International Research Journal of Agricultural Science and Soil Science (ISSN: 2251-0044) Vol. 3(2) pp. 30-37, February 2013
Available online http://www.interesjournals.org/IRJAS
Copyright ©2013 International Research Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Some Morphological and Agronomical Characteristics
of Genus of Turkey: Tchihatchewia isatidea Boiss
Ahmet Gümüşçü*1, Neset Arslan2, Serkan Uranbey3, Mikail Çalışkan4
1
Selcuk University, Cumra Educational High College, 42500, Çumra, Konya Turkey
Ankara University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Field Crops, 06110, Dışkapı, Ankara, Turkey
3
Çankırı Karatekin University, Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Ankara Yolu 11. Km, Çankırı, Turkey
4
Central Research Institute of Field Crops, Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey
2
ABSTRACT
This research was done at the experimental fields of Cumra High Educational College, Konya, Turkey,
in 2008-2010 years. In this study, seeds of Tchihatchewia isatidea, which is endemic as genus, collected
from various regions of Turkey. Adaptation trial was done with four replications and some
morphological observations were recorded, after germination tests resulted positive. The aim of this
study was to improve a new ornamental, dyeing and aromatic plant with long flowering period.
According to the results; observed characters changed between 26- 44 cm in plant height; 11- 52.7 cm
in canopy diameter; 45- 163 leaves per plant; 6- 120 in branch number; 10.45- 35.86 mm in leaf width;
47.65- 152.74 mm in leaf length; 194- 1091 in capsule number per plant; 8- 26 g in capsule yield per
plant; 532- 576 days to flowering; 13-30 days to flowering period; 5.1-10.5 g in 1000 seed weight; 5.117.4 g in seed yield per plant and 561- 1875 kg in seed yield per hectare.
Keywords: Tchihatchewia isatidea,
characteristics, yield components.
ornamental
plant,
morphological
characteristics,
agronomical
INTRODUCTION
Turkey is among rich countries in flora because of both
having different climatic conditions and placed along a
point of intersection of three floristic regions (Atalay,
1994; Arslan et al., 2002). Turkey has about 11000
seed plant species, of which nearly 3000 (approx. 30
%) are endemic in nature (Ekim, 1992).
The Turkish flora is rich from the point of view wild,
medicinal, aromatical and ornamental plants which
constitute an important part of the biological diversity of
this country. Many tuberous or bulbous, woody biennial
and perennial ornamental plants are present on the
turkish flora. The lots of important geophyte species
belong to the families Liliaceae, Iridaceae and
Amaryllidaceae (Arslan et al. 1998a, b). Also, there are
some species belonging to the other families having
showy and sweet-scented flowers. One of these families
*Corresponding Author E-mail: agumuscu19@yahoo.com;
Phone: +903324475621; Fax: +903324473425
is the family Brassicaceae (Cruciferae). There are some
species such as Alyssum, Aethionema, Cheiranthus
genus, which could put important agricultural and
ornamental species in Turkey (Budak et al. 2011; Yilmaz
and Yilmaz, 2009; Özen et al. 1998). Also, another taxon
Tchihatchewia (Syn: Neotchihatchewia) is a monotypic
genus and a Turkish endemic, and belongs to the
Brassicaceae family (Mutlu and Dönmez, 2003).
Tchihatchewia isatidea Boiss. is a biennial herb. Its
stem has up to 40 cm long bearing 3-5 mm width, patent,
simple, bifurcate, rarely dendroid hollow hairs. Basal
leaves are up to 120 mm in length and 20 mm in width,
distinctly petiolate and oblanceolate to spathulate in
shape. The stem leaves are up to 60 mm in length and
12 mm in width, sessile or shortly petiolate and
lanceolate in shape. Both of them are similar to each
other by irregularly acute lobes and dentate margin. The
inflorescence of this species is paniculate or lower
branched corymbose and flowers are showy and fragrant.
Sepals and petals are 4 and petals are red-violet in color.
Fruits are up to 25 mm in length and 5 mm in width,
obovate to narrowly elliptic, widely elliptic to orbicular in
Gümüşçü et al. 31
shape and appearence with wings, pendulous,
indehiscent. Fruits have 1 or 2 seeds, which are
nonmucilaginous (Davis, 1965; Mutlu and Dönmez,
2003).
The distribution area of the genus ranges from east of
central Anatolia to the border of Iran. The species grows
on eroded hills and slopes. This taxon is assessed as
“vulnerable” threat category in Turkey (Ekim et al., 2000).
It is very important that such species should be cultivated
and propagated using alternative methods. Because, this
species can grow on the arid conditions and soils; does
not want any specific soil property. In the last 10 years,
alternative and economically important plants and
products were searched and supported from government
in Turkey. Therefore, this species can be a good
alternative ornamental plant to the ornamental plant
producers in central and transition regions.
Around Sivas (east of central Anatolia) areas, flowers
of this plant are used as a dye (Baytop, 1994). Other
uses as medicinal plant are known (Cakilcioglu et al.,
2011; Altundag and Ozturk, 2011; Khatun et al., 2012).
However, don’t exist previous data of morphological or
agronomic studies about this species. Therefore, there
were not any literatures cited for this species. Due to the
showy inflorescence which has attractive flower color and
interesting indumentum, the plant could be useful as a
garden ornamental (Mutlu and Dönmez, 2003).
The aim of this study is to determine the
morphological characters and investigate if this plant
adapt to the Konya (central Anatolia) conditions and
being an alternative product to the farmers, which grow
and produce outside ornamental plants in this region.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
High Educational College and the other part was for trials
at the laboratories of the Central Research Institute for
Field Crops in Ankara.
Field Studies
The collected seeds were sown in greenhouse at first.
The healthy seedlings were transferred to the field at
various densities like 30x15, 30x20, 30x30, 40x20,
40x30, 40x40, 50x20, 50x30 and 50x40 cm.
The experiment was set up with 4 replications
randomly complete block design and there was a plot of
locality in each block (Gürbüz et al. 1995). The planting
was done as 5 rows in a plot and 10 plants in a row.
During the experiment, morphological and agricultural
measurements were done from seedling planting till fruit
matures (capsules). Especially, the shape, color, bigness
and the type of hairy of the cauline leaves were
investigated carefully. Besides these characters,
branching features, the flowering date and flowering
duration were determined. Also, plant height, leaf width,
leaf length and canopy diameter were measured at
rosette stage; fruit bigness and thousand seed weight
were measured at flowering stage.
After setting up the experiment completely, eradication
of weeds and irrigation operations were done regularly.
An additional fertilization was not made, because the
mineral materials consumption of the plant was not
known enough.
All data were obtained from 10 plant samples at each
plant density treatment. Significance of the data was
determined by analysis of variance and the differences
between the means were compared by Least Significant
Difference (LSD) test using an MSTAT-C computer
program (Michigan State University).
Plant material
In this study, at first the seeds of Tchihatchewia isatidea
Boiss. which may be an economically important
ornamental plant, were collected on the natural flora. It
was determined till now that this species grows in the
following provinces; Giresun, Gümüşhane, Sivas, Elazığ,
Erzurum, Tunceli and Malatya of Turkey. The seed
materials were collected from these provinces.
The material collection trips were done two times in a
season for the collection of the plants on the natural flora.
The first trip was at the beginning of flowering in
May/June and the second one was at the maturing of
seeds in August 2008-2010. In the first trip, the plants
localities were determined and herbarium samples were
taken. But, these samples were stored only at the
department of Field Crops, at the Faculty of Agriculture,
Ankara University, and were not given to another official
herbarium. In the second trip, enough seeds were
collected. A part of these seeds were seperated for field
experimental trials at the University of Selcuk, Cumra
RESULTS
The data obtained from the experimental field studies are
represented in following tables. All measured and
observed characters are showed in different plant density
and locations. It was defined that the best growing
regions for this species were Sivas, Erzincan and
environments. According to this study, this taxon has not
any germination problem. During this study, the seeds
were sown a lot of time at the greenhouse and field
conditions. The germination rate was approximately 90%.
But, this taxon should sow in the autumn on the field,
because vernalization is needed to the plants. The
germination begins in early spring and the plants stay in
the first year at the form of rosette.
The plant height values were represented in table 1 as
follows.
As seen in table 1, the maximum plant height value
was obtained from location Erzurum as 44 cm with 50x40
32 Int. Res. J. Agric. Sci. Soil Sci.
Table 1. Plant height (cm) mean values obtained from various plant density and locations
Plant
Erzurum
Erzincan
Gümüşhane
Sivas
Tunceli
Malatya
density
50x20
41 abc*
37 c-j
41 abc
36.5 c-j
30 m-r
30 m-r
50x30
39.5 a-e
34 g-n
38.5 b-f
37.5 c-h
32.4 i-p
33 h-o
50x40
44 a
34 g-n
36 d-k
39.7 a-e
34 g-n
38 c-g
Plant height (cm) 40x20
38 c-g
34.5 f-k
37 c-i
28 pqr
29 o-r
29 o-r
40x30
43 ab
31.5 k-q
35 e-k
30 m-r
34 g-n
32 j-p
LSD %5: 1.371
40x40
43 ab
30 m-r
37c-i
34.2 f-m
28.7 o-r
35 e-k
30x15
36 d-k
29 o-r
34 g-n
28 pqr
26.5 r
27qr
LSD %1: 5.244
30x20
38 c-g
28 pqr
34 g-n
28.5 o-r
29.2 n-r
26 r
30x30
40 a-d
30 m-r
33 h-o
28 pqr
26.5 r
36 d-k
Mean ±
40.2 ± 2.143 31.8 ± 1.695 36.1 ± 1.924 32.2 ± 1.716 30 ± 1.599 31.7 ± 1.690
SD
Mean ±
SD**
35.6 ± 1.898
35.8 ± 1.908
37.5 ± 1.999
32.6 ± 1.738
34.2 ± 1.823
34.5 ± 1.839
30 ± 1.599
30.7 ± 1.636
32.1 ± 1.711
*Mean values followed by the different letters are significant at the 0.05 level
** Standard deviation
Table 2. Canopy diameter (cm) mean values obtained from various plant density and locations
Plant
Erzurum
Erzincan
Gümüşhane
Sivas
Tunceli
Malatya
density
50x20
20 n-q*
29 i
29 i
44 de
49 bc
21 nop
50x30
14 stu
24 k-n
34 h
45.5 cd
27.2 ijk
24 k-n
50x40
28 ij
36 gh
35 h
41.3 ef
28 ij
27 ijk
Canopy
diameter (cm)
40x20
14 stu
25 j-m
30 i
13 tu
50.2 ab
27 ijk
40x30
21 m-p
15 rst
39 fg
35 h
18 pqr
19 opq
LSD %5: 3.321
40x40
22 l-o
35 h
28.5 ij
40.2 ef
47.5 bc
25 j-m
30x15
25 j-m
15 rst
41 ef
26 i-l
52.7 a
30 i
LSD %1: 4.444
30x20
18 pqr
11 u
18 pqr
33.5 h
50 ab
13 tu
30x30
12 tu
17 qrs
20 opq
23 l-o
46.8 bcd
28 ij
Mean ± SD 19.4 ± 1.356 22.9 ± 1.601 30.4 ± 2.125 33.5 ± 2.342 41 ± 2.866 23.8 ± 1.664
Mean ± SD
31.9 ± 2.230
28.1 ± 1.964
32.5 ± 2.272
26.5 ± 1.852
24.6 ± 1.720
33 ± 2.307
31.5 ± 2.202
23.9 ± 1.671
24.4 ± 1.706
*Mean values followed by the different letters are significant at the 0.05 level
cm plant density. This was followed by location Erzurum
as 43 cm with 40x30 cm and 40x40 cm plant densities,
respectively. The difference among these plant densities
was insignificant statistically by 5% level. The minimum
plant height value was obtained from location Malatya as
26 cm with 30x20 cm plant density.
The canopy diameter values were represented in table
2.
The highest canopy diameter value was measured by
location Tunceli as 52.7 cm with 30x15 cm plant density.
This was followed by location Tunceli as 50.2 cm and 50
cm with plant densities 40x20 cm and 30x20 cm,
respectively. These mean values were in same group
statistically. The lowest canopy diameter value was
measured by location Erzincan as 11 cm with 30x20 cm
plant density.
Leaf number values were represented in table 3.
The highest leaf number value was observed from
location Gumushane as 182 with 40x30 cm plant density.
The smallest one was the location Malatya as 20 with
30x15 cm plant density. This character is important
concerning to produce more branches and more flowers
of the plants.
Branch number values were represented in table 4.
The highest branch number value was observed from
location Tunceli as 120 with 50x20 cm plant density. This
was followed by locations Tunceli and Sivas as 115 and
114; with 40x20 cm and 50x20 cm plant density,
respectively. The smallest one was the location Malatya
as 7 with 30x15 cm plant density. Also, branch number is
very important in forming more flowers in the ornamental
plants.
The branch number value means were represented as
a graphical figure 1 as follows.
The capsule number values represented in table 5.
The highest capsule number value was counted on
the location Sivas as 1091 with 50x20 cm plant density.
This value was followed by the values from the locations
Gümüşçü et al. 33
Table 3. Leaf number mean values obtained from various plant density and locations
Density
Leaf number
LSD %5: 6.939
LSD %1: 9.285
50x20
50x30
50x40
40x20
40x30
40x40
30x15
30x20
30x30
Mean
Gümüşha
Sivas
Tunceli
Malatya
Mean ± SD
ne
102 l*
82 m
108 jkl
114 ij
155 c
110 jk
111.9 ± 5.024
45 uv
136 ef
85 m
138 de
145 d
52 stu
100 ± 4.490
57 rs
130 fg
103 kl
163 b
65 pq
70 op
98 ± 4.400
83 m
133 ef
145 d
38 v
113 ij
87 m
99.8 ± 4.481
57 rs
55 rst
182 a
110 jk
52 stu
57 rs
85.4 ± 3.835
74 no
53 rst
111 j
123 gh
123 gh
48 tu
88.6 ± 3.978
103 kl
45uv
138 de
65 pq
120 hi
20 w
81.8 ± 3.673
101 l
80 mn
60 qr
140 de
140 de
125 gh
107.6 ± 4.831
137 ef
50 stu
45 uv
120 hi
120 hi
67 opq
89.8 ± 4.032
84.2 ± 3.781 84.9 ± 3.812 108.5 ± 4.872 112.3 ± 5.042 114.8 ± 5.155 70.5 ± 3.166
Erzurum
Erzincan
*Mean values followed by the different letters are significant at the 0.05 level
Table 4. Branch number mean values obtained from various plant density and locations
Branch number
LSD %5: 5.73
LSD %1: 7.668
Plant
Erzurum
Erzincan
density
50x20
42 m-p*
71 fg
50x30
26 tu
47 klm
50x40
68 gh
58 j
40x20
35 qrs
72 fg
40x30
65 hi
40 n-r
40x40
52 k
41 m-q
30x15
59 ij
49 kl
30x20
76 ef
25 uv
30x30
67 gh
26 tu
Mean ±
54.3 ± 2.856 47.6 ± 2.504
SD
Gümüşhane
Sivas
Tunceli
Malatya
47 klm
76 ef
51 k
94 d
103 c
41 m-q
76 ef
44 l-o
38 o-s
114 ab
64 hi
112 b
18 w
45 l-o
96 d
25 uv
110 b
38 o-s
120 a
80 e
34 rs
115 ab
19 vw
109 b
110 b
98 cd
115 ab
32 st
6x
43 l-p
43 l-p
36 p-s
32 st
7x
43 l-o
40 n-r
63.2 ± 3.324
68.8 ± 3.619 88.9 ± 4.676 31.1 ± 1.636
*Mean values followed by the different letters are significant at the 0.05 level
Branch number
140
120
50x20
100
50x30
50x40
80
40x20
40x30
60
40x40
30x15
40
30x20
30x30
20
0
Erzurum
Erzincan
Gümüşhane
Sivas
Tunceli
Malatya
Localities
Figure 1. Branch number mean values obtained from various plant density and locations
Mean ±
SD
70.8 ± 3.724
49.8 ± 2.620
60.5 ± 3.182
62.7 ± 3.298
51.1 ± 2.688
61.8 ± 3.251
54.3 ± 2.856
65.9 ± 3.466
54 ± 2.840
34 Int. Res. J. Agric. Sci. Soil Sci.
Table 5. Capsule (fruit) number per plant mean values obtained from various plant density and locations
Plant
Erzurum
Erzincan
Gümüşhane
Sivas
Tunceli
Malatya
density
50x20
474 mno*
850 cd
424 opq
1091 a
1069 a
279 st
50x30
260 stu
684 fgh
1062 a
390 pqr
444 nop
218 tu
50x40
685 fgh
630 hij
419 opq
1070 a
377 pqr
672 fgh
Capsule
number per
40x20
535 klm
920 bc
777 e
202 tu
870 cd
510 lmn
plant
40x30
594 ijk
248 stu
950 b
320 rs
203 tu
418 opq
40x40
599 ijk
467 mno
417 opq
586 jk
663 ghi
386 pqr
LSD %5: 65.75 30x15
422 opq
800 de
800 de
221 tu
808 de
220 tu
30x20
740 ef
194 u
353 qr
736 efg
550 kl
549 kl
LSD %1: 87.99
30x30
655 hij
250 stu
257 stu
272 st
917 bc
500 lmn
Mean ±
551.4 ± 31.430 560.2 ± 31.931 606.5 ± 34.571 543 ± 30.951 655.6 ± 37.369 416.9 ± 23.763
SD
Mean ± SD
697.7 ± 39.769
509.6 ± 29.047
642.2 ± 36.605
635.5 ± 36.224
455.4 ± 25.958
519.5 ± 29.612
545.1 ± 31.071
520.4 ± 29.663
475.1 ± 27.081
*Mean values followed by the different letters are significant at the 0.05 level
Table 6. Capsule (fruit) yield per plant (g) mean values obtained from various plant density and locations
Plant
Erzurum
Erzincan
density
50x20
10 fg*
22 b
50x30
8g
14 c-f
50x40
20 b
10 fg
Capsule yield per
plant (g)
40x20
14 c-f
22 b
40x30
12 d-g
9g
LSD %5: 3.5
40x40
14 c-f
11 d-g
30x15
10 fg
20 b
LSD %1: 4.683
30x20
14 c-f
8g
30x30
12 d-g
9g
Mean ± SD 12.7 ± 1.547 13.9 ± 1.693
Gümüşhane
Sivas
Tunceli
Malatya
10 fg
22 b
10 fg
14 c-f
22 b
8g
18 bc
9g
8g
13.5 ± 1.644
22 b
10 fg
26 a
8g
9g
10 fg
9g
15 cd
8g
13 ± 1.583
16 cde
14 c-f
14 c-f
22 b
8g
14 c-f
14 c-f
10 fg
18 bc
14.2 ± 1.730
9g
10 fg
14 c-f
12 d-g
18 bc
12 d-g
8g
10 fg
14 c-f
11.9 ± 1.449
Mean ±
SD
14.5 ± 1.766
13 ± 1.583
15.7 ± 1.912
15.4 ± 1.876
13 ± 1.583
11.5 ± 1.401
13.3 ± 1.620
11 ± 1.340
11.5 ± 1.401
*Mean values followed by the different letters are significant at the 0.05 level
Sivas as 1070, Tunceli as 1069 and Gumushane as 1062
with 50x40 cm, 50x20 cm and 50x30 cm, respectively.
These values are in same group statistically. The
smallest capsule number was counted on the location
Erzincan as 194 mm with 30x20 cm plant density.
The capsule yield per plant values were represented
in table 6.
The highest capsule yield value was measured on the
location Sivas as 26 g with 50x40 cm plant density. The
smallest capsule yield values were measured on a lot of
locations as 8 and 9 g with various plant densities. These
smallest values were obtained on all locations
approximately and in same groups statistically.
The days to flowering values were represented in
table 7.
The maximum days to flowering were 576 on the
locations Erzincan and Gumushane with 50x20 cm plant
density. These values were followed by the locations
Gumushane, Sivas and Malatya as 574 days with 50x40
cm plant density. The shortest days to flowering were 532
days on all locations except Erzurum and Sivas with
various plant densities. All of them were in same
statisticall group. This character is very important for an
ornamental plant. Especially, it is preferred that the days
to flowering of an ornamental plant is short after planted.
Because of the days to flowering of this biannual plant
were very long, this duration should be shorten via
various breeding methods.
The days to flowering period values were represented
in table 8.
The maximum number of days to flowering duration
were 30 days on the location Sivas with 50x40 cm plant
density. The shortest days to flowering duration were 13
days on the locations Tunceli and Gumushane with
50x40 cm and 50x30 cm plant densities. The most
important character observed was days to flowering
duration for an ornamental plant nominee. In this study
counted days to flowering period was not so short, but
this period may lengthened with a convenient breeding
program.
Gümüşçü et al. 35
Table 7. Days to flowering mean values obtained from various plant density and locations
Density
50x20
50x30
50x40
Days to
40x20
flowering (day)
40x30
LSD %5: 30.16 40x40
30x15
LSD %1: 40.36 30x20
30x30
Mean
Erzurum
550 a-g*
560 a-g
564 a-g
546 a-g
553 a-g
553 a-g
551 a-g
545 a-g
548 a-g
552.3 ± 3.811
Erzincan
576 a
566 a-g
570 a-e
546 a-g
549 a-g
541 a-g
535 d-g
532 g
539 b-g
553.3 ±
3.818
Gümüşhane
576 a
569 a-f
574 ab
551 a-g
550 a-g
550 a-g
544 a-g
534 efg
534 efg
Sivas
540 a-g
571 a-d
574 ab
541 a-g
540 a-g
550 a-g
537 c-g
536 d-g
534 efg
Tunceli
554 a-g
570 a-e
573 abc
552 a-g
541 a-g
547 a-g
532 g
534 efg
532 g
Malatya
554 a-g
563 a-g
574 ab
550 a-g
552 a-g
545 a-g
533 fg
532 g
535 d-g
Mean ± SD
558.4 ± 3.853
566.7 ± 3.910
571.5 ± 3.943
547.7 ± 3.779
551.8 ± 3.807
547.7 ± 3.779
538.5 ± 3.716
535.5 ± 3.695
537 ± 3.705
553.6 ± 3.820 547 ± 3.774 548.3 ± 3.783 548.7 ± 3.786
*Mean values followed by the different letters are significant at the 0.05 level
Table 8. Days to flowering duration (period) mean values obtained from various plant density and locations
Plant
Erzurum
Erzincan
density
50x20
24 c-h*
19 h-m
50x30
16 l-o
17 k-o
50x40
22 d-j
19 h-m
Days to flowering
40x20
17 k-o
16 l-o
duration (day)
40x30
15 mno
20 g-l
40x40
18 j-n
26 a-e
LSD %5: 4.087
30x15
23 c-h
25 a-f
30x20
22
d-j
17
k-o
LSD %1: 5.469
30x30
22 d-j
20 h-m
Mean ±
20.1 ± 2.036 20 ± 2.026
SD
Gümüşhane
Sivas
Tunceli
Malatya
Mean ± SD
19 h-m
18 j-n
13 o
21 e-k
19 h-m
20 g-l
25 a-f
26 a-e
23 c-h
16 l-o
28 abc
30 a
22 d-j
19 h-m
22 d-j
18 j-n
23 c-h
21 e-k
14 no
13 o
13 o
29 ab
15 mno
27 a-d
23 c-h
23 c-h
20 h-m
14 no
16 l-o
17 k-o
18 j-n
15 mno
25 a-f
23 c-h
17 k-o
21 e-k
17.8 ± 1.803
18 ± 1.823
19.1 ± 1.935
20.6 ± 2.087
17.3 ± 1.753
23 ± 2.330
23 ± 2.330
21.5 ± 2.178
21.2 ± 2.148
20.6 ± 2.087
22.2 ± 2.249
19.8 ± 2.006 18.5 ± 1.874
*Mean values followed by the different letters are significant at the 0.05 level
Flowering period (day)
35
30
50x20
50x30
25
50x40
20
40x20
40x30
15
40x40
30x15
10
30x20
30x30
5
0
Erzurum
Erzincan
Gümüşhane
Sivas
Tunceli
Malatya
Localities
Figure 2. Days to flowering duration mean values
The days to flowering period mean values were
represented as a graphical figure 2 as follows.
The thousand seed weight values were represented in
table 9.
The highest 1000 seed weight value was 10.5 g on the
location Erzincan with 50x20 cm plant density. This value
was followed by the locations Sivas and Tunceli as 10.3 g
and 10.2 g; with 50x40 cm and 50x20 cm plant densities,
36 Int. Res. J. Agric. Sci. Soil Sci.
Table 9. 1000 seed weight (g) mean values obtained from various plant density and locations
Plant
Erzurum
density
50x20
6.1 j-p*
50x30
7.1 e-m
50x40
5.3 nop
1000 seed weight (g)
40x20
8.6 b-e
40x30
6.8 g-n
LSD %5: 1.253
40x40
7.9 b-i
30x15
9.3 ab
LSD %1: 1.677
30x20
7.1 e-m
30x30
6.9 f-m
Mean ± SD 7.2 ± 0.242
Erzincan
Gümüşhane
Sivas
Tunceli
Malatya
Mean ± SD
10.5 a
8.3 b-g
7.9 b-i
8.8 bcd
7.6 c-j
6.5 i-p
6.6 i-p
7.3 d-l
8.4 b-f
8 ± 0.269
5.7 m-p
6.3 j-p
6.8 g-n
5.8 l-p
6.1 j-p
7.0 f-m
5.9 k-p
6.8 g-n
6.4 j-p
6.3 ± 0.212
6.4 j-p
7.4 c-k
10.3 a
6.5 i-p
7.4 d-k
7.3 d-l
8.9 bc
6.6 i-p
7.0 f-m
7.5 ± 0.252
10.2 a
6.4 j-p
7.6 c-j
6.9 f-m
7.1 e-m
7.5 c-j
8.0 b-i
6.9 f-m
6.7 h-o
7.5 ± 0.252
5.9 k-p
5.1 p
7.4 c-k
6.4 j-p
5.2 op
7.1 e-m
6.6 i-p
7.1 e-m
8.2 b-h
6.6 ± 0.222
7.5 ± 0.252
6.8 ± 0.229
7.6 ± 0.255
7.2 ± 0.242
6.7 ± 0.225
7.2 ± 0.242
7.6 ± 0.255
7 ± 0.235
7.3 ± 0.245
Malatya
Mean ± SD
*Mean values followed by the different letters are significant at the 0.05 level
Table 10. Seed yield per plant (g) mean values obtained from various plant density and locations
Plant
density
Seed yield per plant 50x20
(g)
50x30
50x40
LSD %5: 1.227
40x20
LSD %1: 1.642
40x30
40x40
30x15
30x20
30x30
Mean ±
SD
Erzurum
Erzincan
6.8 m-p*
16.5 d
6.0 pq
11.3 gh
13.2 f
7.0 m-p
11.1 ghi
17.3 cd
10.3 h-k
6.0 m-p
9.9 ijk
7.9 mn
8.2 lm
16.7 d
10.8 g-j
5.9 pq
9.6 jk
6.9 m-p
9.6 ± 0.613 10.6 ± 0.676
Gümüşhane
6.3 opq
17.4 cd
6.9 m-p
10.2 h-k
17.1 cd
6.4 opq
14.9 e
6.7 nop
5.8 pq
10.1 ± 0.644
Sivas
Tunceli
18.1 bc
13.9 ef
5.1 q
7.9 mn
10.7 g-k
7.7 mno
24.0 a
11.4 gh
11.2 gh
5.9 pq
18.5 b
9.8 ijk
5.7 pq
6.0 pq
14.7 e
7.1 m-p
11.6 gh
9.3 kl
7.0 m-p
10.8 g-j
5.8 pq
11.8 g
6.7 nop
7.9 mn
6.1 pq
14.2 ef
11.0 g-j
10.4 ± 0.664 11.6 ± 0.740 9.2 ± 0.587
11.2 ± 0.715
10.1 ± 0.644
12.3 ± 0.785
12.1 ± 0.772
10.1 ± 0.644
8.8 ± 0.561
10.6 ± 0.676
8.3 ± 0.530
8.9 ± 0.569
*Mean values followed by the different letters are significant at the 0.05 level
Table 11. Seed yield per hectare (Kg/ha) mean values obtained from various plant density and locations
Seed yield (kg/ha)
LSD %5: 11.03
LSD %1: 14.76
Density
Erzurum
Erzincan
Gümüşhane
Sivas
Tunceli
Malatya
Mean ± SD
50x20
773 q-v*
1875 a
716 t-w
1807 ab
1580 efg
580 xy
1222 ± 48.758
50x30
655 v-y
856 o-s
1318 kl
799 p-u
811 p-u
583 xy
837 ± 33.396
50x40
750 r-w
998 n
892 n-q
1364 jk
648 v-y
636 wxy
881 ± 35.152
40x20
1577 efg
1457 g-j
1449 hij
838 p-t
1628 de
1392 ijk
1390 ± 55.461
40x30
975 no
568 y
1619 def
840 p-t
568 y
1392 ijk
994 ± 39.661
40x40
703 u-x
561 y
855 o-s
904 nop
824 p-u
1349 jk
866 ± 34.553
30x15
1671 cde
1617 def
1763 abc
1768 abc
1727 bcd
1465 g-j 1668 ± 66.553
30x20
1546 e-h
1117 m
1269 kl
1635 de
1269 kl
1496 f-i
1389 ± 55.421
30x30
1212 lm
871 o-r
732 s-w
770 q-v
1793 abc
1389 ijk
1128 ± 45.007
Mean ± 1096 ± 43.7301102 ± 43.970 1180 ± 47.082 1192 ± 47.561 1205 ± 42.080 1142 ± 45.566
SD
*Mean values followed by the different letters are significant at the 0.05 level
respectively. The smallest 1000 seed weight value was
5.1 g on the location Malatya with 50x30 cm plant
density. The 1000 seed weight character is important for
cultivating a plant species in germination speed and seed
vigour. This provides homogeneity on a cultivating area
and using less seed while sowing.
The seed yield per plant values were represented in
table 10.
Gümüşçü et al. 37
The highest seed yield per plant value was 24 g on the
location Sivas with 50x40 cm plant density. The lowest
seed yield per plant value was 5.1 g on the location
Malatya with 50x20 cm plant density. Seed yield per plant
shows a cultivating plant species productivity.
The seed yield per hectare values were represented in
table 11.
The seed yield per hectare values changed between
561 -1875 kg/ha. The highest one was 1875 kg/ha on the
location Erzincan with 50x20 cm plant density and this
was followed by the location Sivas as 1807 kg/ha with
50x20 cm plant density. The both value was in same
group statistically. The lowest seed yield per hectare
value was 561 kg/ha on the location Erzincan with 40x40
cm plant density.
plant, capsule number, days to flowering duration,
canopy diameter and branch number obtained from the
locations Sivas and Tunceli. Moreover, it is the best
suited plant densities such as 50 cm row distances and
40 or 20 cm distances in rows for the cultivation.
According to these results, for the cultivation and
higher yields of this plant, it is suggested that the best
suited densities are 50x40 cm and 50x20 cm and the
best suited locations are Sivas and Tunceli.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are grateful to the Scientific and
Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) for
financial support (TOVAG 107O792).
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
This study related to this plant species is the first that
involves agronomical and morphological studies. Leaf
number and branch number characters are important
concerning to produce more branches and more flowers
of the plants. The day number to flowering is very
important for an ornamental plant. Especially, it is
preferred that the days to flowering of an ornamental
plant are short after planted. Because of the days to
flowering of this biannual plant were very long, this
duration should be shorten via various breeding methods.
The most important character observed was days to
flowering duration for an ornamental plant nominee. In
this study counted days to flowering period was not so
short, but this period may lengthened with a convenient
breeding program.
The 1000 seed weight character is important for
cultivating a plant species in germination speed and seed
vigour. This provides homogeneity on a cultivating area
and using less seed while sowing. Seed yield per plant
shows a cultivating plant species productivity.
CONCLUSIONS
As a result, the data obtained showed that this endemic
species may be an economically important ornamental
plant for Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. Because of
this region includes generally arid lands and has rainfall
between 300-500 mm. According to the results, this
species can grow very good in the Central Anatolia
Region (Konya) on the non-irrigated lands and has
flowering duration with nice scent and appearance.
Especially, it may be cultivated on arid conditions without
irrigation. But better agronomic and agricultural traits may
be produced with a longlife breeding program or a short
program as biotechnological studies.
As seen in tables, the most of the best results of
measured/calculated traits such as capsule yield per
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