Training Session on Energy
Equipment
Lighting
Presentation from the
“Energy Efficiency Guide for Industry in Asia”
www.energyefficiencyasia.org
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© UNEP 2006
Training Agenda: Lighting
Introduction
Types of lighting systems
Assessment of lighting systems
Energy efficiency opportunities
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© UNEP 2006
Introduction
Background
• Lighting energy consumption
• 20-45% in commercial buildings
• 3-10% in industrial plants
• Significant energy savings can be
realized with a minimal capital
investment
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Introduction
Basic Theory
• Light: electromagnetic waves in
space
• Light is emitted through:
a) Incandescence
b) Electric discharge
c) Electro luminescence
d) Photoluminescence
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Introduction
Definitions and Common Terms
 Lumen
• 1 lumen = the photometric equivalent of the watt
• 1 lumen = luminous flux per m2 of a sphere
with 1 m radius and a 1 candela isotropic light
source at the centre
• 1 watt = 683 lumens at 555 nm wavelength
 Lux
• metric unit of measure for illuminance on a
surface: 1 lux = 1 lumen / m2
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Introduction
Definitions and Common Terms
 Luminous intensity (I)
• measured in Candela (cd)
 Luminous flux (lm)
• 4 x luminous intensity
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Introduction
Definitions and Common Terms
 Installed load efficacy
• Average maintained illuminance on a working
plane: lux/W/m2
 Installed load efficiency ratio
• Target load efficacy / Installed load
 Rated luminous efficacy
• Rated lumen output of the lamp / rated power
consumption
• Lumens per watt
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Introduction
Definitions and Common Terms
 Room index
• Ratio for the plan dimensions of the room
 Target load efficiency
• Installed load efficacy considered achievable
under best efficiency
• Lux/W/m²
 Utilization factor
• A measure of the effectiveness of the lighting
scheme
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Introduction
Definitions and Common Terms
 The inverse square law
• Defines the relationship between illuminance from
a point source and distance
d2
E=I/
E1 d12 = E2 d22
E = Iluminance
I = Luminous intensity
d = distance
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Introduction
Definitions and Common Terms
 Color temperature
• Color appearance of a lamp and the light it
produces
• Measured in Kelvin (K)
• Incandescent lamps: “true value” color
temperature
• Fluorescent and high intensity discharge
(HID) lamps: correlated color temperature
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Introduction
Definitions and Common Terms
 Color rendering index (CRI)
Color
rendering
groups
1A
CIE general color
rendering Index(Ra)
Ra
> 90
Typical application
Wherever accurate color rendering is
required e.g. color printing inspection
1B
80 < Ra < 90
Wherever accurate color judgments are
necessary or good color rendering is
required for reasons of appearance e.g.
display lighting
2
60 < Ra < 80
Wherever moderate color rendering is
required
3
40 < Ra < 60
Wherever color rendering is of little
significance but marked distortion of color
is unacceptable
4
20 < Ra < 40
Wherever color rendering is of no
importance at all and marked distortion of
colour is acceptable
Table 1. Applications of color rendering groups (Bureau of
Energy Efficiency, 2005)
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Training Agenda: Electricity
Introduction
Types of lighting systems
Assessment of lighting systems
Energy efficiency opportunities
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Types of Lighting Systems
• Incandescent lamps
• Tungsten Halogen Lamps
• Fluorescent lamps
• High pressure sodium lamps
• Low pressure sodium lamps
HID lamps
• Mercury vapour
• Metal halide
• Blended
• LED lamps
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Types of Lighting Systems
Incandescent Lamps
• Emit radiation mainly in
the visible region
• Bulb contains vacuum or
gas filling
• Efficacy: 12 lumen / Watt
• Color rendering index: 1A
• Color temperature: 2500 –
2700 K
• Lamp life <2000 hrs
(BEE India, 2005)
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© UNEP 2006
Types of Lighting Systems
Tungsten-Halogen Lamps
• Tungsten filament and a halogen gas
filled bulb
• Tungsten atoms evaporate from the hot
filament and move to cooler wall of bulb
• Efficacy: 18 lumens/Watt
• Color rendering index: 1A
• Color temperature: warm
• Lamp life < 4000 hrs
•
•
•
•
Advantages:
More compact
Longer life
More and whiter light
•
•
•
•
Disadvantages:
Cost more
Increased IR and UV
Handling problems
Tungsten halogen lamps 15
(BEE India, 2005) © UNEP 2006
Types of Lighting Systems
Fluorescent Lamps
•
3 – 5 times as efficient as standard incandescent
lamps and last 10 – 20 times longer
•
Electricity passes through a gas or metallic vapor
and causes radiation
•
Fluorescent tubes are hot cathode lamps
(BEE India, 2005)
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Types of Lighting Systems
Fluorescent Lamps
• Different types (T12,
T10, T8 and T5)
differing in diameter
and efficiency
• Most efficient at
ambient temperature
of 20-30 oC,
• Compact fluorescent
lamps (CFL) have
much smaller
luminaries
Features:
Halo-phosphate
• Efficacy – 80 lumens/Watt (HF
gear increases this by 10%)
• Color Rendering Index –2-3
• Color Temperature – Any
• Lamp Life – 7-15,000 hours
Tri-phosphor
• Efficacy – 90 lumens/Watt
• Color Rendering Index –1A-1B
• Color Temperature – Any
• Lamp Life – 7-15,000 hours
Compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) 17
(BEE India, 2005)
© UNEP 2006
Types of Lighting Systems
High Pressure Sodium (HPS) Lamps
• Used in outdoor and industrial applications
• Consist of: ballast, high- voltage electronic starter,
ceramic arc tube, xenon gas filling, sodium, mercury
• No starting electrodes
• High efficacy: 60 – 80 lumen/Watt
• Color rendering index: 1 - 2
• Color temperature: warm
• Lamp life < 24,000 hrs
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BEE India, 2005
© UNEP 2006
Types of Lighting Systems
Low Pressure Sodium (LPS) Lamps
•
Commonly included in the HID family
•
Highest efficacy: 100 - 200 lumen/Watt
•
Poorest quality light: colors appear black, white
or grey shades
•
Limited to outdoor applications
•
Efficacy: Color rendering index: 3
•
Color temperature: yellow
•
Lamp life < 16,000 hours
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Types of Lighting Systems
Mercury Vapor Lamps
•
Oldest HID lamp
•
Consists of: arc tube with mercury and argon
gas and quartz envelope, third electrode, outer
phosphor coated bulb, outer glass envelope
•
Long life and low initial costs
•
Very poor efficacy: 30 – 65 lumens/Watt
•
Color rendering index: 3
•
Color temperature: intermediate
•
Lamp life: 16000 – 24000 hours
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Types of Lighting Systems
Metal Halide Lamps
• Works similar to tungsten halogen lamps
• Largest choice of color, size and rating
• Better efficacy than other HID lamps: 80 lumen/Watt
• Require high voltage ignition pulse but some have
third electrode for starting
• Color rendering index: 1A – 2
BEE India, 2005
• Color temperature:
3000 – 6000 K
• Lamp life:
6000 – 20,000 hours
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Types of Lighting Systems
Blended Lamps
• “Two-in-one”: 2 light sources in 1 gas filled bulb
• Quartz mercury discharge tube
• Tungsten filament
• Suitable for flame proof areas
• Fit into incandescent lamps fixtures
• Efficacy: 20 – 30 lumen/Watt
• Lamp life < 8000 hours
• High power factor: 0.95
• Typical rating: 160 W
BEE India, 2005
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© UNEP 2006
Types of Lighting Systems
LED Lamps
•
Newest type of energy efficient lamp
•
Two types:
• red-blue-green array
• phosphor-coated blue lamp
•
Emit visible light in a very narrow spectrum and
can produce “white light”
•
Used in exit signs, traffic signals, and the
technology is rapidly progressing
•
Significant energy savings: 82 – 93%
•
Longest lamp life: 40,000 – 100,000 hours
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Types of Lighting Systems
Reflectors
•
Impact how much light reaches
area and distribution pattern
•
Diffuse reflectors:
• 70-80% reflectance but declining in time BEE India,
• painted or powder coated white finish
•
2005
Specular reflectors:
• 85-96% reflectance and less decline in time
• Polished or mirror-like
• Not suitable for industrial open-type strip
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fixtures
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Types of Lighting Systems
Gear
•
Ballast
• Current limiting device
• Helps voltage build-up in fluorescent lights
•
Ignitors
• Start metal halide and sodium vapor lamps
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Types of Lighting Systems
Comparing lamps
Type of Lamp
Lum /
Watt
Color
Rendering
Index
Rang
e
Av
g.
Incandescent
8-18
14
Excellent
Fluorescent Lamps
46-60
50
Compact fluorescent lamps
(CFL)
40-70
High pressure mercury
(HPMV)
Halogen lamps
Typical Application
Life
(Hours)
Homes, restaurants, general
lighting, emergency lighting
1000
Good w.r.t.
coating
Offices, shops, hospitals,
homes
5000
60
Very good
Hotels, shops, homes,
offices
44-57
50
Fair
General lighting in factories,
garages, car parking, flood
lighting
5000
18-24
20
Excellent
Display, flood lighting,
stadium exhibition grounds,
construction areas
2000-4000
High pressure sodium
(HPSV) SON
67121
90
Fair
General lighting in factories,
ware houses, street lighting
6000-12000
Low pressure sodium (LPSV)
SOX
101175
150
Poor
Roadways, tunnels, canals,
street lighting
6000-12000
8000-10000
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© UNEP 2006
Training Agenda: Electricity
Introduction
Types of lighting systems
Assessment of lighting systems
Energy efficiency opportunities
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© UNEP 2006
Assessment of Lighting Systems
Designing with Light
•
Better lighting: increased productivity
•
Two main questions for designer:
• Choose correct lighting level
• Choose quality of light (color rendering)
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Assessment of Lighting Systems
Designing with Light
Recommended light levels for different tasks (BEE India, 2005)
Illuminance
level (lux)
General Lighting for rooms
and areas used either
infrequently
and/or casual or simple
visual tasks
General lighting for
interiors
Additional localized lighting
for visually exacting tasks
Examples of Area of Activity
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Minimum service illuminance in exterior circulating areas,
outdoor stores , stockyards
50
Exterior walkways & platforms.
70
Boiler house.
100
Transformer yards, furnace rooms etc.
150
Circulation areas in industry, stores and stock rooms.
200
Minimum service illuminance on the task
300
Medium bench & machine work, general process in chemical and
food industries, casual reading and filing activities.
450
Hangers, inspection, drawing offices, fine bench and machine
assembly, colour work, critical drawing tasks.
1500
Very fine bench and machine work, instrument & small precision
mechanism assembly; electronic components, gauging &
inspection of small intricate parts (may be partly provided by
local task lighting)
3000
Minutely detailed and precise work, e.g. Very small
parts of instruments, watch making, engraving.
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© UNEP 2006
Assessment of Lighting Systems
Recommended Illuminance Levels
 Scale of illuminance
• Illuminance for all non-working interiors > 20
Lux
• Factor 1.5 is the smallest significant difference
in effect of illuminance
• Therefore the following scale is recommended:
20–30–50–75–100–150–200–300–500–750–1000
–1500–2000, …Lux
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© UNEP 2006
Assessment of Lighting Systems
Recommended Illuminance Levels
 Illuminance ranges recommended for
interior or activity
• Middle value (R) for working interiors
• Higher value (H) for visual work
• Lower value (L) where accuracy is nonimportant
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© UNEP 2006
Assessment of Lighting Systems
Methodology for Efficiency Study
•
Step 1: Make inventory of lighting system
elements and transformers
Table: Device rating, population and use profile
S.
N
o.
Plant
Locati
on
Lighting
Device &
Ballast Type
Rating in
Watts Lamp
& Ballast
Population
Numbers
Use / Shifts as I /
II / III shifts / Day
Table: Lighting transformer/rating and population profile
S.
N
o.
Plant
Locatio
n
Lighting
Transformer Rating
(kVA)
Numbers
Installed
Measurement Provisions
Available Volts / Amps /
kW/ Energy
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© UNEP 2006
Assessment of Lighting Systems
Methodology for Efficiency Study
•
Step 2: Measure and document the Lux levels
•
Step 3: Measure and document the voltage and
power consumption at input points
•
Step 4: Compare the measured Lux values with
standard values as reference
•
Step 5: Analyze the failure rates of lamps,
ballasts and the actual life expectancy levels
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© UNEP 2006
Assessment of Lighting Systems
Methodology for Efficiency Study
Step-6 : identify improvement options, for example:
• Maximum sunlight use options through
transparent roof sheets
• Replacements of lamps and ballasts to more
energy efficient types
• Selecting interior colors for light reflection
• Modifying layout as per needs
• Providing individual / group controls for
lighting
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© UNEP 2006
Training Agenda: Electricity
Introduction
Types of lighting systems
Assessment of lighting systems
Energy efficiency opportunities
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© UNEP 2006
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
Use Natural Day Lighting
• North lighting
• Glass strips across the roof
• Sky lights with fiber reinforced plastic
(FRP)
• Atrium with FRP dome
• Natural light from
windows
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Energy Efficiency Opportunities
De-lamping to Reduce Excess
Lighting
• Effective method to reduce energy
consumption
• Reducing lamp height combined with
de-lamping: illuminance hardly affected
• Complicated for series wired ballasts
• Less problematic with parallel wired
ballast
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© UNEP 2006
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
Task Lighting
• Low wattage lamps at task
• General illuminance at lower level
• Benefits:
• Reduce number of lighting fixtures
• Reduce lamp wattage
• Save considerable energy
• Better illuminance
• Aesthetically pleasing ambience
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© UNEP 2006
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
High Efficiency Lamps & Luminaries
Examples (9 – 75% savings):
• Metal halide lamps to replace mercury /
sodium vapor lamps
• HPSV lamps where color rendering is
not critical
• LED panel indicator lamps to replace
filament lamps
• Luminaries with mirror optics instead of
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conventional painted ones
© UNEP 2006
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
Percentage
Reduction of
Lighting Feeder
Voltage
2
3
5
Supply voltage percentage
4
6
• Can save
energy
• Provided drop
in light output
is acceptable
1
4
6
5
3
2
1
1) Lamp current
4) Lamp output
2) Circuit power,
5) lamp voltage
3) Lamp power,
6) lamp efficiency
Effect of voltage variation of
fluorescent tube light parameters
(BEE India, 2005)
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Energy Efficiency Opportunities
Electronic Ballasts instead of
Electromagnetic Ballasts
•
Oscillators that convert supply frequency to
about 20,000 – 30,000 Hz
•
Available for fluorescent tube lights, LPSV and
HPSV lamps
•
Benefits in fluorescent tube lights:
• Reduced power loss: 1 Watt instead of 10-15
Watt
• Improved efficacy at higher frequencies
• Elimination of starter: no flickering
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© UNEP 2006
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
Low Loss Electromagnetic Ballasts
for Tube Lights
Loss per tube lights:
•
Standard ballasts: 10 – 15 Watts
•
Low loss ballasts: 8 - 10 Watts
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Energy Efficiency Opportunities
Timers, Twilight Switches &
Occupancy Sensors
•
Timers: switching of unnecessary lights
•
Twilight switches: depending on availability of
daylight
•
Occupancy sensors: depending on presence of
people
•
Applicable for general areas, conference
rooms, cubicles, restrooms, exteriors
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© UNEP 2006
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
T5 Fluorescent Tube Light
•
Slimmer tubes than T12 and T8 tubes
•
Improved luminaire efficiencies by 7%, and with
super-reflective aluminum luminaire by 11-30%
•
Mercury reduction: 3 mg instead of 15 mg per
lamp
•
Can only be operated with electronic ballasts
and not existing luminaries
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© UNEP 2006
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
Lighting Maintenance
• Light levels decrease >50% due to aging
lamps and dirt on fixtures, lamps and
room surfaces
• Maintenance options:
• Clean equipment
• Replace lenses
• Keep spaces bright and clean
• Re-lamping
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© UNEP 2006
Training Session on Energy
Equipment

Lighting
THANK YOU
FOR YOUR ATTENTION
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© UNEP GERIAP
Disclaimer and References
• This PowerPoint training session was prepared as part of
the project “Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction from
Industry in Asia and the Pacific” (GERIAP). While
reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that the
contents of this publication are factually correct and
properly referenced, UNEP does not accept responsibility for
the accuracy or completeness of the contents, and shall not
be liable for any loss or damage that may be occasioned
directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the
contents of this publication. © UNEP, 2006.
• The GERIAP project was funded by the Swedish
International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida)
• Full references are included in the textbook chapter that is
available on www.energyefficiencyasia.org
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