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Chemistry Chapter 7:
Covent Bonding & Organic Chemistry
1. What are covalent compounds?
a. Covalent Bonds- a bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
i. Covalent bonds are usually formed between two nonmetals with a low
electronegativity difference.
ii. The atoms involved in covalent bonds share electrons to obtain their octet/noble
gas configuration
iii. Moleculesb. What type of bond will Na and Cl form?
c. What type of bond with C and Cl from?
d. What is the difference between ionic and covalent compounds?
2. What are the different types of covalent bonds?
a. Single Bonds –
b. Double Bonds –
c. Triple Bonds –
d. How are single and double bonds represented?
3. What are the physical of covalent compounds?
a. Isomers-
Isomer (C8H18)
Number of branches
Boiling point
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
4. What happens the boiling point of covalent compounds as the number of braches increases?
5. Representing covalent compounds
a. What are the tree ways of representing covalent compounds;
i.
Molecular/chemical formula –
1. In a molecular formula the atoms are listed in C, H, O, N order
2. Examples of molecular compounds:
ii. Structural formula –
1. How are bonds represented in structural formulas?
2. What is the difference between a structural formula and a skeletal formula
3. Examples of structural and skeletal formulas:
iii. Valance dot diagram – shows the atoms in the molecule share electrons.
6. Covalent naming and formula writing:
a. How do you make sure it is a covalent compound?
b. How do you go from a formula to a name with a covalent compound?
i.
ii.
Mono- = 1 atom
Hexa- = 6 atoms
Di- = 2 atoms
Hepta- = 7 atoms
Tri- = 3 atoms
Octa- = 8 atoms
Tetra- = 4 atoms
Nona- =9 atoms
Penta- = 5 atoms
Deka- = 10 atoms
Write the name of the following compounds:
Write the formula of the following compounds:
SiO2
carbon monoxide
SO3
phosphorus tribromide
SiF4
carbon tetrachloride
NaCl
diphosphorus trioxide
N2O
Calcium Hydroxide
PCl3
nitrogen trichloride
7-2 organic chemistry
1. Organic chemistry
a. What is organic chemistry?
b. Why is organic chemistry important?
c. Hydrocarbonsi. All hydrocarbon molecules have a carbon chain as their backbone
1. Carbon Chain-
1. How to name organic compounds
a. The prefix in Organic chemistry refers to the number of carbons in the backbone
i. Meth =
vi. Hex- =
ii. Eth =
vii. Hept- =
iii. Prop=
viii. Oct- =
iv. But- =
ix. Non- =
v. Pent- =
x. Dec- =
b. The suffix to indicate if the hydrocarbon has all single bonds, or a double or triple bonds
i. –ane =
ii. –ene =
iii. –yne =
c. Write the number of the carbon that the double or triple bond takes place, and or the functional
group
2. Alkanes
a. Alkanes –
b. What is another name for alkanes?
c. How do you determine the chemical formula for alkanes?
3. Alkenes
H2C
a. Alkenes –
CH CH3
H2C
CH2
H3C
CH
CH CH3
d. What is another name for alkenes and alkynes?
C H6
C2H
C H8
e. How do you determine the chemical formula for
alkenes?
4. Alkynes
a. Alkynes–
b. How do you determine the chemical formula for
C3 H
C H2
C4 H
alkynes?
2. Carbon Rings
a. Organic molecules don’t only have to be chains they can also be rings
i. Cycloalkanesii. When the organic compound forms a ring the name starts with the prefix cycloWrite the names and formulas for the following carbon rings
iii. What is the general formula for cycloalkanes?
2. Functional groups
a. What is a functional group?
i. Functional group 1. There are 5 different functional groups that involve an oxygen atom
a.
d.
b.
e.
c.
Aromatic compounds
b. Aromatic compounds – unsaturated carbon rings
c. What are the Chemical and properties of aromatic
compounds?
3. Alcohols
a. Alcohol i. Alcohols are represented as -OH.
b. What are the Chemical and properties of alcohols:
CH3OH
C2H5OH
C3H7OH
4. Ethers
a. Etheri. Ethers are represented by –O- .
b. What are the Chemical and properties of ethers:
CH3O CH3
C2H5OCH3
5. Carboxylic Acid
a. Carboxylic Acidi. Carboxylic acids are represented by -COOH
ii. What are the Chemical and properties of Carboxylic acids
CH3OC3H7
COOH2
CH3COOH
C2H5COOH
6. Ester
a. Esteri. Esters are represented by -COO- group attached.
ii. What are the Chemical and properties of esters
CH3COOCH3
CH3COOC2H5
C2H5COOC2H5