Social Studies – Grade 8 Unit: Ancient Egypt Big Ideas Concepts (with Standards) Historians look for common patterns that emerge across all cultures. 8.4.9C: How did cuneiform and hieroglyphics impact ancient culture? Geography impacts the course of history. 8.4.9A: Using the play, compare and contrast the rules of Hatshepsut and Thutmose. The development of religion affected the culture of the region in many ways. Achievements from the past affect how we presently live. Egypt’s grain production will affect the economies of the ancient world over the next 3,000 years. The production of grain in Egypt will have a profound impact on the development of the entire ancient world. 8.4.9C: How did the geography of Egypt effect the development of the civilization? 8.4.9B: Examine the importance of the Rosetta Stone, and what impact it made on Egyptology and world history. Competencies RTM Core Social Studies Skills: • Math skills • Interpretation of charts and graphs • Analysis and interpretation of expenses • Analysis and interpretation based on synthesis of facts • Notetaking and organizational skills • Reading comprehension • Research skills • Written and oral expression of facts and concepts Examine and analyze the major artifacts of the ancient Egyptian culture, such as replicas of Egyptian archeology on loan from the University of Pennsylvania. Support the following claim with specific examples: Most of Egypt’s major building projects are directly related to the impact of religion. Essential Questions How did Egyptian religion and values influence them to build the pyramids, practice medicine, and create art? How did favorable weather, physical geography, and resources influence Egyptian civilization? What impact did Narmer’s unification of Upper and Lower Egypt have on Egyptian history? What influenced the rise and fall of the Old, Middle and New Kingdoms? What impact did Akhenaten’s policies have on Ancient Egypt? How did Tututkhamen’s policies differ from Akhenaten’s and what was their impact? How will the religion of Egypt help shape the religious values of the Greeks and Romans? Vocabulary Empire – A large territory where several groups of people are ruled by a powerful leader or government Pharaoh – Translates to “big house.” Refers to the King of Egypt Sarcophagus – A large stone coffin. Outermost shell of a coffin structure consisting of 3 – 5 layers of coffins Embalmment – Treating a dead body with preservatives to prevent it from decay Dynasty – Group of rulers from the same family Hieroglyphics – System of writing using pictures for words, ideas, or characters Shadoof – A tool used along the Nile to help move water from a lower level to a higher one Exemplars Students will research political, cultural, and economic topics in Egyptian history and create a technologybased project using artifacts and historical documents that demonstrate their understanding of the topics assigned. Students will learn how to conduct quality research on the internet through the use of school sponsored databases (ABC Clio) Students will learn how to find quality research on the world wide web by using a Google Advanced Search to isolate works from college professors found in .edu domains. Textbook Pages Duration (in days) Textbook: History Alive! The Ancient World. About 30 school days. Chapters on Egypt: Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Unit: Ancient Greece Big Ideas Achievements in the arts, mathematics, drama, architecture, science, and government all contributed to making ancient Greece a great civilization. Greece shares common patterns that emerge across all cultures. The unique geography of Greece impacted the political boundaries of the city-states. The ancient Greeks were some of the world’s first historians. A person’s bias can influence how s/he views history. The achievements of the Greeks continue to influence civilizations. We can attribute democracy, philosophy, theatre, the scientific method, geometry, and the modern Olympics to the ancient Greeks. The religion of Greece will help to shape the religious values of the Romans. Concepts (with Standards) 8.4.9A: How did the governments, architecture, and writings of the ancient Greeks reveal their profound and lasting impact on humanity? 8.4.9C: How did the geography of Greece affect the development of the civilization 8.4.9B: Examine the intricacies and importance of the Athenian Parthenon, and what impact it made on western architecture. Competencies Essential Questions Vocabulary Exemplars Textbook Pages Duration (in days) RTM Core Social Studies Skills: • Math skills • Interpretation of charts and graphs • Analysis and interpretation of expenses • Analysis and interpretation based on synthesis of facts • Notetaking and organizational skills • Reading comprehension • Research skills • Written and oral expression of facts and concepts How did Egyptian religion and values influence the polytheistic ways of Ancient Greece? Colony - a settlement in a distant place Trade – the business of buying and selling or exchanging items Monarchy – a form of government in which the ruling power is in the hands of one person, usually hereditary Oligarchy – a form of government in which the ruling power is in the hands of a few people Tyranny – A form of government in which the ruling power is in the hands of one person who is not a lawful king Democracy – A form of government in which the ruling power is shared by all the citizens Ally - a country or group that joins with another for a common purpose, such as to fight with a common enemy Examine the spread of Greek culture through the Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic world. Textbook: History Alive! The Ancient World. About 30 school days. Examine and analyze the major artifacts of the ancient Greek culture. Examine the bias of early Greek historians such as Herodotus and Thucydides. How did weather, physical geography, and resources influence isolated communities in Ancient Greece? How did the threat of invasion from Persia affect the development of Greek city-states in the ancient world? How did Socrates affect Athenian ideals and future generations? How will future individuals (da Vinci, Michelangelo) use classical achievements to better society? What role did myths play in the spiritual and mental development of Ancient Greece? What is the Golden Proportion (Phi = 1:1.618) and what does this say about the ancients thirst for knowledge? Students will read, analyze, and interpret the various stages of government in ancient Athens. Students will read and interpret what Greek myths reveal about ancient culture. Students will re-create models showcasing ancient Greek architecture making connections to buildings in and around their community. Chapters on Ancient Greece: Chapter 25 Chapter 26 Chapter 27 Chapter 28 Chapter 29 Chapter 30 Chapter 31 Unit: Renaissance Big Ideas Concepts (with Standards) Competencies Essential Questions Vocabulary Exemplars Textbook Pages The economic, cultural, social, and political influences that created the Renaissance will be examined. 8.1.8.A: Compare and contrast events over time and how continuity and change over time influenced those events. RTM Core Social Studies Skills: • Math skills • Interpretation of charts and graphs • Analysis and interpretation of expenses • Analysis and interpretation based on synthesis of facts • Notetaking and organizational skills • Reading comprehension • Research skills • Written and oral expression of facts and concepts What European policies developed as a result of European trade with Africa and the Middle East? Renaissance - a great flowering of culture, toward the end of the Middle Ages, that began it Italy and spread throughout Europe Humanism - a philosophy that emphasizes the worth and potential of all individuals and tries to balance religious faith with belief in the power of the human mind Individualism - the idea that each person should be free to develop and pursue his or her own goals Secular - relating to earthly life rather than to religion or spiritual matters Perspective - an appearance of distance or depth on a flat surface, as in a painting Classical - influenced by Greek and Roman ideas Doctrine - the official teaching of a religion or church Reformation - a historic movement from the early 1500s to the 1600s that led to the start of many new Christian churches Exploration - the act of traveling to and investigating unknown areas Heresy - beliefs that Students will create maps to demonstrate their knowledge of trade routes and nation states. Textbook: History Alive! The Medieval World and Beyond. The examination of primary and secondary sources with varying perspectives concerning events during the Renaissance will be a major focus of the unit. The reasons for political, religious, and economic change during the Renaissance will be analyzed. The impact of political, economic, cultural, and social change will be examined and evaluated by the students. 8.1.8.B: Compare and contrast a historical event, using multiple points of view from primary and secondary sources. 8.4.9.C: Analyze how continuity and change have impacted world history through: • Belief systems and religions • Commerce and industry • Technology • Politics and government • Physical and human geography • Social organization 8.4.9.D: Analyze how conflict and cooperation among groups and organizations have influenced the organization and development of the world. Students will examine the impact of contact with the Middle East (partially as a result of the Crusades) on the economies, politics, and culture of Europe through notetaking, reading, and cooperative work. Students will look at inventions such as oil paint, the printing press, and the astrolabe through visuals, manipulatives, and What impact did technological changes have on everyday life? How did people’s increasing knowledge of the world influence their perceptions of it? What significant contribution did your assigned person make to the Renaissance? How did exploration and the Reformation change life in Europe and elsewhere? What impact did technological changes have on everyday life? Students will read and evaluate primary and secondary sources to understand the major characteristics, individuals, and movements of the Renaissance Students will examine visuals and manipulatives, and replicas to master content about Renaissance art and invention. Students will research a Renaissance personality, creating a product that demonstrates their mastery of the material. They will also perform an oral presentation that stresses the achievement of this individual and evaluates his or her impact on Europe. . Chapter 28 Pgs 315321 Chapter 29 Pgs. 323331 Chapter 30 Pgs. 333345 Chapter 31 Pgs. 347355 Chapter 32 Pgs. 357367 Chapter 33 Pgs. 375387 Duration (in days) About 40 days. 8.4.8.A: Compare the role groups and individuals played in the social, political, cultural, and economic development throughout world history. readings and evaluate their impact on Europe and the rest of the world. Students will look at primary source documents concerned with Galileo, Martin Luther, Leonardo da Vinci, Queen Isabella, and Queen Elizabeth and evaluate what they reveal Europe’s culture in the Renaissance compared to European culture in the Middle Ages. Students will research Renaissance personalities using primary and secondary sources and evaluate these individuals’ contributions to Europe in oral presentation. contradict the official teachings of a religion or church; one who holds such beliefs is called a heretic Geocentric - having earth at the center Printing press - a machine that presses inked set type or etched plates onto paper or textiles that are fed through it Astrolabe - an instrument used to observe and measure the position of the sun and other heavenly bodies Protestant - a reformer who broke away from the Catholic Church in the 1500s; a member of a church who descended from those that seceded from the Roman Catholic Church in the 1500s Unit: Rome Big Ideas The Romans developed a system of law that organized and maximized cooperation in their republic and then their empire. Roman law remains influential in many modern societies. The geographical features of the Mediterranean Sea, the Tiber River, the Alps, and the Adriatic had a considerable impact on the development and expansion of Ancient Rome. The development of Rome’s economy from one based on local agriculture to an economy focused on Mediterranean trade and slave labor influenced the Roman political system. The legal, military, engineering and architectural achievements of Rome characterize it as a great civilization. A trade imbalance, barbarian invasions, the corruption of politicians Concepts (with Standards) 5.1.9B: Students will evaluate the impact of law. 6.1.9B: Students will understand the impact of trade and agrarian policy. 8.4.9A: Why is the rule of Augustus considered the Golden Age of Ancient Rome? 8.1.9C: What caused the fall of Ancient Rome? Competencies Essential Questions Vocabulary Exemplars Textbook Pages Duration (in days) RTM Core Social Studies Skills: • Math skills • Interpretation of charts and graphs • Analysis and interpretation of expenses • Analysis and interpretation based on synthesis of facts • Notetaking and organizational skills • Reading comprehension • Research skills • Written and oral expression of facts and concepts Why were the Twelve Tables written and what were their impacts on Rome? Twelve Tables - the first Roman laws publically displayed on bronze tablets in 450 B.C.E. Republic - citizens elect leaders to run their government Empire - a nation and the other nations it has conquered; a political unit often made up of several nations under one leadership Import - to bring goods from a foreign country into another country Export - to send goods out of one country to another Epidemic - an outbreak of a disease that spreads more quickly and more extensively among a group of people than would normally be expected Senate - a group of 300 men from Rome’s aristocratic families elected to govern the Republic Students will examine the Twelve Tables to understand what factors in Roman society led to the development of specific laws. Students will analyze the changes these laws imposed on Roman society. Chapter 33 Pages 317321 About 30 school days. Students will understand why the Twelve Tables were written and publically displayed. They will be able to analyze their impact on Roman society. Students will be able to debate the positive and negative aspects of the change in trade and agrarian policy in the early and late Roman Republic. What was the Roman economy like? How did the agrarian nature of the early Romans influence their culture? What economic, social and political impact did increased trade have on their society? Why is the rule of Augustus considered the Golden Ages of Rome? What were the political, military, social and economic reasons for the fall of Rome? Is American society in a similar position today? Why or why not? Students will analyze and articulate the impact of changing economic policies on Italy after military expansion. Students will recognize the changes Augustus imposed on the Roman Empire and be able to evaluate why they brought about Pax Romano. Students will be able to classify the political, social, economic, and military reasons for the fall of Rome. Students will be able to compare and evaluate conditions during the Fall of the Roman Empire with conditions in modern America. Chapter 34 Pages 323333 Chapter 34 Pages 323333 Chapter 37 Pages 361371 Chapter 37 Pages 361371 and the military, and the decline of the family and epidemics. Students will be able to evaluate the leadership of Caesar Augustus and his policies and their impact on the Roman Empire Students will be able to classify the economic, political, social, and military reasons for the decline of the Roman Republic. Students will be able to compare and contrast conditions at the time of the Fall of Rome with the military, economic, political, and social conditions in America. Unit: The Middle Ages Big Ideas Geography influenced the development of the government, economy, and culture of Medieval Europe. Concepts (with Standards) Competencies 7.1.9 A: Students will understand the impact of geography on the development of economies and population centers RTM Core Social Studies Skills: • Math skills • Interpretation of charts and graphs • Analysis and interpretation of expenses • Analysis and interpretation based on synthesis of facts • Notetaking and organizational skills • Reading comprehension • Research skills • Written and oral expression of facts and concepts In the early Middle Ages, local warlords supported by mounted men controlled local areas of land. This was the base of medieval political power. 8.1.9C: Students will be able to understand the basis for political and economic power in society and how it developed. Local warlords controlled the land and developed self-sufficient local economies. 8.1.9C: Students will understand social hierarchies and how they developed. Social position was rigid in the early Middle Ages and depended on the position in which one was born. 8.4.9C: Students will be able to understand and analyze the impact of religious institutions on a society. Contact with other cultures had a profound and dynamic influence on Medieval Europe. 8.1.9C: Students will be able to understand why people have different points of view about history. The literature of the Middle Ages reflects the beliefs, conflicts and achievements of that society. 5.2.9E: Students will understand the basis for the power of political leaders and how people impact political change. 8.1.9D: Students should be able to analyze works of literature and primary Using maps, students will be able analyze how geography impacted the formation of governments and the development of trade. Students will be able to classify the social, economic, and political conditions during the breakdown of the Roman Empire and how Europeans adapted to these conditions. Students will be able to Essential Questions What are the social, economic, political, and military conditions that led to the rise of feudalism? What was feudalism and how did it organize society? What were the contributions of medieval monasteries to western Europe? Explain the political, social, and economic power of the Roman Catholic Church. What were the contributions of Jewish communities, the Moors, and the leaders of Mali to medieval Europe and what was their life like in that time period? What has been the historical impact of the Crusades? What conditions in medieval towns led to the accomplishments of the High Middle Ages? What was the Magna Carta, and what were its impacts on English and American Law? Vocabulary Exemplars Feudalism - an economic system in which nobles own the farmland and peasants work the land during a time period known as the Middle Ages Lord - a noble, ruler, or powerful landowner Knight - a Medieval armed warrior who gives military service to the lord Monarch - a ruler, such as a king or queen, who inherits their power Fiefs - land granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for loyalty and service Vassals - a person who receives land from the feudal lord in return for promising protection to that lord Serfs - an agricultural worker controlled by a lord and forced to stay on the lord’s land Manors - Medieval estates with a lord and his/her tenants Hierarchy - a system of organizing people into ranks, with those of higher rank having more power and privileges Monastery - a religious community where monks live Illuminated Manuscripts - Students will examine primary and secondary sources on the reasons for the fall of Rome. They classify the reasons for the destruction of the Western Roman Empire into military, economic, social and political reasons. Students will discuss and analyze their classification charts, comparing current conditions of the United States with Rome in the 5th century. At the end of the discussion, students’ conclusions will vary. Students should recognize the reasons that led western Europeans to rely on local warlords and serfdom. Students take notes on the feudal pyramid and draw and label the manor. They should then be able to compare the selfcontained economy of the manor with modern capitalism and socialism. In stations set up to replicate the activities of a monastery, students Textbook Pages Duration (in days) History Alive: The Medieval World and Beyond About 35 school days. Pg. 44, Pgs. 119125 Pgs. 22-29 Pgs. 20-21 Pgs. 19-29 Pages 31-41 Pg. 126 Pg. 119-126 Pg. 23 Pgs. 54-55 Pgs. 44-46 Pgs. 54-55 Pg.22 Pgs. 36-37 sources. 5.1.9E: Students should understand the causes of significant political developments and how they were accomplished. 8.4.9B: Students should understand the cultural significance of important historical landmarks. explain the social pyramid of medieval Europe based on feudalism. Students will be able to describe the economic impact of the church on the political, economic, and cultural institutions of Europe. Students will read pieces of literature and primary sources from minority groups living in medieval Europe and identify their point of view. Students will read primary sources about 12th Century England and identify the reasons for political discontent and how the English nobles exercised their power by enforcing the Magna Carta. Students will observe and analyze the parts of medieval castles and cathedrals and analyze what they reveal about medieval culture. What were the events and changes in Europe that led to the Black Death? Led to the Renaissance? How did religion and religious institutions impact the government, economy and culture of Medieval Europe? What was the position of various minority groups in the Middle Ages and what were their contributions to medieval society? How did the political base of power change from the early to the late Middle Ages? What impact did the development of kingships and national armies have on the economy of medieval Europe? What were the great achievements of Medieval Europe? a handwritten book decorated with bright colors and precious metals Chivalry - the medieval knight’s code of ideal behavior, including bravery, loyalty, and respect for women Clergy - the body of people, such as priests, who perform the sacred function of a church Monk - a man who has taken a solemn vow to devote his life to prayer and service in a monastery Excommunicate - to formally deprive a person membership in a church Pilgrimage - a journey to a site Nun - a woman who has taken a sacred vow to devote her life to prayer and service to the church Religious Order - a brotherhood or sisterhood of monks, nuns, or friars Heretic - a person who holds beliefs that are contrary to the teachings of a church or other group Divine Right of Kings the belief that God gives monarchs the right to rule Friar - a member of a certain religious order devoted to teaching and works of charity illuminate manuscripts, study medieval herbal remedies, and read and write about the development of universities. Through readings, research, and completion of a project on the background and accomplishments of a medieval personality, students will understand the impacts of the Jewish community, the Leaders of Mali, and the Moors of Europe and the difficulties minorities often had in this time period. Students will examine and analyze primary source readings and poetry about this subject. Students will examine primary and secondary sources and take notes from a Powerpoint when learning about the Crusades. Students will read about the role of medieval guilds and design guild signs. Students will compare the roles of guilds and unions in an essay. Students will read a play about King John I of England and the Pgs. 56-57 Longbow - a longbow used for firing feathered arrows Habeas Corpus - the principle that accused persons cannot be held in jail without the consent of a court Apprentice – a person who works for an expert in a trade or craft in return for training Journeymen - a person who has learned a particular trade or craft but has not become an employer, or master Master - an expert in a trade or craft Black Death - an epidemic that produced black spots under the skin from internal bleeding and was particularly widespread in Medieval Europe Universities - an institution of higher learning with teaching and research facilities and graduate and professional schools Natural Law - the concept that there is a universal order built into nature that can guide moral thinking Gothic Architecture - a type of building design used on Medieval churches that featured ribbed arches, flying buttresses, high ceilings, gargoyles and stained glass windows Magna Carta. They will examine the Magna Carta’s impacts on English and American law. They will also analyze the conditions that led King John to compromise with his nobles. Students will read primary sources about the Black Death. They will look at DNA research from the descendents of the survivors. Students will write about how the consequential shortage of labor and the inability of church leaders and the nobility to lessen the horrible death toll of the Black Death led to the breakdown of their authority and the end of serfdom in western Europe. Romanesque Architecture - a type of Medieval architecture that featured rounded arches and windows, thick walls, small windows and the floor design was in the shape of a cross Unit: Early Humans Big Ideas Concepts (with Standards) Competencies Essential Questions Vocabulary Exemplars Archeologists and anthropologists look for evidence in order to form conclusions about our earliest ancestors. 8.1.9D: What do fossils, artifacts, and dating techniques reveal about early humans? RTM Core Social Studies Skills: • Math skills • Interpretation of charts and graphs • Analysis and interpretation of expenses • Analysis and interpretation based on synthesis of facts • Notetaking and organizational skills • Reading comprehension • Research skills • Written and oral expression of facts and concepts Who are the experts that study our past? Archeologist - an expert who studies the past by examining objects that people have left behind Anthropologist - a scientist who studies human development and culture Prehistoric – time period before written records Artifacts - an object made or used by people in the past Paleolithic - time period referred to as the Old Stone Age 2,000,000 yrs. -8,000 B.C.E. Neolithic - time period referred to as the New Stone Age 8,000-3,000 B.C.E. Biped - A two footed animal Theories about early humans constantly changing. The environment influenced the experience of early humans. Recent genetic research increased our understanding of humankind. Timelines and charts help us to categorize prehistoric evidence. 8.1.9D: Why are theories about early humans constantly changing? 7.2.9A: How did climatic conditions influence human behavior, and what human inventions helped them to improve their living conditions? How have recent DNA findings proved or disproved earlier theories? 8.1.9A: How do timelines dating back millions of years help us to understand progress? Students will be able to understand and explain how anthropologists, archeologists, and historians form conclusions from historical evidence, such as fossils and artifacts. Students will be able to examine evidence and make inferences about it. Students will be able to analyze how climatic conditions influenced human migration and encouraged invention. What is the importance of studying our earliest ancestors? What genetic connection do you have with your classmates? How has evidence from the Paleolithic age been misinterpreted? Why are artifacts and fossils so significant to the study of prehistoric hominids? Textbook Pages Duration (in days) Students will analyze fossils, replicas, and images of prehistoric hominids from the University of Penn. Museum of Archeology and Anthropology’s on loan, boxed items. They will classify the artifacts according to time period and group. History Alive! The Ancient World About 20 School Days. Participating in a History Alive! Lesson students will listen to descriptions of archeological digs and determine which special social scientists would need to be on site and how they develop theories about prehistoric people. Chapter 3 pages 2330. Students create a visual display/ presentation about early hominids using research to show specific capabilities for each group. Chapter 1 pages 4-10. Chapter 2 pages 1122. Our Human Family Tree: National Genome Project http://channe l.nationalgeo graphic.com Chapter 2 Pages 13-22 and Resource section 376377. Students will be able to comprehend DNA research regarding its understanding of our past and who we are as a human race. Students will be able to interpret an historical timeline and be able to describe the difference between B.C.E. and C.E.