Level 3 Final Exam Review Sheet 2015
Evolution – Part II
1. What is one example of a vestigial structure? ________________
2. When organisms evolve together because of their relationship with one another, such as
insects and the plants they pollinate, we refer to it as __________________________.
3. Parts that are similar in structure because they have developed from similar tissue during
development, such as the human arm, whale fin, lion leg, and frog leg are referred to as
______________________ structures.
4. ______________________ are remnants of an organism after it has died, such as bones,
teeth, or imprints in rock.
For questions 5-7, select from the following options:
Natural selection
Mate choice
Mutation
Genetic drift
Migration
5. Female marine iguanas pick out small males in order to keep the small size gene in the
population in case of an El Nino year when less food is available. This is an example of
_________________________.
6. A change in the DNA code causes there to be white rabbits along with brown and gray
rabbits in a population. This is an example of _________________________.
7. A spotted seal accidentally swims off course and ends up in an area where all of the seals
are solid gray in color. This is an example of ___________________.
8. Cytochrome c is a protein that is involved in cellular respiration in all eukaryotic organisms.
Human cytochrome c contains 104 amino acids. The following table compares cytochrome c
from a number of other organisms with human cytochrome c.
Organism
Number of cytochrome c amino acids
different from humans
Chimpanzees
0
Chickens
18
Dogs
13
Rattlesnakes
20
Rhesus monkeys
1
Yeasts
56
Based on the above information, which organism is most closely related to humans?
Chapter 32 - Human Evolution
For questions 9-12, select from the following hominins (some may be used more than
once, others may not be used at all):
Australopithecus
Aridpithecus
Neanderthals
Homo erectus
Homo habilus
Homo sapiens
Homo ergaster
9. Who was the first to have all of the fully bipedal features? ______________________
10. Who did not have a sagittal crest or brow ridge? ______________________
11. Who was probably a vegetarian? _________________________
12. Who was the first tool maker? _________________________
13. What is bipedalism?
14. Describe how the pelvis, spine, and big toe are adapted for bipedalism.
15. What is the relationship between humans and chimpanzees?
Chapter 7 – Cell structure
16. Which type of microscope did we use in class? ____________________
17. This is the measurement of the amount a microscope can enlarge an image.
________________________________
Matching. Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote: For numbers 18-22 use the following answer options:
A = Prokaryotes only
B = Eukaryotes only
C = Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
18. Contains a cell membrane
19. Contains a nucleus
20. Contains mitochondria
21. A bacteria is an example
22. Onion root cells are an example
23. The ______________________ determines what enters and leaves the cell.
24. The control center of the cell is the _______________________.
25. What organelle is the site of protein synthesis? _______________________
26. Organisms that move require a lot of energy. Where in the cell is energy made?
____________________________
Matching. Plant cells vs. Animal cells: For the numbers 41-45, use the following answer
options:
A = Plant cells only
B = Animal cells only
C = Both plant cells and animal cells
41. Contains centrioles
42. Contains chloroplasts
43. Contains ribosomes
44. Contains many small vacuoles
45. Contains a cell wall
Use the diagram above for questions 46-50.
46. In the diagram of the cell above, what is structure #3? ___________________________
47. In the diagram of the cell above, what is structure #1? ___________________________
48. In the diagram of the cell above, what is structure #10? ___________________________
49. In the diagram of the cell above, what is structure #8? ___________________________
Chapter 8 – Cells and their environment
50. If someone spills perfume in the front of the room, people in the back of the room can soon smell
it. This is an example of __________________.
51. When a cell uses energy to transport a particle through the cell membrane to an area of higher
concentration, the cell is using __________________________ transport.
52. The plasma membrane is said to be _______________________________________, meaning
that it allows certain substances to pass through but blocks out others.
53. If the concentration of water is lower outside the cell than inside the cell, which of the
following will happen by osmosis? (water will enter cell/water will leave cell)
54. The diffusion of water is referred to as ______________________.
55. During diffusion, molecules tend to move from an area of _______________ concentration to an
area of _________________ concentration.
56. Materials move in the manner described in number 55 until a state of ________________
is reached.
57. Molecules that are too large to be moved through the cell membrane can be transported
into the cell by ____________________ found embedded within the cell membrane.
58. Look at the diagram to the right.
Water molecules are shown by circles.
Salt molecules are shown by squares.
Draw an arrow to indicate the direction
water molecules will move.
For numbers 59-61, refer to the figure below which shows transport through the cell
membrane.
59. The structure labeled A is a __________________________.
60. The area labeled ________ has the greatest concentration of ions in solution.
61. The interior of the pore, labeled B, enables substances to pass through the cell membrane
without coming into contact with (nonpolar tails/nonpolar heads).
Chapters 3 and 9 – Enzymes and Cellular Respiration
62. Which phase of cellular respiration does not take place in the mitochondria?
_______________________________
63. In cellular respiration, the production of ATP relies on the diffusion of (hydrogen/oxygen)
ions across the mitochondrial membrane.
64. Which phase in the process of cellular respiration does NOT produce ATP?
_______________________________
65. Which phase of cellular respiration can still occur when little or no oxygen is present?
_______________________________
66. What process follows the answer to question 65 when no oxygen is present?
_______________________________
67. Cellular respiration occurs in what kinds of organisms? ________________________
68. Your muscle cells use fermentation when you run out of _______________ gas.
69. NADH and FADH2 from the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) enter the
___________________________ chain to produce ATP.
70. Which phase of aerobic respiration results in the production of the most ATP?
_____________________________
71. Where does the electron transport system take place? _______________________
72. Cellular respiration uses oxygen and glucose and gives off ___________ and
___________.
73. Enzyme names usually end in what 3 letters? ______________
74. This is the substance acted on by an enzyme. _________________________
75. Enzymes catalyze reactions by ___________ the activation energy of the reaction.
76. The enzyme reacts with the reactant when the reactant attaches to a special region on the
enzyme called the ____________________.
77. Look at the graph below. What is the optimum pH for the enzyme trypsin?
Chapter 9 - Photosynthesis
78. ______________________ are organisms that carry out photosynthesis.
79. The color of an object is determined by the wavelength of light that is ________________.
80. Leaves turn red, orange, and yellow in the fall because colder temperatures cause the
pigment __________________________ to break down.
81. Photosynthesis takes place in what organelle? _________________________
82. Where does the light-dependent reaction take place? ____________________
83. The light-dependent reaction includes how many different photosystems? ______
84. The light-independent reaction is also known as the __________________ cycle.
85. _________________ are examples of producers.
86. Photosynthesis uses water, carbon dioxide and sunlight and gives off ______________
and ____________________.
87. This photosynthetic pigment gives leaves their green color in the spring and summer:
______________________________.
88. This is the energy currency of cells generated by photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
__________
89. ___________________ requires oxygen, while ___________________ does not.
90. What gas is taken up from the atmosphere during the final stage of photosynthesis?
______________________________
91. In graph A, what happens to the rate of photosynthesis as light intensity increases?
92. In graph B, what happens to the rate of photosynthesis as the temperature increases?
Worms, starfish and frogs
93. Earthworms have a ______________ which grinds their food. They swallow small stones
to help with this process.
94. All worms breathe through their ______________, so they need to live in moist
environments.
95. In earthworms, the _______________ is responsible for digesting their food.
96. Earthworms have a closed circulatory system. This means that they have “hearts” and
__________________________ through which blood travels.
97. Earthworms are ________________________, meaning they have both male and female
reproductive organs.
98. Earthworms and starfish both have a ________________________ body plan, which
means that they have both a mouth and anus, and digestive organs in between.
99. Earthworms have ___________________ symmetry, meaning they have a definite left
and right side.
100. Starfish have a unique water vascular system, including parts such as a madreporite,
radial canal, ampulla, and tube feet. Name one role that the water vascular system plays in
the starfish. ______________________
101. When starfish feed, they push their _______________ out of their mouth, partially digest
their food, then pull the partially digested food into their mouth.
102. Starfish have ________________ symmetry, meaning that their body can always be cut
in half any way you cut them through the center of their body; similar to the spokes of a wheel.
103. Starfish are capable of regeneration, a process in which they can be broken into pieces,
and each piece grows into a new starfish. What kind of reproduction is this considered to be?
______________________
104. The starfish has light-sensitive eyespots and sensory tube feet at the end of each arm.
What life process do these play a role in? ___________________
105. The starfish has an endoskeleton of spine-bearing plates. What life process does this
help with? ________________________
106. For each structure below, identify the appropriate life process that the structure is used
for.
Digestion
Respiration
Reproduction
Internal transport
Movement
Support
Response
Excretion
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
Brain
Heart
Lung
Ovary
Kidney
Gills
Cartilage
Muscle
107. Name three ways that frogs are protected from predators.
108. What changes take place as a tadpole turns into an adult frog?
109. What is the path that food takes in the digestive system of the frog?