Unit 6: Cold War to the Present (Vietnam – Iraq) K. Vietnam: Vietnam is part of a former _________ colony that in 1954 was divided into ________ and _______ Vietnam. North Vietnam was run by a _______________ government headed by ________________. South Vietnam was run by a ______________ government headed __________________. The government of South Vietnam was __________ and often repressive. However, the U.S. _____________ the government because it was _________________, in fear that if South Vietnam fell to the communists, all of Southeast Asia might __________. Throughout the early ________, communist-backed gorilla forces known as ______________ fought against the South Vietnamese government. The U.S. sent aid and support to the government. By the summer of 1964, the U.S. had begun limited ___________ of positions held by the Vietcong and supported limited ____________ raids on North Vietnam’s coast. 1. In August, 1964, President _____________ reported that the North Vietnamese had attacked two American ships in the Gulf of _____________. At the President’s request, Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin ________________, which allowed the President to carry out a _________ against the Vietcong and North Vietnam. 2. Johnson quickly began bombing ___________ bases in North Vietnam. In February 1965, after the Vietcong attacked an American ____________ in South Vietnam, Johnson ordered an ___________, or military expansion, of the war. In April 1965 he began sending U.S. ____________to fight against the Vietcong. 3. American troops encountered _____________ in fighting the communist ___________. Vietcong guerrillas used ____________________ tactics and booby traps. They launched small-scale attacks and then disappeared into the _____________ or friendly villages. To counter such tactics, American troops adopted a __________________ strategy. The troops destroyed jungles and villages in an attempt to force the Vietcong out into ________ combat. 4. The U.S. continued pouring troops into Vietnam. During the height of the conflict, more than ___________ American soldiers were serving in the country. Despite the growing influx of U.S. troops and massive bombing of his country, ______________ vowed to keep fighting, believing that his forces would ___________ the U.S. in a war. Once the U.S. had escalated the fighting, there seemed to be no way of leaving without damaging its international _____________. Between 1965 and 1967, American officials estimated that some _________ attempts were made to open direct _______________, all unsuccessful. 5. By the end of 1967, U.S. military leaders assured the country that the ________ of the war was in sight. 6. January 30, 1968, marked a ______________ point of the war. That day, the Vietcong launched ___________ attacks on numerous towns and bases in South Korea. Occurring on ________, the Vietnamese lunar ______________, these attacks became known as the ______________________. These attacks were quickly repelled. However, the American people were shocked that an enemy was supposedly near ___________ could launch such a large-scale attack. After Tet, many citizens began to believe that the U.S. could not ______ the war. 7. In March, 1968, President Johnson announced that he would __________ nearly all bombing of North Vietnam and try to begin negotiations. These peace negotiations proved fruitless, however, and the fighting ____________. 8. Gradually, as the U.S. moved ___________ into the Vietnam War, opposition grew. Americans divided into two groups. Those who supported the war were called “_____________;” those who opposed the war were called “____________.” a. Many of those who opposed the war were ____________. The antiwar movement centered on _______________ campuses. b. Many students protested the ____________ calling the system ____________ because it offered a deferment to college students, which meant that a person who could not ____________ a higher education was more likely to be drafted. Many people protested the fact that ____________Americans made up a disproportionately large number of American soldiers fighting overseas. c. Some protests turned ___________. During a 1970 protest at ________________________ in Ohio, four students were _____________ when the Ohio National Guard fired on demonstrators. Two more students were killed by state police at ________________ University in Mississippi. 9. During this tumultuous period in the U.S., some young people rebelled against established ____________ and searched for a new set of ___________. These people made up what was known as the ______________ because their values and practices conflicted with those of established society. On the other side, a large number of ________________ Americans were angered by riots, protests, and a war that seemed to be going nowhere. The deep ____________ these Americans felt against the protesters soon developed into a backlash against the ______________ movement. 10. By 1968, American ____________ had reached a turning point. As a result of the __________ Offensive and the continuing ____________, polls showed that the majority of Americans had turned against the President’s ________________ of the war. a. The ______________ party also became _________. Senators Eugene McCarthy and Robert Kennedy, both of whom _____________ the war, announced they would challenge Johnson for the ________________ nomination. In March 1968, Johnson stunned the nation by announcing that he would ___________ run for reelection. Hubert Humphrey, Johnson’s Vice-President, became the ______________ candidate. As the election progressed, however, it appeared that ______________ would gain the Democratic nomination. Then, Kennedy was _____________ in June 1968. In August, the Democrats nominated _________________ for President. b. Meanwhile, the _______________ chose Richard Nixon as their candidate. During the campaign, Nixon promised to bring __________ to the nation and end the ________ in Vietnam. Nixon ______ a close victory and thus became President. 11. To help him handle foreign policy matters, Nixon appointed ___________________, a brilliant political scientist, as his national security adviser and later his secretary of state. Wanting to be remembered as a ___________________, Nixon proclaimed a policy of ____________, or ________________ of tensions between the United States and the communist block. He also visited ____________ and began arms limitation talks with the Soviets that led to agreements by both sides to ban ____________ warfare and limit the growth of nuclear weapons. Nixon also worked to improve relations with _____________, lifting trade and travel restrictions, and in February 1972, he visited the country. 12. Despite a campaign promise to end the war in Vietnam, Nixon moved ___________. He did not want to ________________ U.S. troops without a peace agreement and thus become the nation’s first President to ____________ a war. In June 1971, the New York Times published a secret defense department study known as the _______________________, which indicated that the nation’s various administrations had ___________ Congress and the _______________ about the war in Vietnam. The documents angered many Americans and increased protests against the war. 13. To quiet opposition to the war, Nixon announced a policy of “___________________.” The policy consisted of withdrawing U.S. troops and replacing them with South Vietnamese _____________. Nixon hoped that Vietnamization, combined with ____________ bombing of North Vietnam, would allow the U.S. to withdraw from the war “____________________.” 14. In January 1973, the warring sides signed a _________________ agreement ending the military presence of the United States in Vietnam. The war, however, continued. In 1975, Congress refused President __________ request for funds to aid South Vietnam in its continuing war. In January 1975, North Vietnam launched a _________ offensive against the South. In a few months, the communists conquered South Vietnam and ____________ the country under ____________ rule. 15. Vietnam Myths & Facts: a. Myth: The U.S. soldiers were very __________ and __________ educated. Fact: The average age was _______, and _______ of our troops were high school graduates. a. Myth: The soldiers were mostly poor and from _______________. Fact: While ________ of the 58,000 killed came from the lowest third in income, _______ came from the highest third; _________ were black. b. Myth: Many were jailed for _______________ during the Vietnam war. Fact: Though ___________ did dodge the draft, only ____________ were convicted. L. Latin America-Shortly after taking office, ___________ implemented a program of ________ to Latin America called the ___________________________. Its purpose was to develop long-term _____________ growth among Latin American nations in order to _______________ communist revolutions. M. The Middle East: When war broke out between __________ and its ___________ neighbors, the U.S. supported __________. The Soviet Union backed and armed the __________ states. Israel quickly _________ the Arab-Israeli War of 1967. 1. In 1973, during the Jewish holiday of _______________, ____________ and _____________ forces launched a surprise attack against ____________ in an attempt to regain land lost to Israel during a previous conflict. The U.S. supported Israel, while the Soviet Union aided the Arab states. The two _______________, however, also worked to___________ the conflict. The combatants eventually agreed to a cease-fire. 2. After the war, Secretary of State ___________________ worked with Israel and Egypt to reduce tensions in the _________________. He engaged in _____________________-flying back and forth between the capitals of the two nations in an attempt to produce a lasting ____________. Kissinger’s efforts resulted in _________________ relations between Egypt and Israel. 3. On the world stage, President __________________ attempted to promote a foreign policy based on ____________ and ___________ rather than __________ or _______________ considerations. (When the Soviet Union invaded _______________ in 1979, Carter imposed a grain _____________ on the Soviets and kept the United States out of the 1980 ____________________ in Moscow.) Carter’s greatest foreign policy ________________ and his greatest _____________ involved the Middle East. a. c. Carter helped to broker __________ between longtime enemies Egypt and Israel. The two sides signed a peace agreement known as the ________________________________in 1979. The Iranian _____________ crisis-Also in 1979, an Islamic revolution toppled the _____________ in Iran. A group of rebels, angry over U.S. ties with the former rulers, seized the American ______________ in November 1979 and took hostage more than _____ Americans. Throughout 1980, Carter worked to win the hostages’ release. Negotiations failed, however, as did a military _____________ in which eight Americans died in a helicopter crash. 4. Election of 1980-pitted Democrat Jimmy Carter against Republican and former actor and governor ___________________________of California. Reagan hammered at Carter’s lack of ________________ and of his failure to obtain ____________ of the hostages sealed his defeat. On Election Day, Reagan won handily. On January 20, 1981, just after Reagan was sworn in, Iran _____________ the American hostages after _______ days in captivity. 5. Reagan adopted a “________________” attitude toward the day-to-day operations of the presidency, giving more ________________ to his staff. This practice aided what would become known as the _________________ affair, a damaging scandal. In 1986, several of Reagan’s national security advisors arranged to sell ____________ to Iranians in exchange for American ____________, then secretly used the profits to support anti-Communist rebels in __________________ in violation of a congressional ban on such financing. Although investigators cleared Reagan of responsibility for the scheme, they faulted him for allowing aides to make policy _____________ without his knowledge. N. Improved Relations with the Soviet Union 1. In 1983, President Reagan announced his ______________________________ (SDI), nicknamed “_________________.” The project involved creating a shield of new weapons designed to ______________ and destroy _____________ missiles. In addition to Star Wars, Reagan promoted a giant military _____________ costing about _____________. This increased the debt and left less money for housing, education, and environmental programs. Congress responded in 1985 by passing the ____________________________, which put pressure on ________________ and the _______________ to reduce the deficit and balance the ______________. 2. Reagan’s desire for a strong defense was based on his belief that the Soviet Union was still a __________ to the United States. U.S.-Soviet relations improved, however, when ______________________ became the new Soviet premier. Gorbachev opened up Soviet society (_____________) and instituted democratic reforms (____________________). 3. In 1986, Gorbachev and Reagan met to discuss reducing their nuclear ______________. They eventually signed a treaty calling for the removal of all _______________range nuclear weapons from ____________. The cold war was slowly coming to an _______. 4. After winning the election of 1988, President _____________________________was confronted with a tidal wave of change around the ________. Gorbachev’s new reform policies in the Soviet Union created even greater ____________ for freedom and independence in ____________ Europe. In 1989, several Eastern European nations overthrew their ____________rulers and forced ______________ elections. 5. ____________ for democracy then erupted in the __________________itself. A failed coup left the power to govern in the hands of _________________, president of the ___________ Republic, and ______________ resigned as Soviet president. By December 1991, the Soviet Union _____________ to exist. In its place was a loose federation of self-governing nations made up of former Soviet ____________, including Russia, known as the ____________________________________ (CIS). 6. All the former Soviet and communist block states forced serious ______________ troubles as they attempted to convert state-run economies to _____________ systems. Shortages of essential ____________ such as food, fuel, medicine, and housing created severe ____________ for large numbers of people. Ethnic _____________ flared in the newly independent nations, __________________ their transition to self-government. 7. On January 1, 2000, ______________________ was inaugurated as the new president of Russia, succeeding Boris Yeltsin. While Russia is now an ________ of the United States, there are still areas of major ________________. In December of 2001, U.S. President _____________________ announced that the United States will withdraw from the 1972 Antiballistic Missile Treaty mid-2002 in order to build up defensive weapons. Russia ______________ that this is the right thing to do. O. The Persian Gulf War-In August 1990, Iraqi President ___________________troops seized control of ____________, Iraq’s oil-rich neighbor. Following the invasion, Iraq controlled _____ percent of the ____________ oil reserves. President Bush, with _______________ from more than ____ other nations, assembled a U.S.-led military _____________ that drove ___________ forces out of Kuwait. Saddam Hussein, however, remained a __________ to the region’s __________ and _____________. Observers feared that Iraq was working to develop __________, biological, and __________ weapons. The ___________ Gulf War caused Americans to rethink the military role of the nation. Some leaders called for scaling down U.S. military __________, arguing that the real source of power in the “______________________” would be economic. Other experts warned that the U.S. must ______________ a strong military to guard against several remaining ____________ and potentially _____________ nations. Recently, it is feared that Iraq is involved in sponsoring _______________ around the world, thus, some speculate that there will be more ____________ between Iraq and the United States, among other nations of the west. P. Other ethnic conflicts-Despite the decline of ______________, wars arising from ethnic hatreds, political _______________, and ___________ plagued nearly every world region throughout the _______. a. The first __________ to confront the administration of President _______________ was civil war in the East African nation of _____________. When Clinton took office, thousands of U.S. troops already were in Somalia protecting deliveries of _________ to those left starving by the _______. As the U.S. troops became more ___________ in the conflict, President Clinton pulled them out in 1995 rather than risk American ___________. 8. The U.S. and its allies also confronted violence in Europe’s __________ region. In 1991, the multinational state of ________________ disintegrated as several of the country’s ethnic groups broke away and claimed __________________. Ethnic __________ and renewed feelings of ______________ after decades of _____________ rule fueled the wars in the Balkan region. a. ______________, the region’s largest ___________, fought against Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, and Macedonian _________________, and the region descended into years of war. As reports of Serb _____________ against various ethnic groups mounted, _______________ nations took action. b. The U.S. and its NATO allies bombed __________ military sites in the __________ NATO military offensive ever. In 1995, the warring sides agreed to a cease-fire and signed an agreement known as the ___________ peace accords. c. In 1999, violence flared up again in the Balkans, as ___________, a province of Serbia, sought its independence. To put down the rebellion, Serbs marched into Kosovo, where again reports surfaced of atrocities against ethnic _______________. Serb forces rounded up and ___________ more than 8,000 ______________ men and boys. After diplomatic relations failed, NATO launched ______ strikes against Serbia, which eventually agreed to remove its forces and permit __________ troops to restore order in Kosovo. d. Serbian President ____________________ was forced from ____________ in 2000 and was deemed a war criminal by Western leaders and the international war crimes tribunal in The ________, the Netherlands. Prosecutors say Milosevic held ultimate responsibility for at least ________ ethnic Albanians and the eviction of ___________ civilians from their homes. 9. The United States played the role of peacemaker in ____________________. For many years, sectarian violence between the _______________ majority and _____________________ minority had torn Northern Ireland apart. Roman Catholics wanted to ___________ with the predominantly Catholic ___________________. Protestants insisted that Northern Ireland remain part of _______________. In 1997, the U.S. persuaded both sides to ____________and accept a cease-fire. A year later, Catholics and Protestants agreed to a __________ plan. 10. The U.S. also worked to end years of fighting between ____________ and ______________, an Arab people living under _____________ rule. Under a peace agreement reached in _________, Israel agreed to _______________ Palestinian self-rule and the removal of Israeli forces from other Palestinian areas. Implementation of the plan, however, went slowly. In 1998, with ____________ help, both sides signed the _______ River Memorandum, which detailed the steps needed to implement the peace agreement. Unfortunately, a new round of ____________ developed in 2000 and the two sides have never been more __________. Q. Conflict with China-In April of 2001, China held _____ Americans for a short period of time after a mid-air collision between a U.S. __________ jet and a Chinese jet. The Chinese jet crashed killing the __________ and the Americans made an emergency landing on ___________ soil. Although the Chinese __________ the U.S. for the collision, the U.S. government has strongly rejected ______________ for the incident. President George W. Bush has been given credit for ____________ leadership in the quick release of the Americans. Bush also pledged military aid for _________ in the event of _____________ force from China. Many suggest the _____________ continues between the U.S. and China. R. As 2000 began the ___________________ was directing peacekeeping operations in ____ countries from __________ to the ________________ to ___________, at an estimated cost of around _________ million. Why is the United States, more than other countries, playing the role of ______________ around the world? The U.S. is widely seen as the only remaining ________________, and as such, has the _________ and ________________ needed to negotiate peace agreements. S. America’s War on Terror; 9-11-2001 On the beautiful morning of September 11, 2001, ___ planes left ____ major airports to begin what would be the ______________single day in ___________ American history. At 7:59 a.m., American Airlines _____________ with 92 people left __________ Logan Airport for Los Angeles; at 8:01 a.m., United ___________ with 45 people left __________ Airport for San Francisco; at 8:10 a.m., American ___________ with 64 people left _______________ Dulles Airport for Los Angeles; and, at 8:14 a.m., United _____________ with 65 people left __________ for L.A. The next day, Attorney General John ____________ would say the planes “were _____________ by between three and six individuals per plane, using ____________ and box cutters, and in some cases making bomb _________.” He also says a number of suspected hijackers were trained as pilots in the ___________________. 1. 8:48 a.m.-Hijacked American Airlines Flight 11 crashed into the north tower of the World Trade Center. 2. 9:06 a.m.-Hijacked United Airlines Flight 175 crashed into the south tower of the World Trade Center. Soon, the Federal Aviation Administration would shut down all New York City-area airports. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey ordered all bridges and tunnels into Manhattan closed. The American Stock Exchange, the Nasdaq, and the New York Stock Exchange will close. 3. 9:31 a.m.-President George W. Bush, speaking to elementary school children in Sarasota, Florida, is informed of the tragedy and says the country has suffered an “apparent terrorist attack.” 4. 9:43 a.m.-Hijacked American Airlines Flight 77 crashed into the Pentagon; the U.S. Capitol and White House’s West Wing were evacuated. Eventually, all federal office buildings in Washington, D.C. would be evacuated. The FAA halts all flight operations at U.S. airports, the first time in U.S. history that national air traffic has been halted. All inbound transatlantic aircraft flying into the U.S. are being diverted to Canada. 5. 9:55 a.m.-The south tower of the World Trade Center collapses. Soon after, President Bush departs from Florida. 6. 10:10 a.m.-A portion of the Pentagon collapses. At the same time, Hijacked United Airlines Flight 93 crashes in a field in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, brought down by passengers who attempted to thwart the plans of the hijackers. Later, officials say this plane could have been headed for three possible targets: Camp David, the White House, or the U.S. Capitol Building. 7. 10:29 a.m.-The north tower of the World Trade Center collapses. 8. 10:57 a.m.-New York governor, George Pataki, announces that all state government offices are closed. 9. 11:02 a.m.-New York City mayor, Rudolph “Rudy” Giuliani, urges New Yorkers to stay at home and orders an evacuation of the area south of Canal Street. Later in the day, Guiliani will urge New Yorkers to stay home Wednesday. 10. 12:15 p.m.-The Immigration and Naturalization Service says U.S. borders with Canada and Mexico are on the highest state of alert. 11. 1:04 p.m.-From Barksdale Air Force Base in Louisiana, President Bush announces U.S. military is on high alert worldwide, saying that all appropriate security measures are being taken. He asks for prayers for those killed or wounded in the attacks and says, “Make no mistake, the United States will hunt down and punish those responsible for these cowardly acts.” The president later leaves for the U.S. Strategic Command at Offutt Air Force Base in Nebraska. In ½ hours, he will leave to return to Washington, D.C. Air Force One is traveling with a three-fighter jet escort. 12. 2:49 a.m.-At a news conference, Mayor Giuliani says that subway and bus service are partially restored in NYC. Asked about the number of people killed, the mayor says, “I don’t want to speculate about that—more than any of us can bear.” For his handling of this crisis, Guiliani will be awarded “Person of the Year” by Time magazine. 13. 4:10 p.m.-Building 7 of the WTC complex is reported on fire. 14. 5:25 p.m.-The 47-story Building 7 of the WTC complex collapses. 15. 6:54 p.m.-President Bush arrives back at the White House. 16. 7:45 p.m.-The New York Police Department says that at least 78 officers are missing. The city also says that as many as half of the first 400 firefighters on the scene were killed. 17. 8:30 p.m.-President Bush addresses the nation, saying “thousands of lives were suddenly ended by evil” and asks for prayers for the families and friends of Tuesday’s victims. “These acts shattered steel, but they cannot dent the steel of American resolve,” he says. The president says the U.S. government will make no distinction between the terrorists who committed the acts and those who harbor them. He adds that government offices will reopen Wednesday. 18. September 12, 2001: a. 9 survivors (3 policemen and 6 firefighters) are found amidst the rubble of the WTC. b. Mayor Giuliani warns the death toll will be in the thousands. c. President Bush labels the attacks “acts of war” and asks Congress to find $20 billion to help rebuild and recover. d. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) decides that Tuesday’s terror strikes in the United States constitute an attack against all 19 members, which commits them to respond militarily if they deem force is necessary to protect security. e. The United Nations pulls its staff out of Afghanistan. 19. September 13, 2001: a. Military recruiting skyrockets as patriotic Americans prepare for battle. b. A “national day of unity and mourning” is approved 100 to 0 by the Senate. The House later approves the resolution 408 to 0. c. Secretary of Transportation, Norman Y. Mineta, announces new security precautions which airports and airlines will be required to implement. Security is increased to its highest level since the 1991 Gulf War. d. Bond trading and futures activity resume. Stock markets remain closed for the longest stretch since World War II. e. Defense Departments says about 190 people died in the attack at the Pentagon, including 64 aboard the hijacked plane. f. The New York mayor announces that 4,763 people are missing. g. Investigators find data recorder for United Flight 93 in Pennsylvania. Later, officials say they will not release the audio or a transcript in order to protect grieving families. h. i. Secretary of State Colin Powell says Osama bin Laden is the prime suspect. White House Press Secretary Ari Fleischer cites “real and credible information” that the plane which slammed into the Pentagon was originally intended to hit the White House. 20. September 14, 2001: a. President Bush declares a National Day of Prayer and Remembrance. b. U.S. airlines resume operations and face difficulty with strict security rules, frightened passengers, and rapidly mounting financial problems. c. NFL, Collegiate, and high school football games, as well as other major sports events, are canceled in the U.S. d. Congress and White House officials give consent to military action in response to Tuesday’s terrorist attacks and provide $40 billion package to aid retaliation and rebuilding, twice the amount President Bush had requested. e. Americans of many faiths hold services and vigils to honor the victims. Bush and other dignitaries gather for service at National Cathedral in Washington. f. Searchers find flight data and voice recorders of hijacked plane that crashed into the Pentagon. g. Authorities make their first arrest in the investigation: one of the men detained at New York’s Kennedy Airport is arrested as a material witness. h. President Bush arrives in New York City to see the site of the former World Trade Center. 21. September 15, 2001: a. President Bush meets with his national security advisers at Camp David and afterward, for the first time, singles out suspected terrorist Osama b. c. d. bin Laden as a “prime suspect” in Tuesday’s attacks. Coast Guard cutters patrol ports and waterways at unprecedented levels from New York harbor to San Diego. F-15 Eagles and F-16 Fighting Falcons fly combat patrols over Washington, New York, and other major cities. The patrols over Washington and New York will continue into 2002. President Bush signs an order authorizing Pentagon officials to call up 35,000 Reserves. 22. September 16, 2001: Funeral and memorial services begin for firefighters and individuals who died in Tuesday’s attack. 23. September 17, 2001: a. Wall Street reopens for the first time since the previous week’s terrorist attacks. b. The Federal Reserve cuts interest rates by half a percentage point. 24. September 18, 2001: a. One week after the attack, the nation pauses at 8:45 A.M. EST for a moment of silence in honor of the victims. b. Media reports that over 50 countries lost citizens in the World Trade Center attack. c. Warplanes begin flying overseas from U.S. bases as the Pentagon ordered dozens of fighters, bombers, and other aircraft to the Persian Gulf, Indian Ocean, and—in an unprecedented move— the two former Soviet republics of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. 25. September 19, 2001: The USS Theodore Roosevelt aircraft carrier leaves from the pier at Naval Station Norfolk headed to the Mediterranean, then to the Persian Gulf. 26. September 20, 2001: President Bush gives a very successful address to Congress and the nation outlining the goals in the new war on terrorism. In a difficult time, Bush gave the nation what it needed in a Commander in Chief—simple in his speech, clear in is vision, and confident in his ultimate success. The president has warned the nation to be patient. Some officials are envisioning a war that could last 50 years in order to build intelligence networks to infiltrate and bust up terror cells worldwide. As a model for fashioning a long-term game plan, Bush aides examined old cold-war national-security documents, such as NSC-68, a plan the Truman Administration drafted in 1950 to contain the Soviets. 27. As of December 5, 2001, there were 6 U.S. military fatalities in Operation Enduring Freedom; the number of people missing or dead in the World Trade Center attacks was listed at 3,047. By December 19, the number of fatalities was revised to 2,992. 8 journalists were killed covering the war in Afghanistan. 28. In December, 2001, an American was taken into military custody in Afghanistan after fighting with the Taliban regime. John Walker-Lindh converted to Islam four years earlier after reading The Autobiography of Malcolm X, left the United States in 2000 to train at al-Qaeda camps in Afghanistan, and had taken the name of Sulayman Al-Lindh. Walker-Lindh was brought back in January, 2002 to face trial in the United States, since he was an American citizen. 29. In an amateur videotape released by the Pentagon (Dec. 13, 2001-it had been found earlier in a house overtaken by anti-Taliban forces), Osama bin Laden was shown discussing the events leading up to September 11th, saying the event “benefited Islam greatly.” In the tape, bin Laden discussed some of the planning that led to the attacks, and recalled tuning in to the radio to hear American news broadcasts of the attack. “They were overjoyed when the first plane hit the building,” he said of others listening with him that day. “So I said to them: Be patient. At the end of the newscast, they reported that a plane just hit the World Trade Center.” Another man in the tape said, “Allah be praised.” bin Laden recalled, “After a little while, they announced that another plane had hit the World Trade Center; the brothers who heard the news were overjoyed by it.” References to jihad (holy war) were made throughout the tape. bin Laden made references to the planning: “We calculated in advance the number of casualties who would be killed based on the position of the tower. We calculated that the floors that would be hit would be three or four. I was the most optimistic of them all. Due to my experience in this field, I was thinking that the fire from the gas in the plane would melt the iron structure of the building and collapse the area where the plane hit, and all the floors above it only. This is all that we had hoped for,” as he gestured with one hand horizontal striking his other hand, held vertically, as if a plane hitting a building. 30. The most viewed photo from the September, 2001 tragedy was of three New York City firefighters displaying a U.S. flag amid the rubble of the World Trade Center. George Johnson, Dan McWilliams and Billy Eisengrein were the firefighters who were the object of photographer Thomas Franklin of The Record in Bergen County, New Jersey. The photo echoed the famous World War II image of U.S. Marines raising the U.S. flag atop Mount Suribachi on Iwo Jima. The photo became a testament to America’s enduring resolve. In January, 2002, a statue of the photo was unveiled, creating controversy because instead of the 3 firefighters being portrayed accurately, the images of the firefighters included one white man, a Hispanic, and a Black American. 31. December 22, 2001-Richard C. Reid, believed to be linked to al-Qaeda, is apprehended by other passengers on a flight from Paris to Miami after he is spotted trying to ignite explosives in his shoes. 32. January, 2002-158 suspected terrorists, described as the most hard-core al-Qaida terrorists and Taliban fighters, are brought to Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Cuba to be held in a makeshift detainment center at Camp X-Ray. The United States was critized for holding prisoners of war, but President Bush and Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld considers the captured fighters to be “unlawful combatants” and “detainees” rather than “prisoners of war,” since they do not represent a nation or foreign government. A delegation of U.S. Congressmen toured the detention facility and said conditions were very humane. 33. January 29, 2002-In his __________________________ address, President _________________ in a vital act of world leadership declared a declaration against the “___________________” referring to 3 nations where there are weapons of _______ destruction in _____________hands. a. Iraq-After the 1991 Persian Gulf War, dictator Saddam Hussein was discovered to be only ____________ away from producing an ________ bomb and had already done tests on a radiological “_____________.” His program was closed, but “his pool of trained scientists remained, and he might have a ___________ device within a few years.” When United Nations weapons inspectors were banished, they were convinced that Saddam had hidden an arsenal of _________ nerve gas and “a whole range of ____________ agents and toxins.” b. Iran-According to the Monterey Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Iran, under the leadership of ________________________, had an arsenal of chemical weapons and, according to the U.S. government, had been secretly producing _____________ weapons. It is getting ______________ help on nuclear power and assistance on missiles from Russia and _________. c. North Korea-Caught in 1992 producing more _____________ than it admitted to making, North Korean president _____________ agreed in 1994 to stop producing it in ____________ for Western nations’ help with less-dangerous nuclear ________________. But it blocked implementation of the agreement. North Korea has large stocks of _______weapons and a welldeveloped biological weapons program. It is also developing a missile capable of reaching the United States. The three countries don’t constitute a cooperative “________” as Germany, Italy, and Japan did in World War II, but there is no question that they are “evil.” They have a history of ____________ their own people.