Evidence Collection Course Rationale Law As a law enforcement officer, students will be responsible for protecting, Enforcement I documenting and processing a crime scene. The student needs to learn the basic skills and procedures for collecting such important information from a Unit XIV crime scene. Crime Scene Search Objectives The student will be able to: Essential 1. Define key terms Question 2. Explain the steps taken to thoroughly record a crime scene What are the 3. Describe the proper procedures for conducting the systematic search best of a crime scene for physical evidence procedures 4. Identify types of physical evidence for 5. Explore the proper techniques for collecting common types of physical protecting, evidence processing 6. Examine proper procedure for packaging common types of physical and evidence documenting 7. Understand the chain of custody concept a crime 8. Lift and preserve developed latent prints from a simulated crime scene? scene 9. Document and protect the crime scene area for further investigation TEKS 10. Demonstrate crime scene investigation techniques used to collect, §130.293(c) protect, and document deoxyribonucleic acid evidence (DNA) in a (15)(A)(B)(C) simulated crime scene Prior Student Learning -Note taking/report writing -Ethics -Problemsolving Estimated Time 8 hours Engage Do an Internet search for a video about Techniques of Crime Scene Processing Part 2. .View and discuss a video demonstrating evidence collection techniques. Use the Discussion Rubric for assessment. Key Points I. Key Terms A. Transient evidence – evidence which will lose its evidentiary value if not preserved and protected (NIJ, 2009) B. Trace evidence – physical evidence that results from the transfer of small quantities of material (NIJ, 2009) C. Physical evidence – any object that can establish that a crime has been committed, or that can link a crime to its victim or perpetrator D. Crime Scene Search – a planned and coordinated, legal search of a crime scene to recognize, preserve, and collect physical evidence that is related to the crime under investigation E. Crime Scene Sketch – a drawing which represents the crime scene and serves to supplement photography by providing accurate information concerning the distance between various points in the 1 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. scene (TCLOESE, 2008) F. Evidence – anything that helps establish the facts related to a crime (TCLOESE, 2008) G. Property 1. Something that is owned 2. Different types of property are a) Lost and found b) Seized c) Stolen d) Recovered H. Chain of Custody – the process which reports transactions of evidence from person to person, starting with its acquisition by a law enforcement agency II. Recording the Crime Scene – investigators have a limited amount of time to work a crime scene in its untouched state. The scene must be recorded in its original state. A. Crime Scene Sketching 1. Sketches are helpful in reconstructing the crime scene 2. Sketches record the exact locations and spatial relationships of pieces of evidence and surroundings of the crime scene 3. Three types of sketches are a) Field sketch b) Final report diagram c) Courtroom presentation 4. When measuring a crime scene, use an accurate measuring device 5. Obtain a sufficient number of measurements to accurately represent the crime scene and its contents 6. Establish permanent reference points to measure from and record the measurements on a crime scene sketch 7. Two types of surveying methods a) Triangulation – measurements are made from two or more fixed reference points to intersect at the location of the object or item of evidence b) Rectangular Coordinates – measurements of objects or items of evidence are located using two perpendicular lines at right angles 8. The title block of the sketch contains a) Case number b) Offense location c) Date of the offense d) Name of the person diagramming the scene e) North directional indicator f) The words “not to scale” 9. Four methods used to sketch a crime scene area 2 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. a) Schematic Sketch (aka Flat Sketch) (1) Used for most field sketches (2) Used when it is desirable to represent an orderly combination of events b) Perspective Sketch (aka 3-D) – drawn in such a way to show the scene as it would appear to the eye with a reference to relative distance or depth c) Projection Sketch (aka cross projection) (1) Said to be the most frequently used sketch (2) Used when it becomes necessary to portray the correlation of evidentiary facts at the scene d) Detailed Sketch – used for more specific drawings such as cylinder diagrams, damage to door frames at the point of entry on a burglary, or injuries to the victim of an assault B. Photographing the scene 1. The photographic ID card a) The first photograph taken on each and every series of pictures b) Contains the following information (1) Case number (2) Location where the photos were taken (3) Time the photos were taken (4) Name and ID number of the person taking the photos 2. Objects a) Not to be moved until they are photographed from all necessary angles, unless the crime involves an injured person b) Photographed when they are discovered, to show their position and location in the entire scene 3. Close-ups should be taken to record the details of objects; a ruler or other measuring scale may be inserted near the object and included as a point of reference 4. The crime scene should include the area in which the crime took place and all adjacent areas 5. Overview photographs of the entire scene and surrounding area, including points of exit and entry, must be taken from various angles 6. Close-up photographs depicting injuries or weapons lying near the body must be taken 7. The surface beneath the body should be photographed after the body has been removed from the scene C. Crime Scene Notes 1. Note-taking must be constant and precise throughout the investigation 3 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. 2. The scene, location of evidence, time said evidence was collected and by whom, etc. must all be documented in detail 3. Detailed descriptions will help the investigator call to mind evidence when presented with it at a later date, such as when a case is reopened or goes on trial III. Crime Scene Search Methods A. Prior to starting a crime scene search, the following must be completed: 1. Determine a starting point 2. Establish a headquarters or command post 3. Brief your searchers 4. Discuss and establish the speed of the searchers 5. Assign an area of responsibility to each person in the search group 6. Maintain communication among all searchers 7. Recheck the search area by exchanging searchers from one area to another B. When determining which search method to use, consider the following: 1. The size and type of the area to be covered 2. The personnel and equipment needed 3. The degree of thoroughness required depending upon the type of crime committed, the type of evidence to be collected, and the purpose of the search C. Types 1. Zone Search a) The officer in charge divides the crime scene into sectors and each team member takes one sector. Team members may then switch sectors and search again to ensure complete coverage b) Effective for both indoor and outdoor searches which have regular patterns and defined borders c) Allows for different types of searches within each of the quadrants 2. Outward Spiral Search a) The officer starts at the center of the scene (or at the body) and works outward b) Useful when an item is missing from the center and the search must be conducted rapidly c) May begin inside or outside as the circumstances dictate 3. Inward Spiral Search a) The officer starts at the perimeter of the scene and works toward the center. b) Spiral patterns are a good method to use when there is only one officer at the scene 4 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. 4. Point-to-Point a) A preliminary step in evaluating the scene b) Some of the disadvantages are (1) Can be disorganized (2) Trace evidence may be overlooked (3) Others at the scene may feel that when this method of search is completed, they are free to enter the scene, so they might move items of evidence 5. Strip Search – Parallel (Line) Search a) All members of the team form a line; then they walk in a straight line, at the same speed, from one end of a crime scene to the other b) It may be used in single or double forms c) It is among the most effective for outdoor searches 6. Area Search a) An area (grid) search is simply two sets of parallel searches offset by 90 degrees and performed one after the other b) This search uses any technique which will be effective in examining specific and small areas with defined borders, such as (1) Bushes (2) Pathways (3) Sidewalks/driveways IV. Types of Physical Evidence A. Bodily fluids B. Blood C. Hairs and fibers D. Fingerprints E. Footwear impressions F. Tool marks G. Firearms H. Documents I. Any other item linking a suspect to a crime V. Collecting Evidence A. Trace Evidence 1. Includes gunshot residue (GSR), paint residue, chemicals, glass, and illicit drugs 2. Collection may be done with tweezers, plastic containers with lids, a filtered vacuum device, and/or a knife 3. Officers will also have a biohazard kit on hand that contains disposable latex gloves, booties, a face mask and gown, and a biohazard waste bag 4. Technicians discover a lot of the trace evidence for a crime in 5 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. B. C. D. E. the lab when they shake out bedding, clothing, towels, couch cushions, and other items found at the scene 5. The technicians shake out the items in a sterile room onto a large, white slab covered with paper Bodily Fluids 1. Bodily fluids found at a crime scene might include blood, semen, saliva, and vomit 2. To identify and collect these specimens of evidence, an officer/CSI might use smear slides, a scalpel, tweezers, scissors, sterile cloth squares, a UV light, protective eye wear, and/or luminol 3. Officers will use a blood collection kit to get samples from any suspects, or from a living victim, to use for comparison Blood 1. If the victim is dead and there is blood on the body, the officer/CSI collects a blood sample, either by submitting a piece of clothing or by using a sterile cloth square and a small amount of distilled water to remove some blood from the body 2. Blood or saliva collected from the body may belong to someone else, and the lab will perform a DNA analysis so the sample can be used later to compare to blood or saliva taken from a suspect 3. The officer/CSI will also scrape the victim’s nails for skin; if there was a struggle, the suspect’s skin (and therefore DNA) might be under the victim’s nails 4. Blood spatter patterns can reveal a) The type of weapon used b) The number of blows c) A “cast-off pattern” Hair and Fibers 1. The officer/CSI may use combs, tweezers, containers, and/or a filtered vacuum device to collect any hair or fibers at the scene 2. In a rape case with a live victim, the officer accompanies the victim to the hospital to obtain any hairs or fibers found on the victim’s body during the medical examination 3. The officer seals any hair or fiber evidence in separate containers and transports it to the lab Fingerprints 1. Tools for recovering fingerprints include brushes, powders, tape, chemicals, lift cards, magnifying glasses, and super glue 2. A crime lab can use fingerprints to identify the victim or to identify or rule out a suspect 3. There are several types of prints an officer might find at a crime scene: a) Visible – left by the transfer of blood, paint, or another 6 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. fluid or powder onto a surface that is smooth enough to hold the print; evident to the naked eye b) Molded – left in a soft medium such as soap, putty, or candle wax, forming an impression c) Latent – left by the transfer of sweat and natural oils from the fingers onto a surface that is smooth enough to hold the print; not visible to the naked eye F. Footwear Impressions and Tool Marks 1. A footwear impression in mud or a tool mark on a window frame is an example of a three-dimensional impression 2. If it is not possible to submit the entire object containing the impression to the crime lab, an officer/CSI makes a casting at the scene G. Firearms/Weapons 1. Types of firearms/weapons evidence include knives, guns, bullet holes, and cartridge casings 2. Forensic scientists can a) Recover serial numbers b) Match bullets and casings to (1) The firing weapon (2) Evidence from other crime scenes (a) Bullets (b) Casings 3. Bullet hole analysis a) Cut out a portion of the wall or frame b) Do not dig bullets out of the victim or other objects c) Can determine where and from what height the bullet was fired d) Position of the victim when it was fired e) A laser trajectory kit is used H. Documents 1. An officer/CSI collects and preserves any diaries, planners, phonebooks, or suicide notes found at a crime scene 2. The officer/CSI also delivers to the lab any signed contracts, receipts, torn up letters, or any other written, typed, or photocopied evidence that might relate to the crime 3. A documents lab can often reconstruct a destroyed document, even one that has been burned, as well as determine if a document has been altered 4. Technicians analyze documents for forgery, determine handwriting matches to the victim(s) and suspects, and identify what type of machine was used to produce the document 5. They can rule out a printer or photocopier found at the scene, or determine compatibility or incompatibility with a machine found in a suspect’s possession 7 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. VI. Proper Packaging of Evidence A. Consideration in handling evidence 1. Preserve its value for the owner 2. Mark the evidence for identification in court B. Collect and store it in a way that preserves its integrity for forensic comparison and analysis 1. Handle it in a manner which is not consistent with the normal handling of that type of item (i.e. do not grab a firearm by the grip) 2. Package the item to preserve it for processing and presentation 3. The purpose of proper packaging of physical evidence is to prevent breaking, spoilage, loss, destruction, and contamination between pieces of evidence C. Package each item of evidence separately D. Standard Packaging Requirements 1. All property except narcotics and dangerous drugs shall be packaged in an appropriately sized container or plastic bag 2. Knives should be placed in sharps tubes if they do not fold closed; the tube should be sealed with red evidence tape and initialed by the securing officer 3. A knife that folds closed should be secured with tape so that the blade does not open, and then it should be placed in plastic 4. Once property is sealed in a plastic bag, cover all sealed ends with red evidence tape 5. After the evidence tape is properly applied, date and initial both sides of the tape on each piece E. A packaging container or red evidence tag contains the following information 1. Case number 2. Offense 3. Location of the offense 4. Date of the offense 5. Description of the evidence including any model or serial numbers F. Place properly packaged evidence and transmittal in evidence lockers for safe storage G. Biological Fluids Requirements 1. Wet evidence must be air dried prior to packaging; this is to prevent rot and mildew of the evidence 2. Evidence with bodily fluids needs to be packaged in paper after it has dried 3. Liquid, sexual assault kits, or whole blood must be refrigerated as soon as possible 8 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. H. Firearms Requirements 1. When dealing with firearms as evidence, the following information must be noted and/or sketched: a) The physical appearance of the weapon before it is moved b) The position of the bolt, slide, or chamber c) The position of the hammer and/or safety d) The position of the cylinder and the position of the fired or unfired cartridges within the cylinder 2. “Securing” the weapon may not mean unloading the weapon; you may have to use a zip tie to keep the gun from moving from its collected state 3. Never put any objects into the barrel of the weapon 4. Package it in plastic 5. Package the ammunition separately I. Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs Requirements 1. Package all narcotics and dangerous drugs separately 2. Package drug paraphernalia separately 3. Weigh each type of drug in its entirety, including the packaging 4. Conduct a presumptive test on the substance, and include the results in the officer’s report 5. Package narcotics and other drugs in paper envelopes 6. Seal both ends of the envelope with evidence tape 7. Initial and date the evidence tape on both ends 8. After narcotics/drugs are packaged a) Weigh them again in the completed packaging b) Write the gross weight on the outside of the package 9. Place a completed property tag on the package J. Cash 1. Count it in the presence of a supervisor 2. Initial it (the booking officer and the supervisor) 3. For cash in excess of $1,000, the sergeant shall be contacted and witness the count and initial, date the property form, and specify any additional security procedures to be used VII. Chain of Custody A. Must maintain a document that includes exactly what happened to the evidence from the time it was found to the time it is presented in court B. Accounts for the following information 1. Who found the item 2. Where it was found 3. Who took custody, collected, marked, and packaged the item 4. Where the item is stored C. Bears the name, initials, or mark of every person who came into 9 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. contact with all items of evidence D. Evidence Transmittal Sheet 1. Documents the chain of custody for the listed items of evidence 2. Includes a list of all items of evidence that is numbered consecutively 3. Continues the consecutive number onto more than one sheet if needed VIII. Protecting the Crime Scene A. The first officer to arrive at the scene of a crime must 1. Preserve and protect the area 2. Establish a perimeter to encase the crime scene B. Additional personnel will be needed for proper perimeter security C. After a perimeter is established, no one will enter the scene except 1. Crime scene personnel 2. Investigator in charge 3. Medical Examiner 4. Medical personnel, if needed 5. Those authorized by the crime scene unit or the personnel in charge D. Station officers at the entry and exit of the crime scene who will 1. Be responsible for keeping a Crime Scene Entry Log 2. Record everyone that enters or exits the crime scene IX. Lift and Preserve Developed Latent Prints (from a mock crime scene) A. Processing Prints 1. Put on protective clothing and gloves 2. Handle the piece of evidence by the edges or otherwise as needed to avoid damaging the latent prints 3. Place the object on a clean, flat surface with the suspected location of the latent print accessible 4. Dip the brush lightly into the powder (just the tips) 5. Tap the brush on the powder container to remove any excess powder 6. Use a light, circular motion to gently sweep the brush over the area to be processed while allowing the bristles to barely contact the surface 7. Continue to brush powder over the designated area until the latent prints begin to develop 8. Concentrate on that area as the location of the latent print becomes clear 9. Repeat steps 4–6 if necessary 10. Stop dusting once the print is clearly developed 11. Take a photo of the processed print B. Lifting Prints 10 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. 1. Put on protective clothing and gloves 2. Find the free end on a roll of tape 3. Fold the end of the tape several times to make a “tab” to hold (this does not have to be neat) 4. Pull out 2–3 inches of tape 5. Avoid contact with the sticky side of the tape while holding the roll in one hand and the “tab” in the other 6. Choose the print you want to lift 7. Starting with the “tab” end, place the tape a few inches from the print and slide your finger across the tape to smooth it over the print while making sure all of the bubbles are gone 8. Peel the tape gently from the surface being processed 9. Begin at the end closest to the roll, place the latent print card against the roll of tape, and gently smooth the tape onto the card until the “tab” is reached 10. Tear the tape off carefully at the end of the latent print card and repeat steps 2–8 as needed X. DNA A. DNA Defined 1. DNA is the fundamental building block for an individual’s entire genetic makeup; it is a component of virtually every cell in the human body 2. DNA is different for each person, except identical twins; this difference will either link or eliminate a suspect based on comparison 3. Common types of DNA a) Blood b) Saliva c) Skin cells d) Semen or vaginal secretions e) Hair B. DNA Collection 1. Wear gloves and change them often 2. Use disposable instruments or clean the instruments thoroughly before and after handling each sample 3. Avoid touching the area where you believe the DNA may exist 4. Avoid talking, sneezing, and/or coughing over the evidence 5. Avoid touching your face, nose, and/or mouth when collecting and packaging evidence 6. Air dry evidence thoroughly before packaging 7. If the sample is dry, moisten the swab with sterile, distilled water 8. Put the evidence into new paper bags or envelopes; do not package it in plastic 9. Do not use staples 11 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. C. Contamination can easily occur when one source of DNA gets mixed with another D. Transport and Storage 1. Keep the sample dry and at room temperature 2. Secure the evidence in paper bags or envelopes 3. Seal and label the envelopes 4. Transport in a manner that the location found and the proper chain of custody are visible 5. Avoid direct sunlight and warm conditions Activities 1. Mock Crime Scene. Before class, create a mock crime scene and organize the CSI materials (listed below). Divide the students into groups of six. Assign each student a role. Each team has a first responding officer, a recorder, a photographer, a sketch artist, and two designated evidence collectors. Distribute the CSI materials (see the list in the materials section) and the Evidence Collector’s Checklist, First Responder Checklist, Photographer’s Checklist, Recorder’s Checklist, and Sketch Artist Checklist. The first officer on scene will secure the crime scene. The photographer and the sketch artists will document the crime scene. Then the evidence collectors will collect the evidence for later processing. Each team will turn in Completed Crime Scene Entry Log Evidence Transmittal Log Two sketches with accurate measurements (one rough and one quality) A series of photographs that adequately encompass the crime scene, including close up shots of evidence, numbered and photographed next to a ruler Evidence bags properly packaged, labeled, and sealed Completed checklists (Evidence Collector’s Checklist, First Responder Checklist, Photographer’s Checklist, Recorder’s Checklist, and Sketch Artist Checklist) A one page summative report Use the Mock Crime Scene Activity Rubric and the Group Evaluation Rubric for assessment. 2. Search Method Activity. Preparation: Select a grassy area that is large enough to conduct a search (determine the appropriate size of the needed area according to the number of students in each class). Obtain spent (used) shell casings (gun ammunition) from a local resource (i.e. police department training academy or gun shooting range). Twenty shell casings per class should be sufficient. Realize that the students will probably not locate all of the ammunition during their search, so be sure to have enough casings to replace any lost during each class. Prior to class, spread the shell casings over the entire designated area and 12 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. sketch the location of the dropped casings for later reference. Rope off and/or limit access to your mock crime scene. Acquire or create numbered flags or markers. Have students bring sketch materials with them to the mock crime scene. Activity: Have the class select a team leader. This person will be responsible for organizing the search and maintaining its integrity. Give students the Search Method Activity Handout and the Types of Search Methods Handout and review them as a class. Guide the students as they follow the instructions and assist the leader if necessary. Use the Individual Work Rubric for assessment. 3. Fingerprint Lifting Activity. Set up the materials for this activity prior to class. Each student should have A copy of the Fingerprint Lifting Activity Handout One pair of disposable gloves Two 4-inch pieces of clear packing tape An index card A pen A fingerprint brush Fingerprint powder Have the students bring an item (i.e. glass or a compact disc case) from home. Have the students complete the activity by following the directions on the Fingerprint Lifting Activity Handout. Use the Individual Work Rubric for assessment. Note: If you do not have access to fingerprinting materials, adapt the activity as follows. Gather the needed materials: pencils, paper and wide transparent tape. Have students rub a 2–3 inch area with the pencil lead. The area should be dark, but not too dark. Then have students 1) Rub the pad of one finger onto the dark area, until there is a sufficient transfer of lead onto the entire pad of the finger 2) Place the tape across the pad of the finger 3) Carefully pull the tape off of the finger 4) Place the tape with the print onto the paper 5) Rub the tape over the print to remove any bubbles Assessments Evidence Collection Exam and Key Evidence Collection Quiz and Key Mock Crime Scene Activity Rubric Discussion Rubric Group Evaluation Rubric Individual Work Rubric Materials 13 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. Evidence Collection computer-based presentation Mock Crime Scene Crime Scene Entry Log Evidence Transmittal Log Evidence Collector’s Checklist First Responder Checklist Photographer’s Checklist Recorder’s Checklist Sketch Artist Checklist Evidence Labels Resealable plastic bags – 6-gallon size Resealable plastic bags – 6-quart size Paper Bags (different sizes) Black permanent markers Disposable gloves (one pair per student) Crime scene tape (one roll per group if possible) Compasses (one per group if possible) Tweezers/forceps (two per group if possible) Digital camera(s) (one per group if possible) Sketch paper (graphing paper if possible) Rulers (one per group if possible) 25-foot measuring tape (one per group if possible) Red evidence tape Search Method Activity Search Method Activity Handout Types of Search Methods Handout 20 shell casings any caliber, including shotgun shells (for each class) Twenty numbered flags or markers (for each class) 1 sheet of paper and 1 pencil (for each student) Fingerprint Lifting Activity (one for each student) Fingerprint Lifting Activity Handout Student-owned objects from home Pair of disposable gloves Two 4-inch pieces of clear packing tape An index card A pen Fingerprint brush Fingerprint powder Resources Bertino, Anthony J. Forensic Science; Fundamentals and Investigations. Mason, OH: South-western Cengage Learning, 2009. Arlington Police Academy Texas Commission on Law Enforcement Standards and Education (TCLEOSE) http://www.tcleose.state.tx.us/ www.ncjrs.gov/txtfiles1/nij/bc000614.txt 14 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. http://www.crime-scene-investigator.net http://www2.fbi.gov/hq/lab/fsc/backissu/july2000/deedric4.htm http://www.nij.gov/topics/law-enforcement/investigations/crimescene/guides/crime-scene-glossary.htm Search the Internet for the following: CSI how stuff works Laboratory 81 dusting and lifting Accommodations for Learning Differences For reinforcement, students will create flashcards with each step of the selected process listed. Students will then spread the flashcards out and practice putting them into the correct order. Use the Individual Work Rubric for assessment. For enrichment, the students will create their own crime scenes and scenarios. Then they will work each other’s crime scenes following the procedures and techniques outlined in this lesson. Use the Individual Work Rubric for assessment. State Education Standards Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills for Career and Technical Education §130.293. Law Enforcement I (One to Two Credits). (15) The student employs procedures to protect, document, and process a crime scene. The student is expected to: (A) lift and preserve developed latent prints from a simulated crime scene; (B) document and protect the crime scene area for further investigation; and (C) demonstrate crime scene investigation techniques used to collect, protect, and document deoxyribonucleic acid evidence collection in a simulated crime scene. College and Career Readiness Standards Mathematics Standards VIII. Problem Solving and Reasoning B. Logical reasoning 1. Develop and evaluate convincing arguments. 2. Use various types of reasoning. 15 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. Name:_________________________ Date:___________________________ Evidence Collection Exam 1) _____ Evidence which will lose its evidentiary value if not preserved and protected is which of the following? a) Transient evidence b) Trace evidence c) Physical evidence d) Evidence 2) _____ Physical evidence that results from transfer of small quantities of material is which of the following? a) Transient evidence b) Trace evidence c) Physical evidence d) Evidence 3) _____ Any object that can establish that a crime has been committed, or can link a crime to its victim or perpetrator is which of the following? a) Evidence b) Transient evidence c) Trace evidence d) Physical evidence 4) _____ A planned and coordinated, legal search of a crime scene to recognize, preserve, and collect physical evidence that is related to the crime under investigation is which of the following? a) Crime scene search b) Crime scene sketch c) Chain of custody d) Property 16 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. 5) _____ A drawing which represents the crime scene and serves to supplement photography by providing accurate information concerning the distance between various points in the scene is which of the following? a) Crime scene search b) Crime scene sketch c) Property d) Evidence 6) _____ Something that is owned is which of the following? a) Evidence b) Transient evidence c) Property d) Trace evidence 7) _____ The process which reports transactions of evidence from person to person, starting with acquisition by a law enforcement agency, is which of the following? a) Property b) Crime scene search c) Crime scene sketch d) Chain of custody 8) _____ Which is not a proper technique for recording a crime scene? a) Crime scene sketching b) Photography c) Crime scene notes d) Strip search 17 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. 9) _____ Which of the following is not a type of surveying method that can be used in crime scene sketching? a) Triangulation b) Rectangular c) Point-to-point d) Both A and C are methods of surveying 10) _____ Which of the following are guidelines when completing a crime scene sketch? a) Take accurate measurements using an accurate measuring device b) Close-ups should be taken to record the details of the object c) Establish permanent reference points to measure from d) Record the exact location and spatial relationships of pieces of evidence and surroundings 11) _____ Measurements are made from two or more fixed reference points to intersect at the location of the object or item of evidence is which of the following? a) Rectangular coordinates b) Triangulation c) Point to point d) Field sketch 12) _____ Measurements of objects or items of evidence located using two perpendicular lines at right angles is which of the following? a) Triangulation b) Field sketch c) Rectangular coordinates d) Grid 18 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. 13) _____ The title block of the sketch should contain the following information: a) Case number b) Offense location c) Date of offense d) All of the above 14) _____ The type of sketch that is most often used for field sketches; this method is used when it is desirable to represent an orderly combination of events that have occurred: a) Perspective sketch b) Schematic sketch c) Projection sketch d) Detailed sketch 15) _____ A sketch that is drawn to show the scene as it would appear to the eye with reference to relative distance or depth is which of the following? a) Schematic sketch b) Projection sketch c) Perspective sketch d) Detailed sketch 16) _____ The most frequently used sketch that is for more specific drawings such as cylinder diagrams, damage to door frames at the point of entry on a burglary, or injuries to the victim of an assault is which of the following? a) Detailed sketch b) Projection sketch c) Perspective sketch d) Schematic sketch 17) _____ The photographic ID card should be the second photograph taken on each series of pictures. a) True b) False 19 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. 18) _____ Overview photographs must include all except which of the following? a) Surrounding area b) Photographic ID card c) Points of entry and exit d) Various angels of photographs 19) _____ Items of physical evidence should be photographed to show their position and location near the entire scene. a) True b) False 20) _____ Items of evidence should be collected prior to photographing the scene. a) True b) False 21) _____ Crime scene notes should be taken for the following reasons: a) To have a consistent and precise recollection of the crime scene b) Documentation of evidence location, and time and date of collection c) Detailed description of all the investigator observed d) All of the above 22) _____ Which of the following is a method of search where the crime scene is divided into sectors and each team member takes a sector; it is effective indoors and outdoors and has regular patterns and defined borders? a) Zone b) Point to point c) Strip d) Area 20 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. 23) _____ Method of search in which the officer starts at the center of the scene and works outward; it is useful when an item is missing from the center and the search must be conducted rapidly is which of the following? a) Inward spiral b) Outward spiral c) Area d) Zone 24) _____ Method of search where the officer starts at the perimeter of the scene and works toward the center is which of the following? a) Strip b) Point to point c) Outward spiral d) Inward spiral 25) _____ Which of the following is a method of search used as a preliminary step in evaluating the scene and as a method has several disadvantages? a) Inward spiral b) Outward spiral c) Point to point d) Strip 26) _____ Method of search where all of the search members form a line and walk in a straight line, at the same speed from one end of a crime scene to the other is which of the following? a) Zone b) Point to point c) Area d) Strip 21 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. 27) _____ Method of search that uses two sets of parallel searches offset by 90 degrees and performed one after another is which of the following? a) Area b) Zone c) Strip d) Point to point 28) _____ Which of the following should be taken into consideration when determining which search method to use? a) Consider the size and type of area to be covered b) Consider the personnel and equipment needed c) Consider the degree of thoroughness required d) All of the above 29) _____ Select the option below that puts the first four steps to complete prior to starting a crime scene search in order. a) Determine a starting point, brief your searchers, establish a headquarters, establish the speed of the searchers b) Determine a starting point, establish a headquarters, brief your searchers, establish the speed of the searchers c) Establish a headquarters, brief your searchers, establish a speed of the searchers, determine a starting point d) Establish the speed of searchers, establish headquarters, brief your searchers, determine a start point 30) _____ When collecting trace evidence officers should use which of the following? a) Tweezers b) Filtered vacuum device c) Plastic containers with lids d) All of the above 31) _____ Bodily fluids include which of the following? a) Blood 22 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. b) Semen c) Saliva d) All of the above 32) _____ Which of the following are categories of evidence that may be collected? a) Hair and fibers b) Blood/bodily fluids c) Fingerprints d) All of the above 33) _____ Which type of fingerprint is left by the transfer of blood, paint or powder onto a surface that is smooth enough to hold the print; evident to the naked eye? a) Visible b) Latent c) Molded d) Invisible 34) _____ Which type of fingerprint is left in a soft medium like soap, putty or candle wax, forming an impression? a) Latent b) Molded c) Visible d) Invisible 23 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. 35) _____ Which type of fingerprint is left by the transfer of sweat and natural oils from the fingers onto a surface that is smooth enough to hold the print; not visible to the naked eye? a) Visible b) Molded c) Latent d) Invisible 36) _____ If a bullet is embedded in a wall or door frame, the officer should dig out the bullet with a knife. a) True b) False 37) _____ A casting should be made at the scene when footwear impressions are found. a) True b) False 38) _____ When documents are found at a crime scene, the officer should deliver them to the lab for analysis. a) True b) False 39) _____ When handling evidence you should handle it in a manner that is consistent with the normal handling of the item. a) True b) False 40) _____ The purpose of proper packaging of physical evidence is to prevent breaking, spoiling, loss, destruction, and contamination between pieces of evidence. a) True b) False 24 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. 41) _____ Which is not true regarding packaging evidence? a) Items of evidence should be packaged separately b) Biological fluids must be completely dry before packaging c) All sealed edges on a package should be sealed with red evidence tape d) Package should not be properly tagged 42) _____ When dealing with firearms as evidence, which of the following precautions should be taken? a) Physical appearance of the weapon should be noted after it is moved b) Never place anything in the gun barrel c) Package it in paper d) Package the ammunition with the gun 43) _____ After sealing the evidence in a plastic bag and applying red evidence tape, the officer should take what action? a) Place his or her initials and the date across the red evidence tape on all sides b) Log it onto the evidence transmittal form c) Place the packaged evidence in a storage locker d) Place red evidence tag on package 44) _____ Which item listed below is not required for chain of custody? a) Who found the item b) Where the item was found c) A description of the item d) Who took custody, collected, marked and packaged the item 45) _____ Which of the following is the job of the first responding officer? a) Preserve and protect the crime scene b) Document the location of evidence c) Sketch the crime scene d) Search the crime scene 25 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. 46) _____ All except which of the following should be allowed to enter the crime scene after the perimeter has been set? a) Crime scene personnel b) Medical Examiner c) Investigator in charge d) All of the above 47) _____ When processing fingerprints, the officer should use a light circular motion to sweep over the area to be processed? a) True b) False 48) _____ Which is the correct order for lifting fingerprints? a) Gently peel the tape from the surface being processed, pull out 2–3 inches to place on processed print, put on the protective gloves, place the tape onto an index card and smooth over the print b) Pull out 2–3 inches of tape, put on the protective gloves, place the tape onto an index card and smooth over the print, gently peel the tape from the surface being processed c) Put on the protective gloves, pull out 2–3 inches of tape to place on the processed print, place the tape onto an index card and smooth over the print d) Put on the protective gloves, gently peel the tape from the surface being processed, pull 2–3 inches of tape to place on the area being processed, put on the protective gloves 49) _____ Select the statement that is true. a) DNA is the same for every person b) DNA is the fundamental building block for an individual's entire genetic makeup c) Wet samples should be packaged immediately in paper bags d) Contamination rarely occurs when one source of DNA gets mixed with another source 26 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. 50) _____ Anything that helps establish the facts related to a crime describes which of the following? a) Trace evidence b) Transient evidence c) Evidence d) Physical evidence 27 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. Evidence Collection Exam Key 1) A 2) B 3) D 4) A 5) B 6) C 7) D 8) D 9) D 10) B 11) B 12) C 13) D 14) B 15) C 16) A 17) B 18) B 19) A 20) B 21) D 22) A 23) B 24) D 25) C 26) D 27) A 28) D 29) B 30) D 31) D 32) D 33) A 34) B 35) C 36) B 37) A 38) A 39) B 40) A 41) D 42) B 43) A 44) C 45) A 46) D 47) A 48) C 49) B 50) C 28 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. Name:_________________________ Date:___________________________ Evidence Collection Quiz Match the correct definition with its appropriate term. 1) _____ Physical Evidence 2) _____ Trace Evidence 3) _____ Transient Evidence 4) _____ Crime Scene Search 5) _____ Crime Scene Sketch 6) _____ Property 7) _____ Chain of Custody 8) _____ Evidence a) Evidence which will lose its evidentiary value if not preserved and protected b) Physical evidence that results from the transfer of small quantities of material c) Any object that can establish that a crime has been committed, or can link a crime to its victim or perpetrator d) A planned and coordinated, legal search of a crime scene to recognize, preserve, and collect physical evidence that is related to the crime under investigation e) A drawing which represents the crime a drawing which represents the crime scene and serves to supplement photography by providing accurate information concerning the distance between various points in the scene f) Anything that helps establish the facts related to a crime g) Something that is owned h) The process which reports transactions of evidence from person to person starting with its acquisition by a law enforcement agency 29 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. Evidence Collection Quiz Key 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) C B A D E G H F 30 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. Crime Scene Entry Log ALL PERSONS ENTERING THE SCENE MUST SIGN IN BEFORE ENTERING THE SCENE: INCIDENT: REPORT #: LOCATION: VICTIM: RACE: SEX: DOB: PRINT NAME ID# DUTIES ARRIVAL DEPARTED SIGNATURE 31 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. Name:_________________________ Date:___________________________ Evidence Collector’s Checklist Task steps Marked off the area around the victim, and kept all unnecessary spectators out Worked within the crime scene, wearing gloves to collect evidence Walked an appropriate search pattern in the crime scene area Properly handled and packaged all materials considered evidence into a bindle Properly bindled and packaged all materials considered evidence into a bag or plastic bag, and completed the Evidence Inventory Sheet for each evidence bag Properly sealed and labeled all evidence containers Wrote signature across the seals on all evidence collected Completed the chain-of-custody information for each evidence bag Signature Date 32 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. Name:_________________________ Date:___________________________ First Responder Checklist Task steps Approached the crime scene cautiously and determined if the site posed any danger Checked if medical attention was needed by anyone injured on the scene Called in backup to help the injured Secured and separated any witnesses present Completed an initial walkthrough of the area and scanned the scene to provide an overview of the crime scene Notified superiors of the need for additional police officers and CSI technicians at the crime scene Secured the integrity of the scene by establishing the boundaries; used physical barriers to keep unauthorized visitors out Collected and recorded information, including Name Badge number Case number Address/location of the crime scene Time Date Type of call The names of all parties present and involved The names of everyone present Protected the crime scene by remaining alert and attentive Documented the entry and exit of all authorized personnel Provided the next in command with a brief update of the situation Signature Date 33 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. Name:_________________________ Date:___________________________ Photographer’s Checklist Task steps Worked with the sketch artist, recorder, and evidence collectors to document the crime scene Took photos of the crime scene, noting the four points of the compass, the entrance and departure points into the area, and any disturbances or damage at the scene Took photographs of any injured persons at the crime scene Took close-up photographs of the victim and/or immediate location of the crime Took a series of distance photos to give perspective to the crime scene Noted and photographed any evidence encountered, both with and without a ruler, and had the recorder and sketch artist also record the location of the evidence Took a series of at least eight or ten photographs pertinent to the crime scene that are high quality and can be used in a courtroom reconstruction Signature Date 34 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. Name:_________________________ Date:___________________________ Recorder’s Checklist Task steps Documented all evidence by date, time, location, and name of collector, completing an Evidence Summary Sheet for each piece of evidence Documented weather conditions, available light, unusual odors, and other environmental conditions Worked with the sketch artist to measure and document the crime scene Helped search for evidence Helped document the location and direction of what was photographed Helped document the location and direction of what was sketched Signature Date 35 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. Name:_________________________ Date:___________________________ Sketch Artist Checklist Task steps Rough Sketch Correctly labeled all directions of the compass Labeled all objects and landmarks within the crime scene in the correct position and to scale Included two immovable objects at a measured distance in the sketch Included a series of carefully measured distances to add to the accuracy Worked with the photographer to document the exact location and direction from which the photographs were taken Carefully Detailed Sketch Correctly labeled all directions of the compass Labeled all objects and landmarks within the crime scene in the correct position and to scale Included two immovable objects at a measured distance in the sketch Included a series of carefully measured distances to add to the accuracy Worked with the photographer to document the exact location and direction from which the photographs were taken Signature Date 36 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. Name: Date: Mock Crime Scene Activity Rubric Activity Objectives Crime Scene Sketch All Criteria (2 pts. each) All evidence documented and labeled Pts. Neat and organized Crime Scene Photos All evidence All vantage points Evidence Collection Collected and stored with the proper techniques Chain of custody maintained Evidence and Photo Log All pertinent information Evidence Analysis Written analysis Neat and organized Little or no usage errors Conclusion At least one page long A detailed account of the events Supported by evidence Little or no usage errors Total Points (28 pts.) Comments: 37 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. Name_______________________________ Date________________ Group Evaluation Group 1 Did the group take the assignment seriously? No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 Yes 10 Could you tell what the group was trying to portray? No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Yes 10 Was the group portrayal creative? No 1 2 3 4 5 6 9 Yes 10 9 Yes 10 7 Did the group include the correct elements? No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 8 Would you like to see this group demonstrate their talent for you in the future? No Yes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Score_______ Group 2 Did the group take the assignment seriously? No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Could you tell what the group was trying to portray? No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Was the group portrayal creative? No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Did the group include the correct elements? No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 9 Yes 10 9 Yes 10 9 Yes 10 9 Yes 10 Would you like to see this group demonstrate their talent for you in the future? No Yes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Score_______ 38 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. Group 3 Did the group take the assignment seriously? No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 Yes 10 Could you tell what the group was trying to portray? No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Yes 10 Was the group portrayal creative? No 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 Yes 10 8 9 Yes 10 7 Did the group include the correct elements? No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Would you like to see this group demonstrate their talent for you in the future? No Yes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Score_______ Group 4 Did the group take the assignment seriously? No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 Yes 10 Could you tell what the group was trying to portray? No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Yes 10 Was the group portrayal creative? No 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 Yes 10 8 9 Yes 10 7 Did the group include the correct elements? No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Would you like to see this group demonstrate their talent for you in the future? No Yes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Score_______ 39 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. Group 5 Did the group take the assignment seriously? No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 Yes 10 Could you tell what the group was trying to portray? No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Yes 10 Was the group portrayal creative? No 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 Yes 10 8 9 Yes 10 7 Did the group include the correct elements? No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Would you like to see this group demonstrate their talent for you in the future? No Yes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Score_______ Group 6 Did the group take the assignment seriously? No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Yes 10 Could you tell what the group was trying to portray? No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Yes 10 Was the group portrayal creative? No 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 Yes 10 8 9 Yes 10 7 Did the group include the correct elements? No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Would you like to see this group demonstrate their talent for you in the future? No Yes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Score_______ 40 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. Search Method Activity Handout Mock crime scene search scenario A gang shooting occurred last night. The school resource officer has asked you to aid the investigation by finding the spent shell casings. Directions As a class you will select a team leader. This person will be responsible for organizing the mock crime search and maintaining its integrity. You have a few minutes as a class to discuss and determine which search method would be best for this crime scene After you choose a search method, go to the designated crime scene as a class. When you arrive, the leader will direct the rest of the class into the form needed for the selected search method and hand out the numbered markers Remember that the markers are for documenting, not collecting the evidence Wait until the leader says to begin the search; then conduct and complete it as directed After the search is complete, sketch the crime scene including the items of evidence and their locations 41 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. Types of Search Methods Handout Zone Search The officer in charge divides the crime scene into sectors and each team member takes one sector. Team members may then switch sectors and search again to ensure complete coverage Effective for both indoor and outdoor searches which have regular patterns and defined borders Allows for different types of searches within each of the quadrants Outward Spiral Search The officer starts at the center of the scene (or at the body) and works outward Useful when an item is missing from the center and the search must be conducted rapidly May begin inside or outside as the circumstances dictate Inward Spiral Search The officer starts at the perimeter of the scene and works toward the center Spiral patterns are a good method to use when there is only one officer at the scene Point-to-Point A preliminary step in evaluating the scene Some of the disadvantages o Can be disorganized o Trace evidence may be overlooked o Others at the scene may feel that when this method of search is completed, they are free to enter the scene and might move items of evidence Strip Search – The Parallel (line) Search All of the members of the team form a line; then they walk in a straight line at the same speed, from one end of the crime scene to the other May be conducted in single or double forms Among the most effective for outdoor searches Area Search An area (grid) search is simply two sets of parallel searches offset by 90 degrees and performed one after the other This search uses any technique which will be effective in examining specific and small areas with defined borders, such as o Bushes o Pathways o Sidewalks o Driveways 42 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. Fingerprint Lifting Activity Handout 1. Check your equipment. You should have the smooth surface item that you brought from home, a pair of disposable gloves, a strip of tape, an index card, a pen, a fingerprint brush, and finger print powder 2. Rub your fingertips on your forehead and scalp in order to make them oily enough to leave a fingerprint 3. Take and touch your item with all of your fingers 4. Put on the disposable gloves 5. Take the fingerprint brush and lightly dip the end of it into the fingerprint powder 6. Tap the brush on the side of the container to remove any excess powder 7. Pick up the item to be printed and hold it in a manner that does not compromise your fingerprints 8. Lightly twirl the brush in between your fingers, creating a swirling motion across the surface of the object 9. Continue to twirl the brush across the surface of the item until you start to see print development 10. Once the prints begin to show, continue to brush that area until each print is clearly visible 11. Pick up the tape and create a tab (fold the end) so that you have something to hold that will not compromise the tape surface 12. Pull out 2–3 inches of tape, or a piece large enough to cover the area to be printed 13. Gently place one end of the tape over the print and slowly press the tape onto the print, smoothing out the bubbles as you go 14. Once the tape is applied, rub it over the print again to insure that the transfer is successful 15. Gently peel the tape from the surface and place it on an index card 16. Smooth out the tape, being sure to remove any bubbles 17. Tear off the tape and create a tab (fold the end) to give you easy access the next time 18. Label the index card according to where the print was located . 43 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. The Somewhere Special Police Department — Property Transmittal REPORT #: OFFENSE: RELATED #: DATE: LOCATION: WEATHER: ARRESTEE: VICTIM: DOB: LAST FIRST MI RACE/SEX LAST FIRST MI RACE/SEX DOB: PIN#: MO DAY YR MO DAY YR PHONE #: HOME ADDRESS: (CODE: EVD-EVIDENCE; FOU-FOUND; FOR-FORFETURE; RCV: RECOVERED TBD-TO BE DESTROYED; SZD-SEIZED [REMARKS]) ARTICLE (A) DESCRIPTION ITEM # CODE DRUG (D) BRAND MODEL SERIAL # (SIZE, COLOR, MATERIAL, FIREARM (F) LOCATION FOUND) PERSON ASSOC. VICTIM (V) ARRESTEE (A) REMARKS (FOR SEIZED — INDICATE REASON OR OFFENSE): ENTERED INTO PROPERTY CUSTODY BY: CHAIN OF CUSTODY: ITEM(S) # ( ) RELEASED TO: PURPOSE: DATE: Chain of custody & release continued TIME: page ____ of ____ 44 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. Chain of Custody & Release (continued) ITEM(S) # ( ) RELEASED TO: PURPOSE: DATE: TIME: ( ) RELEASED TO: PURPOSE: DATE: TIME: ( ) RELEASED TO: PURPOSE: DATE: TIME: ( ) RELEASED TO: PURPOSE: DATE: TIME: ( ) RELEASED TO: PURPOSE: DATE: TIME: ( ) RELEASED TO: PURPOSE: DATE: TIME: Property Receipt Acknowledge receipt of the item(s) listed below. By signing this receipt, I hereby claim ownership of said item(s), release the Somewhere Special Police Department from any responsibility for the said item(s) and hold the City of Somewhere Special harmless from and agree to indemnify it for any claims as to damages or ownership by myself or others. This property is received subject to the condition that it will be made available to the State of Texas or by order of any court for use in litigation involving the property. Name: Acknowledgement of Receipt D.L.#: Address: Phone # W/H Signed by: ID Disposition: Detective Assigned: Date/Time 45 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. Name_______________________________________ Date_______________________________ Discussion Rubric Objectives 4 pts. Excellent 3 pts. Good 2 pts. Needs Some Improvement 1 pt. Needs Much Improvement N/A Pts. Participates in group discussion Encourages others to join the conversation Keeps the discussion progressing to achieve goals Shares thoughts actively while offering helpful recommendations to others Gives credit to others for their ideas Respects the opinions of others Involves others by asking questions or requesting input Expresses thoughts and ideas clearly and effectively Total Points (32 pts.) Comments: 46 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. Name:____________________________________ Date:_____________________________ Writing Rubric 4 pts. Excellent Objectives 3 pts. Good 2 pts. Needs Some Improvement 1 pt. Needs Much Improvement N/A Pts. The writing has all required parts from introduction to conclusion in smooth transition. The writing is interesting, supportive, and complete. The writing demonstrates that the writer comprehends the writing process. Accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation The content of paragraphs emphasizes appropriate points. The writer shows an understanding of sentence structure, paragraphing, and punctuation. All sources and references are clearly and accurately documented. Total Points (28 pts.) Comments: 47 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.