations.
(When the Soviet Union invaded _______________ in
1979, Carter imposed a grain _____________ on the
Soviets and kept the United States out of the 1980
____________________ in Moscow.) Carter’s greatest
foreign policy ________________ and his greatest
_____________ involved the Middle East.
a.
c.
Carter helped to broker __________ between longtime enemies Egypt and Israel. The two sides
signed a peace agreement known as the
________________________________in 1979.
The Iranian _____________ crisis-Also in 1979,
an Islamic revolution toppled the _____________
in Iran. A group of rebels, angry over U.S. ties
with the former rulers, seized the American
______________ in November 1979 and took
hostage more than _____ Americans. Throughout
1980, Carter worked to win the hostages’ release.
Negotiations failed, however, as did a military
_____________ in which eight Americans died in
a helicopter crash.
4.
Election of 1980-pitted Democrat Jimmy Carter against
Republican and former actor and governor
___________________________of California. Reagan
hammered at Carter’s lack of ________________ and of
his failure to obtain ____________ of the hostages sealed
his defeat. On Election Day, Reagan won handily. On
January 20, 1981, just after Reagan was sworn in, Iran
_____________ the American hostages after _______
days in captivity.
5.
Reagan adopted a “________________” attitude toward
the day-to-day operations of the presidency, giving more
________________ to his staff. This practice aided what
would become known as the _________________ affair,
a damaging scandal. In 1986, several of Reagan’s
national security advisors arranged to sell ____________
to Iranians in exchange for American ____________,
then secretly used the profits to support anti-Communist
rebels in __________________ in violation of a
congressional ban on such financing. Although
investigators cleared Reagan of responsibility for the
scheme, they faulted him for allowing aides to make
policy _____________ without his knowledge.
N. Improved Relations with the Soviet Union
1.
In 1983, President Reagan announced his
______________________________ (SDI), nicknamed
“_________________.” The project involved creating a
shield of new weapons designed to ______________ and
destroy _____________ missiles. In addition to Star
Wars, Reagan promoted a giant military _____________
costing about _____________. This increased the debt
and left less money for housing, education, and
environmental programs. Congress responded in 1985
by passing the ____________________________, which
put pressure on ________________ and the
_______________ to reduce the deficit and balance the
______________.
2.
Reagan’s desire for a strong defense was based on his
belief that the Soviet Union was still a __________ to the
United States. U.S.-Soviet relations improved, however,
when ______________________ became the new Soviet
premier. Gorbachev opened up Soviet society
(_____________) and instituted democratic reforms
(____________________).
3.
In 1986, Gorbachev and Reagan met to discuss reducing
their nuclear ______________. They eventually signed a
treaty calling for the removal of all _______________range nuclear weapons from ____________. The cold
war was slowly coming to an _______.
4.
After winning the election of 1988, President
_____________________________was confronted with
a tidal wave of change around the ________.
Gorbachev’s new reform policies in the Soviet Union
created even greater ____________ for freedom and
independence in ____________ Europe. In 1989, several
Eastern European nations overthrew their
____________rulers and forced ______________
elections.
5.
____________ for democracy then erupted in the
__________________itself. A failed coup left the power
to govern in the hands of _________________, president
of the ___________ Republic, and ______________
resigned as Soviet president. By December 1991, the
Soviet Union _____________ to exist. In its place was a
loose federation of self-governing nations made up of
former Soviet ____________, including Russia, known
as the ____________________________________
(CIS).
6.
All the former Soviet and communist block states forced
serious ______________ troubles as they attempted to
convert state-run economies to _____________ systems.
Shortages of essential ____________ such as food, fuel,
medicine, and housing created severe ____________ for
large numbers of people. Ethnic _____________ flared
in the newly independent nations, __________________
their transition to self-government.
7.
On January 1, 2000, ______________________ was
inaugurated as the new president of Russia, succeeding
Boris Yeltsin. While Russia is now an ________ of the
United States, there are still areas of major
________________. In December of 2001, U.S.
President _____________________ announced that the
United States will withdraw from the 1972 Antiballistic
Missile Treaty mid-2002 in order to build up defensive
weapons. Russia ______________ that this is the right
thing to do.
O.
The Persian Gulf War-In August 1990, Iraqi President
___________________troops seized control of ____________,
Iraq’s oil-rich neighbor. Following the invasion, Iraq
controlled _____ percent of the ____________ oil reserves.
President Bush, with _______________ from more than ____
other nations, assembled a U.S.-led military _____________
that drove ___________ forces out of Kuwait. Saddam
Hussein, however, remained a __________ to the region’s
__________ and _____________. Observers feared that Iraq
was working to develop __________, biological, and
__________ weapons. The ___________ Gulf War caused
Americans to rethink the military role of the nation. Some
leaders called for scaling down U.S. military __________,
arguing that the real source of power in the
“______________________” would be economic. Other
experts warned that the U.S. must ______________ a strong
military to guard against several remaining ____________ and
potentially _____________ nations. Recently, it is feared that
Iraq is involved in sponsoring _______________ around the
world, thus, some speculate that there will be more
____________ between Iraq and the United States, among
other nations of the west.
P.
Other ethnic conflicts-Despite the decline of ______________,
wars arising from ethnic hatreds, political _______________,
and ___________ plagued nearly every world region
throughout the _______.
a. The first __________ to confront the administration
of President _______________ was civil war in the
East African nation of _____________. When
Clinton took office, thousands of U.S. troops already
were in Somalia protecting deliveries of _________
to those left starving by the _______. As the U.S.
troops became more ___________ in the conflict,
President Clinton pulled them out in 1995 rather
than risk American ___________.
8.
The U.S. and its allies also confronted violence in
Europe’s __________ region. In 1991, the multinational
state of ________________ disintegrated as several of
the country’s ethnic groups broke away and claimed
__________________. Ethnic __________ and renewed
feelings of ______________ after decades of
_____________ rule fueled the wars in the Balkan
region.
a. ______________, the region’s largest ___________,
fought against Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, and
Macedonian _________________, and the region
descended into years of war. As reports of Serb
_____________ against various ethnic groups
mounted, _______________ nations took action.
b. The U.S. and its NATO allies bombed __________
military sites in the __________ NATO military
offensive ever. In 1995, the warring sides agreed to
a cease-fire and signed an agreement known as the
___________ peace accords.
c. In 1999, violence flared up again in the Balkans, as
___________, a province of Serbia, sought its
independence. To put down the rebellion, Serbs
marched into Kosovo, where again reports surfaced
of atrocities against ethnic _______________. Serb
forces rounded up and ___________ more than
8,000 ______________ men and boys. After
diplomatic relations failed, NATO launched ______
strikes against Serbia, which eventually agreed to
remove its forces and permit __________ troops to
restore order in Kosovo.
d. Serbian President ____________________ was
forced from ____________ in 2000 and was deemed
a war criminal by Western leaders and the
international war crimes tribunal in The ________,
the Netherlands. Prosecutors say Milosevic held
ultimate responsibility for at least ________ ethnic
Albanians and the eviction of ___________ civilians
from their homes.
9.
The United States played the role of peacemaker in
____________________. For many years, sectarian
violence between the _______________ majority and
_____________________ minority had torn Northern
Ireland apart. Roman Catholics wanted to ___________
with the predominantly Catholic ___________________.
Protestants insisted that Northern Ireland remain part of
_______________. In 1997, the U.S. persuaded both
sides to ____________and accept a cease-fire. A year
later, Catholics and Protestants agreed to a __________
plan.
10.
The U.S. also worked to end years of fighting between
____________ and ______________, an Arab people
living under _____________ rule. Under a peace
agreement reached in _________, Israel agreed to
_______________ Palestinian self-rule and the removal
of Israeli forces from other Palestinian areas.
Implementation of the plan, however, went slowly. In
1998, with ____________ help, both sides signed the
_______ River Memorandum, which detailed the steps
needed to implement the peace agreement.
Unfortunately, a new round of ____________ developed
in 2000 and the two sides have never been more
__________.
Q. Conflict with China-In April of 2001, China held _____ Americans
for a short period of time after a mid-air collision between a U.S.
__________ jet and a Chinese jet. The Chinese jet crashed killing
the __________ and the Americans made an emergency landing on
___________ soil. Although the Chinese __________ the U.S. for
the collision, the U.S. government has strongly rejected
______________ for the incident. President George W. Bush has
been given credit for ____________ leadership in the quick release
of the Americans. Bush also pledged military aid for _________
in the event of _____________ force from China. Many suggest
the _____________ continues between the U.S. and China.
R.
As 2000 began the ___________________ was directing
peacekeeping operations in ____ countries from __________ to
the ________________ to ___________, at an estimated cost of
around _________ million. Why is the United States, more
than other countries, playing the role of ______________
around the world? The U.S. is widely seen as the only
remaining ________________, and as such, has the _________
and ________________ needed to negotiate peace agreements.
S.
America’s War on Terror; 9-11-2001
On the beautiful morning of September 11, 2001, ___ planes
left ____ major airports to begin what would be the
______________single day in ___________ American history.
At 7:59 a.m., American Airlines _____________ with 92
people left __________ Logan Airport for Los Angeles; at 8:01
a.m., United ___________ with 45 people left __________
Airport for San Francisco; at 8:10 a.m., American ___________
with 64 people left _______________ Dulles Airport for Los
Angeles; and, at 8:14 a.m., United _____________ with 65
people left __________ for L.A. The next day, Attorney
General John ____________ would say the planes “were
_____________ by between three and six individuals per plane,
using ____________ and box cutters, and in some cases
making bomb _________.” He also says a number of suspected
hijackers were trained as pilots in the ___________________.
1.
8:48 a.m.-Hijacked American Airlines Flight 11 crashed
into the north tower of the World Trade Center.
2.
9:06 a.m.-Hijacked United Airlines Flight 175 crashed
into the south tower of the World Trade Center. Soon,
the Federal Aviation Administration would shut down all
New York City-area airports. The Port Authority of New
York and New Jersey ordered all bridges and tunnels into
Manhattan closed. The American Stock Exchange, the
Nasdaq, and the New York Stock Exchange will close.
3.
9:31 a.m.-President George W. Bush, speaking to
elementary school children in Sarasota, Florida, is
informed of the tragedy and says the country has suffered
an “apparent terrorist attack.”
4.
9:43 a.m.-Hijacked American Airlines Flight 77 crashed
into the Pentagon; the U.S. Capitol and White House’s
West Wing were evacuated. Eventually, all federal
office buildings in Washington, D.C. would be
evacuated. The FAA halts all flight operations at U.S.
airports, the first time in U.S. history that national air
traffic has been halted. All inbound transatlantic aircraft
flying into the U.S. are being diverted to Canada.
5.
9:55 a.m.-The south tower of the World Trade Center
collapses. Soon after, President Bush departs from
Florida.
6.
10:10 a.m.-A portion of the Pentagon collapses. At the
same time, Hijacked United Airlines Flight 93 crashes in
a field in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, brought down
by passengers who attempted to thwart the plans of the
hijackers. Later, officials say this plane could have been
headed for three possible targets: Camp David, the
White House, or the U.S. Capitol Building.
7.
10:29 a.m.-The north tower of the World Trade Center
collapses.
8.
10:57 a.m.-New York governor, George Pataki,
announces that all state government offices are closed.
9.
11:02 a.m.-New York City mayor, Rudolph “Rudy”
Giuliani, urges New Yorkers to stay at home and orders
an evacuation of the area south of Canal Street. Later in
the day, Guiliani will urge New Yorkers to stay home
Wednesday.
10.
12:15 p.m.-The Immigration and Naturalization Service
says U.S. borders with Canada and Mexico are on the
highest state of alert.
11.
1:04 p.m.-From Barksdale Air Force Base in Louisiana,
President Bush announces U.S. military is on high alert
worldwide, saying that all appropriate security measures
are being taken. He asks for prayers for those killed or
wounded in the attacks and says, “Make no mistake, the
United States will hunt down and punish those
responsible for these cowardly acts.” The president later
leaves for the U.S. Strategic Command at Offutt Air
Force Base in Nebraska. In ½ hours, he will leave to
return to Washington, D.C. Air Force One is traveling
with a three-fighter jet escort.
12.
2:49 a.m.-At a news conference, Mayor Giuliani says that
subway and bus service are partially restored in NYC.
Asked about the number of people killed, the mayor says,
“I don’t want to speculate about that—more than any of
us can bear.” For his handling of this crisis, Guiliani will
be awarded “Person of the Year” by Time magazine.
13.
4:10 p.m.-Building 7 of the WTC complex is reported on
fire.
14.
5:25 p.m.-The 47-story Building 7 of the WTC complex
collapses.
15.
6:54 p.m.-President Bush arrives back at the White
House.
16.
7:45 p.m.-The New York Police Department says that at
least 78 officers are missing. The city also says that as
many as half of the first 400 firefighters on the scene
were killed.
17.
8:30 p.m.-President Bush addresses the nation, saying
“thousands of lives were suddenly ended by evil” and
asks for prayers for the families and friends of Tuesday’s
victims. “These acts shattered steel, but they cannot dent
the steel of American resolve,” he says. The president
says the U.S. government will make no distinction
between the terrorists who committed the acts and those
who harbor them. He adds that government offices will
reopen Wednesday.
18.
September 12, 2001:
a.
9 survivors (3 policemen and 6 firefighters) are
found amidst the rubble of the WTC.
b.
Mayor Giuliani warns the death toll will be in the
thousands.
c.
President Bush labels the attacks “acts of war”
and asks Congress to find $20 billion to help
rebuild and recover.
d.
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
decides that Tuesday’s terror strikes in the United
States constitute an attack against all 19
members, which commits them to respond
militarily if they deem force is necessary to
protect security.
e.
The United Nations pulls its staff out of
Afghanistan.
19.
September 13, 2001:
a.
Military recruiting skyrockets as patriotic
Americans prepare for battle.
b.
A “national day of unity and mourning” is
approved 100 to 0 by the Senate. The House
later approves the resolution 408 to 0.
c.
Secretary of Transportation, Norman Y. Mineta,
announces new security precautions which
airports and airlines will be required to
implement. Security is increased to its highest
level since the 1991 Gulf War.
d.
Bond trading and futures activity resume. Stock
markets remain closed for the longest stretch
since World War II.
e.
Defense Departments says about 190 people died
in the attack at the Pentagon, including 64 aboard
the hijacked plane.
f.
The New York mayor announces that 4,763
people are missing.
g.
Investigators find data recorder for United Flight
93 in Pennsylvania. Later, officials say they will
not release the audio or a transcript in order to
protect grieving families.
h.
i.
Secretary of State Colin Powell says Osama bin
Laden is the prime suspect.
White House Press Secretary Ari Fleischer cites
“real and credible information” that the plane
which slammed into the Pentagon was originally
intended to hit the White House.
20.
September 14, 2001:
a.
President Bush declares a National Day of Prayer
and Remembrance.
b.
U.S. airlines resume operations and face
difficulty with strict security rules, frightened
passengers, and rapidly mounting financial
problems.
c.
NFL, Collegiate, and high school football games,
as well as other major sports events, are canceled
in the U.S.
d.
Congress and White House officials give consent
to military action in response to Tuesday’s
terrorist attacks and provide $40 billion package
to aid retaliation and rebuilding, twice the
amount President Bush had requested.
e.
Americans of many faiths hold services and
vigils to honor the victims. Bush and other
dignitaries gather for service at National
Cathedral in Washington.
f.
Searchers find flight data and voice recorders of
hijacked plane that crashed into the Pentagon.
g.
Authorities make their first arrest in the
investigation: one of the men detained at New
York’s Kennedy Airport is arrested as a material
witness.
h.
President Bush arrives in New York City to see
the site of the former World Trade Center.
21.
September 15, 2001:
a.
President Bush meets with his national security
advisers at Camp David and afterward, for the
first time, singles out suspected terrorist Osama
b.
c.
d.
bin Laden as a “prime suspect” in Tuesday’s
attacks.
Coast Guard cutters patrol ports and waterways
at unprecedented levels from New York harbor to
San Diego.
F-15 Eagles and F-16 Fighting Falcons fly
combat patrols over Washington, New York, and
other major cities. The patrols over Washington
and New York will continue into 2002.
President Bush signs an order authorizing
Pentagon officials to call up 35,000 Reserves.
22.
September 16, 2001:
Funeral and memorial services begin for firefighters
and individuals who died in Tuesday’s attack.
23.
September 17, 2001:
a.
Wall Street reopens for the first time since the
previous week’s terrorist attacks.
b.
The Federal Reserve cuts interest rates by half a
percentage point.
24.
September 18, 2001:
a.
One week after the attack, the nation pauses at
8:45 A.M. EST for a moment of silence in honor
of the victims.
b.
Media reports that over 50 countries lost citizens
in the World Trade Center attack.
c.
Warplanes begin flying overseas from U.S. bases
as the Pentagon ordered dozens of fighters,
bombers, and other aircraft to the Persian Gulf,
Indian Ocean, and—in an unprecedented move—
the two former Soviet republics of Uzbekistan
and Tajikistan.
25.
September 19, 2001:
The USS Theodore Roosevelt aircraft carrier leaves from
the pier at Naval Station Norfolk headed to the
Mediterranean, then to the Persian Gulf.
26.
September 20, 2001:
President Bush gives a very successful address to
Congress and the nation outlining the goals in the new
war on terrorism. In a difficult time, Bush gave the
nation what it needed in a Commander in Chief—simple
in his speech, clear in is vision, and confident in his
ultimate success. The president has warned the nation to
be patient. Some officials are envisioning a war that
could last 50 years in order to build intelligence networks
to infiltrate and bust up terror cells worldwide. As a
model for fashioning a long-term game plan, Bush aides
examined old cold-war national-security documents, such
as NSC-68, a plan the Truman Administration drafted in
1950 to contain the Soviets.
27.
As of December 5, 2001, there were 6 U.S. military
fatalities in Operation Enduring Freedom; the number of
people missing or dead in the World Trade Center attacks
was listed at 3,047. By December 19, the number of
fatalities was revised to 2,992. 8 journalists were killed
covering the war in Afghanistan.
28.
In December, 2001, an American was taken into military
custody in Afghanistan after fighting with the Taliban
regime. John Walker-Lindh converted to Islam four
years earlier after reading The Autobiography of Malcolm
X, left the United States in 2000 to train at al-Qaeda
camps in Afghanistan, and had taken the name of
Sulayman Al-Lindh. Walker-Lindh was brought back in
January, 2002 to face trial in the United States, since he
was an American citizen.
29.
In an amateur videotape released by the Pentagon (Dec.
13, 2001-it had been found earlier in a house overtaken
by anti-Taliban forces), Osama bin Laden was shown
discussing the events leading up to September 11th,
saying the event “benefited Islam greatly.” In the tape,
bin Laden discussed some of the planning that led to the
attacks, and recalled tuning in to the radio to hear
American news broadcasts of the attack. “They were
overjoyed when the first plane hit the building,” he said
of others listening with him that day. “So I said to them:
Be patient. At the end of the newscast, they reported that
a plane just hit the World Trade Center.” Another man in
the tape said, “Allah be praised.” bin Laden recalled,
“After a little while, they announced that another plane
had hit the World Trade Center; the brothers who heard
the news were overjoyed by it.” References to jihad
(holy war) were made throughout the tape. bin Laden
made references to the planning: “We calculated in
advance the number of casualties who would be killed
based on the position of the tower. We calculated that
the floors that would be hit would be three or four. I was
the most optimistic of them all. Due to my experience in
this field, I was thinking that the fire from the gas in the
plane would melt the iron structure of the building and
collapse the area where the plane hit, and all the floors
above it only. This is all that we had hoped for,” as he
gestured with one hand horizontal striking his other hand,
held vertically, as if a plane hitting a building.
30.
The most viewed photo from the September, 2001
tragedy was of three New York City firefighters
displaying a U.S. flag amid the rubble of the World
Trade Center. George Johnson, Dan McWilliams and
Billy Eisengrein were the firefighters who were the
object of photographer Thomas Franklin of The Record
in Bergen County, New Jersey. The photo echoed the
famous World War II image of U.S. Marines raising the
U.S. flag atop Mount Suribachi on Iwo Jima. The photo
became a testament to America’s enduring resolve. In
January, 2002, a statue of the photo was unveiled,
creating controversy because instead of the 3 firefighters
being portrayed accurately, the images of the firefighters
included one white man, a Hispanic, and a Black
American.
31.
December 22, 2001-Richard C. Reid, believed to be
linked to al-Qaeda, is apprehended by other passengers
on a flight from Paris to Miami after he is spotted trying
to ignite explosives in his shoes.
32.
January, 2002-158 suspected terrorists, described as the
most hard-core al-Qaida terrorists and Taliban fighters,
are brought to Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Cuba to be
held in a makeshift detainment center at Camp X-Ray.
The United States was critized for holding prisoners of
war, but President Bush and Secretary of Defense Donald
Rumsfeld considers the captured fighters to be “unlawful
combatants” and “detainees” rather than “prisoners of
war,” since they do not represent a nation or foreign
government. A delegation of U.S. Congressmen toured
the detention facility and said conditions were very
humane.
33.
January 29, 2002-In his __________________________
address, President _________________ in a vital act of
world leadership declared a declaration against the
“___________________” referring to 3 nations where
there are weapons of _______ destruction in
_____________hands.
a.
Iraq-After the 1991 Persian Gulf War, dictator
Saddam Hussein was discovered to be only
____________ away from producing an
________ bomb and had already done tests on a
radiological “_____________.” His program
was closed, but “his pool of trained scientists
remained, and he might have a ___________
device within a few years.” When United
Nations weapons inspectors were banished, they
were convinced that Saddam had hidden an
arsenal of _________ nerve gas and “a whole
range of ____________ agents and toxins.”
b.
Iran-According to the Monterey Center for
Nonproliferation Studies, Iran, under the
leadership of ________________________, had
an arsenal of chemical weapons and, according to
the U.S. government, had been secretly
producing _____________ weapons. It is getting
______________ help on nuclear power and
assistance on missiles from Russia and
_________.
c.
North Korea-Caught in 1992 producing more
_____________ than it admitted to making,
North Korean president _____________ agreed
in 1994 to stop producing it in ____________ for
Western nations’ help with less-dangerous
nuclear ________________. But it blocked
implementation of the agreement. North Korea
has large stocks of _______weapons and a welldeveloped biological weapons program. It is also
developing a missile capable of reaching the
United States.
The three countries don’t constitute a cooperative
“________” as Germany, Italy, and Japan did in World
War II, but there is no question that they are “evil.”
They have a history of ____________ their own people.