CHAPTER 3: CELLS
INTRODUCTION- Cells
 The cell is the ________________________ in living
things.
 Cells vary in their ____________________________
 All cells have similar ____________________________
Typical animal cell contains 4 parts:
 The CELL (or plasma) ________________________________.
 The ________________________________________
 The CELLULAR ________________________________
_______________________
 The ___________________________________
Membrane Structure = Fluid Mosaic Model (page 67)
 Composed of a double _____________________;many
__________
 The surfaces of the membrane are ______________ due to
the __________________________;
 The internal portion of the membrane is _____________
due to the _________________________
Membrane Proteins
________________________________ into and extend across
the lipid bilayer.
 Most are ____________________
 They serve as either _______________________________
3-1
CHAPTER 3: CELLS
________________________________________
___________________________________________ of the cell
membrane.
 They serve as _________________________
Intercellular Junctions
____________________ cell membranes together (Glue)
 Tight Junctions ________________________________
 Desmosomes are _______________________________
 Gap Junctions allow ____________________________
A COMPOSITE CELL & Its Organelles
Membrane Structure
 Phospholipid ____________
Cytoplasm (cytosol) = ____________________ that holds
the cellular organelles inside the cell
Ribosomes  Make _________________; found on _________
__________________
Rough ER  ______________________________ to other
parts of the cell via _________________________
Smooth ER  _________________________
3-2
CHAPTER 3: CELLS
Golgi Apparatus  Found close to ER. Takes _____________
________________________; then sends them on their way
(____________________)
Mitochondrion  ______________________. Takes in food;
___________________, which is broken down
______________. Some cells have more mitochondria than
others
Cristae  ________________________ to increase surface area
Nucleus  _________________________________. Contains
_______________ DNA converted to ________ and stored in
____________. RNA sent out to cell as a ________________
Surrounded by __________________________
Nuclear pores allow_____________________________
Cytoskeleton  _________________________ cell shape
Microfilaments  Used for ______________________
Microtubules  Thicker __________________________
Cilia and Flagella  Help some cells __________________
Lining of _____________________
Lysosomes  Contain _______________________; breaks
down _____________; can _______________________
Nuclear Membrane Surrounds ____________________
3-3
CHAPTER 3: CELLS
CentriolesSet of microtubules that ______________________
Plasma Membrane  Selective __________________________
Plant Cell Organelles
Cell Wall Protects ___________________________
Vacuoles Storage for ________________________________
Chloroplasts  Found only in _______________. Used to trap
the ______________________
Structure of Plasma Membrane & Movement Through Cell
Selectively Permeable  allows ________________________
_________________________
Phospholipid Bilayer Polar heads ___________________of
cell; ___________________________________
Polar = ________________________________
Nonpolar = ____________________________
Why is there this arrangement of lipids?
Cytoplasm and outside of cell is _________________
Molecules on the Plasma Membrane
3-4
CHAPTER 3: CELLS
 Carbohydrates  Act as _____________________________
 Cholesterol  Gives membrane _______________________
 Receptor Proteins  bind ___________________________
_______________________________________
 Recognition Proteins  proteins on membrane that are used
for ______________________________________
 Adhesion Proteins  help cells of a certain type _________
________________________________
What gets in and out of the cell membrane?
How do some substances pass through the membrane while
others stay out?
Materials moves across the membrane in two ways
1. _________________________
2. _________________________
Passive Transport
1. Diffusion  movement of molecules from _____________
_____________________________________
________________________________________ pass through
the membrane by diffusion
Equilibrium  Cells in equilibrium have ________________
3-5
CHAPTER 3: CELLS
____________________________________
Facilitated Diffusion  molecules bind to _____________
across the _________________
Diffusion through channels  specific passageways
_______________________________________________
Water, Diffusion and the Plasma Membrane
Osmosis  Diffusion ______________
Isotonic  Cells at ________________________________
Hypertonic Cell in a solution that has a ___________
_________________________Water rushes out of the cell
Hypotonic Cell in a solution that has a ___________
____________________________Water rushes into the cell
Active Transport  Using __________________________
into the cell against their concentration gradients
1. Cell Membrane Pumps  carrier proteins pump ions
_______________________________________
2. Endocytosis  _____________________________ or
liquids by plasma membrane
Cells take in _________________________ from bloodstream
3-6
CHAPTER 3: CELLS
Pinocytosis  Endocytosis of _______________
3. Exocytosis  vesicle contents ______________________
_________________are transported by exocytosis
DNA in the Cell
 Inside the nucleus are ________________________________
 Chromosome made from ___________________. Coils _____
so it can fit into a cell
 Each chromosome consists of ___________________________
 Center of the chromosome is __________________________
Number & Types of Chromosomes
Sex chromosomes determine the sex of an organism
___ = female
___ = Male
All other chromosomes are called __________________
Homologous Chromosomes
 Each organism gets ____________ of each autosome; __ from
mom and __ from dad (___total chromosomes; __ pairs in
humans)
3-7
CHAPTER 3: CELLS
 Each 2 paired chromosomes are called ____________________
 Homologous chromosomes _________________________
Diploid & Haploid Cells
Diploid Cells  Cells with _________ of each chromosome
Haploid Cells  Cells with __________ of each chromosome
 Most cells in the body are __________
 Sex cells (sperm & egg) are _____________
Why do cells divide?
1. Get _______________
2. _______________________
3. Surface ________________________________________
When do cells divide?
Depends on the type of cell (days, weeks, months, some never
divide)
Cell Cycle  Cells will ________________________
Stages of Cell Cycle in Eukaryotes
Interphase  ________________
G1  ___________________
S  ________________________
3-8
CHAPTER 3: CELLS
G2 -> ________________
Mitosis  DNA, which has been replicated needs to be ________
_________________________________
Stages of Mitosis
Prophase
1. Chromatin _________________________________________
2. Spindle fibers _______________________________________
Metaphase
1. Spindles align chromosomes in the ______________________
Anaphase
1. Centromeres _________________________________
2. Chromatids move _____________________________
Telophase
1. Chromosomes ____________________________
2. Nucleus _________________
3. Spindle ________________________
4. Cell __________________________
Cytokinesis (Cell Division)
Animal Cell  cleavage furrow _________________________
Plant Cell  cell plate ________________________________
3-9
CHAPTER 3: CELLS
3-10