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Eclipses - Understanding Shadows
An eclipse occurs when one astronomical object casts a shadow
on the other.
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Solar Eclipses – The Sun casts a shadow on the Earth
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Lunar Eclipses – The Earth casts a shadow on the Moon
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The Geometry of Shadows
A shadow created from an extended source of light (e.g. The Sun)
has two parts.
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A dark umbra (“A”) in which all light from the Sun is blocked
A less shaded penumbra (“B”, “C”, “D”) where part of the light from
the Sun is blocked.
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Moon Phase and Eclipses
Because of the required alignment between Sun, Moon, and Earth
eclipses either happen at Full or New Moon
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For a total solar eclipse the Moon is New.
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For a total lunar eclipse the Moon is Full.
Not to Scale!!!!
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Why Eclipses are Rare
The Earth and Moon, when seen to true scale, are tiny compared
to their separation. Alignment must be nearly perfect.
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The tilt of the Moon's orbit hinders that alignment.
If this figure were true to scale the Moon would be twice as far from the Earth!!
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Why Eclipses are Rare
The Earth and Moon, when seen to true scale, are tiny compared
to their separation. Alignment must be nearly perfect.
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The tilt of the Moon's orbit hinders that alignment.
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Quantitatively How Limited are the Opportunities?
If we were restricted to observing partial solar eclipses from the
center of the Earth, the Moon could be only a little more than 1/2
degree off of the Ecliptic and it's disk would miss the disk of the
Sun.
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The angular diameters of the Earth and Moon are both about 1/2
degree.
There would be little tolerance for seeing total solar eclipses
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Quantitatively How Limited are the Opportunities?
If we were restricted to observing partial solar eclipses from the
center of the Earth, the Moon could be only a little more than 1/2
degree off of the Ecliptic and it's disk would miss the disk of the
Sun.
●
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The angular diameters of the Earth and Moon are both about 1/2
degree.
There would be little tolerance for seeing total solar eclipses
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Quantitatively How Limited are the Opportunities?
If we were restricted to observing partial solar eclipses from the
center of the Earth, the Moon could be only a little more than 1/2
degree off of the Ecliptic and it's disk would miss the disk of the
Sun.
●
●
The angular diameters of the Earth and Moon are both about 1/2
degree.
There would be little tolerance for seeing total solar eclipses
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Quantitatively How Limited are the Opportunities?
If we were restricted to observing solar eclipses from the center of
the Earth, the Moon could be only a little more than 1/2 degree off
of the Ecliptic and it's disk would miss the disk of the Sun.
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However, the Earth is a large target and it's apparent angular radius
as seen from the Moon adds about a degree to the target range –
expanding it to 1.5 degrees.
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Quantitatively How Limited are the Opportunities?
If we were restricted to observing solar eclipses from the center of
the Earth, the Moon could be only a little more than 1/2 degree off
of the Ecliptic and it's disk would miss the disk of the Sun.
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So how far around the 5-degree inclined orbit of the Moon do you
have to go before the separation from the ecliptic reaches 1.5
degrees.
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Why Eclipses are Rare
The Earth and Moon, when seen to true scale, are tiny compared
to their separation. Alignment must be nearly perfect.
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There are two times a year, separated by 6 months, when the
shadows line up.
This “eclipse season” drifts in the calender due to the precession of
the Moon's tilted orbital plane with a period of 18.6 years.
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Solar Eclipses
The tapering umbral shadow of the Moon just barely reaches
Earth (sometimes it doesn't – an annular eclipse)
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The Moon's umbral shadow is small – covering a couple of hundred
miles at best.
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Solar Eclipses
The Moon's orbital motion (minus Earth rotation) sweeps the
shadow across the Earth in a matter of hours.
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Locations along this eclipse path experience “totality” for a few
minutes at best.
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Solar Eclipses
The Moon's orbital motion and Earth rotation sweep the shadow
across the Earth in a matter of hours.
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Locations along this eclipse path experience “totality” for a few
minutes at best.
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Solar Eclipses
Despite the short duration and remote location, people go to
extremes to view eclipses.
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Phenomena that are usually washed out by the blue sky become
visible – the solar corona and solar prominences.
http://www.mreclipse.com/
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also
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also
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Note the nearly identical eclipses 18+ years apart. The Moon's exact position repeats
relative to the Earth and Sun every 18 years creating a family of eclipses – the Saros
cycle.
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Solar Eclipses from Charlottesville?
You have to wait several hundred years on average for a total
solar eclipse to happen at your location.
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Partial eclipses, which cover more area, are common however.
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Eclipses in the Next Century
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Eclipses on Other Worlds
The outer planets have lots of moons...
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Lunar Eclipses
The Earth casts a shadow on the Moon
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To be specific the Moon moves through the Earth's shadow
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Lunar Eclipses
The Moon takes a couple of hours to cross the Earth's shadow.
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The Earth's umbral shadow is large enough to consume the whole
Moon.
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Lunar Eclipses
Everybody on the night side of the Earth can see the eclipse.
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Lunar Eclipses
The Moon takes on a reddish hue during the total eclipse because
of light refracted through the Earth's atmosphere.
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This is the combined light of all of the world's sunrises and sunsets!
The View from the Moon
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Annular vs. Total Eclipses
The Moon follows an elliptical orbit.
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When it is close to the Earth it easily covers the Sun (total eclipse) when far
away its angular size is smaller than the Sun's (annular eclipse).
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Annular vs. Total Eclipses
So much Sun is visible during an annular eclipse that none of the spectacular
solar eclipse phenomena is visible.