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Unit 4: Benthic Organisms
1) The ocean can be divided into two general zones:
a) Pelagic zone –
b) Benthic Zone –
(I) There are 6 different types of benthic regions of the ocean
1)
3)
2)
4.1 – Rocky Shores
Rocky shores –
What is the most noticeable feature of a rocky shore?
What are the three zones of a rocky shore?
a) The upper tide zone
b) The middle tide zone
c) The lower tide zone
What are animals on rocky shores adapted to do?
(i) Run and hide –
(ii) Clam up-
(iii) Sit and bear it –
4)
5)
6.)
4.2 - Sediment Covered Shores
Sediment covered shores– shores covered with gravel, sand, silt and clay
a) What are the two types of sediment covered shores?
(I) Sandy beaches –
(II) Muddy salt marshes –
b) What determines the type of sediment that covers the shore?
c) How do animals resist drying out on sediment covered shores?
Zones on a sandy beach:
(i)
(ii)
Feeding adaptation on sandy beach:
Zones on a muddy salt marsh
(I) There are three basic zones to a muddy salt marsh:
(i) The lower mud flat –
(ii) Cord grass aria –
Feeding adaptation on muddy salt marsh
4.2 – Continental Shelf
What are the two types of bottoms on the continental shelf?
What is the main primary producer you see on each bottom?
What are most consumers you see in these areas you see on each bottom?
Explain the relationship between otters, sea urchins and kelp forests?
4.3 – Coral Reefs
What is a coral reef?
How many polyps does it take to create a coral reef?
What are three types of coral reefs?
Fringing reef –
Barrier Reef –
Atoll -
What makes each reef unique?
Fringing reef:
Barrier reef:
Atoll:
Describe how an atoll develops:
Explain nutrient cycling?
What are organisms on coral reefs adapted to do?
How does soft coral compete for space?
How does hard coral compete for space?
How do fish compete for space?
4.4 – Deep Ocean
What are the 4 regions of the deep ocean basin?
• Cold seeps –
•
Deep sea hydrothermal vents (Black smokers) -
•
Dead bodies –
•
Abyssal plain –
What types of organisms are found on the abyssal plain?
What do hydrothermal vents, cold seeps, and dead bodies have in common?
What is the primary producer in hydrothermal vents (what organism do they live mutualisticaly with?)
What is the primary producer on cold seeps (what organism do they live mutualisticaly with?)
What types of organisms do you typically find on dead bodies?
Why are dead bodies important to other deep sea ecosystems?
4.6 – Polar Regions
What are the two polar regions on earth?
What are the conditions that organisms must adapt to in these regions?
Adaptations to get food
What is the primary producer in polar regions?
What do heterotrophs eat in polar regions?
Adaptations to Cold
Why does freezing water destroy cells?
What are the ways polar animals have adapted to survive the cold?
How do polar fish often survive in water that is below freezing?
How do mammals adapted o survive the cold?