Lesson Plan Course Title: Construction Management Session Title: What are Blueprints? Lesson Duration: 45 minutes-Lesson taught as an overview . 90 minutes - Lesson taught with expanded research and activities Performance Objective: Specific Objectives: Define the term blueprint. Identify basic information contained in blueprints. Describe how blueprints are used in construction management. Define the term conventional symbols. Identify the basic symbols used in construction documents. Preparation TEKS Correlations: This lesson, as published, correlates to the following TEKS. Any changes/alterations to the activities may result in the elimination of any or all of the TEKS listed. 130.49(c)(2)(D) ... read and interpret appropriate architectural symbols, schematics, blueprints, work drawings, manuals, and bulletins. 130.49(c)(13)(B) ... identify areas where codes, laws, standards, or regulations may be required. 130.49(c)(13)(C) ... comply with the appropriate codes, laws, standards, or regulations. 130.49(c)(23)(A) ... describe the types of drawings usually included in a set of plans and list the information found on each type. 130.49(c)(23)(B) ... identify the different types of lines used on construction drawings. 130.49(c)(23)(D) ... identify selected electrical, mechanical, and plumbing symbols commonly used on plans. 130.49(c)(23)(E) ... identify selected abbreviations commonly used on plans. 130.49(c)(23)(F) ... read and interpret plans, elevations, schedules, sections, and details contained in basic construction drawings. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. 1 130.49(c)(23)(G) ... state the purpose of written specifications. Interdisciplinary Correlations: English: 110.31(c)(21)(B) ... organize information gathered from multiple sources to create a variety of graphics and forms. 110.31(c)(22)(B) ... evaluate the relevance of information to the topic and determine the reliability, validity and accuracy of sources (including internet sources) by examining their authority and objectivity. 110.31(c)(23)(C) ... use graphics and illustrations to help explain concepts where appropriate. Occupational Correlations: (reference O-Net: http://www.onetonline.org/) Occupational Title and O*net number: ... Construction Manager 11-9021.00 Bright Outlook Green Alternate titles: ... Cost Estimators ... Appraisers, Real Estate ... Construction and Building Inspectors Tasks: ... Interpret and explain plans and contract terms to administrative staff, workers, and clients. ... Prepare and submit budget estimates, progress reports, or cost tracking reports. ... Inspect or review projects to monitor compliance with building and safety codes, or other regulations Skills: ... Time management ... Critical thinking ... Active learning Teacher Preparation: This lesson is designed to introduce the student to the definition of blueprints, the purpose of blueprints and what information is included in a set of blueprints. This lesson will give the student the opportunity to independently verify the information presented in the lesson. References: Programmed Blueprint Reading, Third Edition, S. L. Coover and J. D. Hesel, McGraw-Hill. Blueprint Reading for Construction, Walter C. Brown, Goodheart Wilcox. Architectural Drafting and Design, Alan Jefferis and David Madsen, Delmar Thompson Learning. Architecture Drafting and Design, Donald Hepler, Paul Wallach and Dana Hepler, Glenco McGraw Hill. Instructional Aids: Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. 2 1. 2. 3. 4. PowerPoint Reference textbook Reference websites for construction managers (optional) Examples of residential and commercial blueprints Materials Needed: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Note paper and pencil Lesson data sheet Reading questions and quiz Symbols charts and/or examples Graphic Standards book if available Equipment Needed: 1. Method for displaying PowerPoint 2. Computers with internet connection 3. Printer Learner Preparation: Have the students read the introduction/preface to construction management in course text book. This exercise should be done before beginning this lesson. Verify or give students instructions on using the internet for independent research. Introduction Introduction (LSI Quadrant I): SAY: Today we are going to investigate an important part of being a construction manager. ASK: Does anyone know what a blueprint is? SHOW: At the appropriate time show students examples of a set of residential blueprints and a set of commercial blueprints. If available the residential blueprint set should have a minimum of six sheets and the commercial blueprint set should have fifty or more sheets. (Pictures or illustrations may be used.) SAY: Generally the job construction manager refers to very large residential or commercial projects. These projects may have hundreds of sheets of blueprints. Reading blueprints requires understanding how they are made, what type of information they contain and how this information is graphically shown. ASK: Have you ever seen information written using a language of symbols instead of words? SHOW: Show a sample chart of architectural symbols. (Show only the symbols and not a description of what the symbol represents.) ASK: What word or object does the first symbol represent? SAY: Blueprints use symbols for everything. There is a symbol for walls, a symbol for doors, a symbol for windows, a symbol for an electrical outlet and symbols and many more symbols. ASK and SHOW: Does anyone know how to read a page filled with symbols. (Show a blueprint of a building floor plan or electrical plan.) Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. 3 SAY: In today's lesson you will learn how blueprints are made, what they contain and how you can understand the symbols used on a particular blueprint sheet. Outline Outline (LSI Quadrant II): Instructors can use the PowerPoint presentation, slides, handouts, and note pages in conjunction with the following outline. MI . Outline Notes to Instructor I. What are blueprints? A. Blueprints are special copies of different types of engineering documents. B. Engineering drawings C. Schedules D. Engineering specifications Use data sheet. Use the PowerPoint. II. How are blueprints made? A. Plans are drafted. 1. Hand drawn plans 2. Computer Aided Drafting B. Drafted plans are reproduced 1. Diazo reproduction process 2. Black line reproduction process C. The common name for all reproduced copies is blueprints. If available show students how to use a Diazo or black line copier. Show photos of a Diazo and a black line copier III. What information is in a set of blueprints? A. Walls B. Doors and windows C. Millwork D. Plumbing and appliances E. Dimensional data F. Symbol legend G. Construction details H. Schedules I. Miscellaneous information Show students examples of different blueprints. (Include floor plans, elevations, foundation plans, etc.) IV. What conventions and symbols are used in blueprints? A. Engineering drawings use specific symbols to represent different building components B. Standard symbols 1. ANSI 2. ISO C. Custom symbols Show students charts or examples of symbol legends. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. 4 Verbal Linguistic V. How is a set of blueprints organized? A. Sheets in a set of blueprints are organized by discipline. 1. Civil 2. Architectural 3. Mechanical 3. Electrical 4. Plumbing 5. Etc. B. Each sheet in a set of blueprints has a unique number. C. Construction details have a unique number which refers back to the specific location of the detail. Refer students to the text book examples of plans with sheet numbers. If available, show students an actual set of commercial building plans that illustrate the numbering system. Use the PowerPoint slide to illustrate numbering system. VI. What are the main sheets in a set of blueprints? A. Site Plan B. Floor Plan C. Elevations and Roof Plan D. Electrical Plan E. Plumbing Plan F. Mechanical Plan G. Construction Details H. Foundation Plan I. Schedules J. Other sheets as needed Show the PowerPoint illustrating a sheet numbering system. If available show students an actual set of blueprints for a commercial project. Logical Mathematica l Visual Spatial Musical Rhythmi c Bodily Kinestheti c Intrapersonal Interpersona l Naturalis t Existentialis t Application Guided Practice (LSI Quadrant III): Teacher will distribute data sheets. Teacher will distribute the reading questions. Teacher will distribute activity sheets. Teacher will demonstrate the criteria for completing the activities. Optional: Students may be divided into small groups for activities. Teacher will administer the lesson quiz. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. 5 Independent Practice (LSI Quadrant III): Students will be given approximately 12-15 minutes to complete the reading assignment and reading questions. Students will be given approximately 15-20 minutes to complete the criteria in activity sheet. Teacher should observe the students as they complete the student exercise and document behavior using a camera and/or monitoring software if located in a lab environment. Summary Review (LSI Quadrants I and IV): Question: Was the organization of the information such that it was easy to comprehend? Question: Do you understand how accurate and complete information makes it easier to successfully complete a job? Evaluation Informal Assessment (LSI Quadrant III): Instructor should observe the students' independent practice time and note the issues or questions that arise. These should be brought up during summary time. Formal Assessment (LSI Quadrant III, IV): Student should receive a grade for completing the assignment. Documents should be turned in for evaluation. Student should receive a grade for active participation. Optional: Teacher will administer the “Quiz" (or use teacher written quiz) to check for understanding and as an evaluation tool for the independent exercises. Extension Extension/Enrichment (LSI Quadrant IV): This lesson could easily be expanded into a longer time frame project. Additional research points could be added as enumerated in the student data sheet. The activity could first be done individually then randomly group students in groups of three. Each student presents his design then the students combine elements of each design to create a new design proposal. Groups or individuals could present their design concept which could be supported with independent or internet research. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. 6 Architecture and Construction Cluster Construction Management INTRODUCTION TO BLUEPRINTS--DATA SHEET What Are Blueprints? The term "blueprint" describes all types of engineering drawing. Blueprints are "read" through interpreting lines, symbols and views. A study of blueprint reading, therefore, is a study of the interpretation of symbols as they relate to architectural construction. Since the symbols used in drafting the plans for blueprints will be read, the reader must understand the language of drafting and how to interpret the symbols. Blueprint reading is a vital part of being a construction manager. Meaning of Views and Lines Construction drawings use a procedure called orthographic projection to make drawings of structures. An orthographic projection is a view of an object in which the viewer looks at the object through an imaginary plane called a picture plane. The picture plane is placed in front of and parallel to the object. The viewer’s line of sight is at a 90° angle to the picture plane. The resulting "view" of the object shows the true size and shape of the object. In the construction industry, the primary view of a structure is the plan view. The plan view is obtained by looking down on the structure from the top. This top or plan view shows the layout of the walls, doors, windows and other necessary objects which make up the total structure. This view is called the floor plan. Other views show the front, rear and sides of the structure. These views are called the elevations and are identified as the front elevation, rear elevation, right elevation and left elevation. The views themselves are drawn by projecting the image of the object onto the picture plane. When drafting the views the sheet of paper represents the picture plane and the image is drafted on the paper using a series of lines or line symbols. Some lines represent the edges of walls which are visible, some lines represent objects which are hidden. Other lines which are drawn have other special meanings. These line conventions (using lines to represent different parts of the structure) are industry standards. To differentiate what the lines represent, an alphabet of lines is used. The alphabet of lines uses line thickness and line type to represent specific elements of the structure. A thick continuous line is called an object line and represents edges of object which are visible in the view. A medium thick dashed line is used to represent edges of object which are hidden in the view. These lines are called hidden lines. For a complete list of line conventions refer to your architectural drafting/design textbook. Some drawings require the use of special lines. A legend of line symbols is included on the plan when lines are used which are not in the standard alphabet of lines. The special lines may represent the wiring from a switch to a light fixture or such things as water service or ground contours. It is important that each special line be identified in the symbols legend. Meaning of Symbols Blueprints use a wide range of symbols to represent the features and components of a structure. There are symbols for the different types of walls, doors and windows. Other symbols represent various plumbing fixtures and electrical devices. Many of the symbols used in architectural plans are standard symbols. Architects generally use ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standardized symbols or IBC (International Building Code) standard symbols. These standard symbols are internationally recognized. Many of the symbols can be What Are Blueprints? –Data SheetCopyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Page 7 Architecture and Construction Cluster Construction Management found in architectural drafting/design textbooks. Refer to your textbook for a listing of architectural symbols. It is not uncommon for structures to include some features or fixtures which are not standard. In such cases the architect creates special symbols to represent these features. Another common practice is for architects to modify the standard symbols to suit the architect's own preference. The kitchen sink is an example of specially designed symbols. There are so many different sink designs it would not be practical to have one symbol to represent kitchen sinks. The architect draws a special symbol to approximate the design of the sink. How Schedules are Used It would be impractical to try to show everything that goes into the construction of a building or structure. For instance, a multi-story building contains many doors of different types and designs. To simplify the drawing of doors, a generic door symbol is used to represent a door. Each occurrence of the door symbol is given a number on the plan. A schedule or table of information is then created to identify the specific details of each numbered door. Door schedules identify such things as the type of door, the size of the door, the door manufacturer to include the model number, the type of finish and other information specific to the door. In addition to door schedules, blueprints include window schedules, wall finish schedules, hardware schedules and other schedules necessary to completely describe the building components. Engineering Specifications Structures by nature are very complex. Drawings alone cannot explain all the complexities and detailed information necessary to construct buildings and other structures and maintain the design intent. Drawings must be supported by engineering data as specified in a document called engineering specifications. An engineering specification document serves several important functions. It clarifies agreement on design goals; serves as the learning guide for new hires in the engineering team; and often becomes a starting point for other essential documents, including patent applications, user documentation, and marketing collateral. The engineering specifications cover all aspects of the building beginning with the building site to the completion of the project. It covers the specifics on grading and drainage, the foundation and the framing. Specifications are written for the electrical work, the plumbing and appliances. Specifications can also include the exact materials used for all phases of construction and what, if any, substitutions may be made. Engineering or construction documents/specifications and the blueprints completely describe the structure and design intent. How Are Blueprints Made? Blueprints are generally copies of the original construction drawings. The term blueprint originates from a process which made copies of drawings which showed the line work as white lines on a blue sheet of paper. The older style (blue background with white lines) was a common practice prior to the 1940s. It was typically done using the blueprinting process which involves a chemical reaction between a solution of ammonium ferric citrate and potassium ferric cyanide with paper. After the 1940s a new process called the Diazo process was much faster and cheaper. The Diazo process produces a copy using blue lines on white paper. This requires paper coated with light sensitive chemicals, a high intensity blue ray light and an ammonia developer. The resulting copy is a high quality print; however, it has to be protected from direct sunlight to keep it from fading. What Are Blueprints? –Data SheetCopyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Page 8 Architecture and Construction Cluster Construction Management Blue line prints are still made but modern copy processes and computer printers are in high use today. Large format copiers and printers are common in most architectural offices today. No matter what process is used to make the copy, it is still referred to as a blueprint. What Needs to Be Blueprinted? Any drawing which relates to the project should be a part of the blueprint set. The blueprint set will typically include drawings relating to the: 1. Site Plan 4. Exterior Elevations 7. Construction Details 2. Floor Plan 5. Electrical Layout Plan 8. Mechanical Plan 3. Roof Plan 6. Interior Elevations 9. Foundation Plan Each of these plans may have multiple sheets as required. For instance, in addition to the site plan and grading plan, a landscape plan may be included. A set of blueprints for a large commercial project may contain well over a hundred sheets. What Are the Job Opportunities for Construction Management What Is the Job Like? Construction managers plan, direct, coordinate, and budget a wide variety of construction projects, including the building of all types of residential, commercial, and industrial structures, roads, bridges, wastewater treatment plants, and schools and hospitals. Construction managers may supervise an entire project or just part of one. They schedule and coordinate all design and construction processes, including the selection, hiring, and oversight of specialty trade contractors, such as carpentry, plumbing, or electrical, but they usually do not do any actual construction of the structure. How Do I Get Ready? Employers increasingly are hiring construction managers with a bachelor's degree in a construction-related field, although it is also possible for construction workers to become construction managers after many years of experience. Construction managers must understand contracts, plans, specifications, and regulations. Certification, although not required, is increasingly important. For construction manager jobs, a bachelor's degree in construction science, construction management, building science, or civil engineering, plus work experience, is becoming the norm. However, years of experience, in addition to taking classes in the field or getting an associate’s degree, can substitute for a bachelor’s degree. Practical construction experience is very important for entering this occupation, whether earned through an internship, a cooperative education program, a job in the construction trades, or another job in the industry. How Much Does the Job Pay? Wages of salaried construction managers and self-employed independent construction contractors vary with the size and nature of the construction project, its geographic location, and economic conditions. In addition to receiving typical benefits, many salaried construction managers earn bonuses and are allowed the use of company motor vehicles. Median annual wages of salaried construction managers in May 2008 were $79,860. The middle 50 percent earned between $60,650 and $107,140. The lowest paid 10 percent earned less than $47,000, and the highest paid 10 percent earned more than $145,920. What Are Blueprints? –Data SheetCopyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Page 9 Architecture and Construction Cluster Construction Management How Many Jobs Are There? Construction managers held 551,000 jobs in 2008. About 61 percent were self-employed, many as owners of general or specialty trade construction firms. Most salaried construction managers were employed in the construction industry—11 percent by specialty trade contractor businesses (for example, plumbing, heating, air-conditioning, and electrical contractors), 10 percent in nonresidential building construction, and 7 percent in residential building construction. Others were employed by architectural, engineering, and related services firms. What About the Future? Prospects should be best for people who have a bachelor's or higher degree in construction science, construction management, or civil engineering, plus practical work experience in construction. A strong background in building technology is beneficial as well. Construction managers also will have many opportunities to start their own firms. In addition to job openings arising from employment growth, many openings should result annually from the need to replace workers who transfer to other occupations or leave the labor force for other reasons. A number of seasoned managers are expected to retire over the next decade, resulting in a number of job openings. What Are Some Related Jobs? Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers Cost Estimators Appraisers, Real Estate Municipal Fire Fighting and Prevention Supervisors Construction and Building Inspectors References: Architectural Drafting and Design, Alan Jefferis and David Madsen, Delmar Publisher Teachers Guide, Career information, BLS Programmed Blueprint Reading, Third Edition, S. L. Coover and J. D. Hesel, McGraw-Hill. Blueprint Reading for Construction, Walter C. Brown, Goodheart Wilcox. Architecture Drafting and Design, Donald Hepler, Paul Wallach and Dana Hepler, Glenco McGraw Hill.Additional Research: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2102-11 Edition (http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos005.htm#nature) Occupational Outlook Quarterly (www. Bls.gov/opub/ooq/2005/spring/art01.pdf) What Are Blueprints? –Data SheetCopyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Page 10 Name: Class: Date: School: What Are Blueprints Activity Sheet Activity 1 Research Instructions: Teacher: Each student should be given access to this document. Document may be modified to suit. Assign each student a specific search engine to use (teacher may modify list to suit) 1. Google.com 2. Yahoo.com 3. Ask.com 4. Bing.com 5. Other The teacher should be sure each student knows how to access the computer and use the advanced search options in each search engine. Student: Complete the header of this document with the correct information. Procedure: Connect to the internet using your school procedure. Use the assigned search engine and advanced search procedures for the following: 1. List three methods for making "blueprints" and briefly explain each process. a. b. c. 2. Find samples of a commercial floor plan blueprint and a residential floor plan blueprint. List the source for each below. a. b. 3. Copy and paste the two samples below. Size the copies to fit on one sheet or as instructed. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Page | 11 Name: Class: Date: School: What Are Blueprints Activity Sheet Activity 2 Requirements: Same as activity 1. Teacher: Assign each student a specific set of symbols to locate on the internet. (plumbing, electrical, landscape, doors, windows, etc.). Student: Required: Access to a computer and internet, pencil and highlighter or colored pencil. Procedure: Connect to the internet using your school procedure. Using the assigned search engine, find the architectural symbols assigned. Draw sketches of the symbols in the space below and label each symbol. Copy and paste the sample blueprint below (size the copies to fit the space below). Use the highlighter or colored pencil the highlight your symbols on the plan. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Page | 12 Name: _________________________Period: ______ Date: __________ Reading Questions Part 1--Reading assignment Directions: Read the data sheet and complete the following. Fill in the blank with the word or phrase from the reading assignment that best completes the statement. ... 1. The term ______ describes all types of engineering drawings. ... 2. Blueprint reading requires interpreting ________. ... 3. The primary view of a structure is the ______ plan. ... 4. Views are obtained by using a method called _________ projection. ... 5. The ____ of the object which can be seen are illustrated by using object lines. ... 6. A(n) ______ of lines is used to help clarify the meaning of each line. ... 7. Different objects and/or features of the building are represented by using _____. ... 8. When buildings contain objects which cannot be represented by _____ symbols, the architect creates a special symbol to represent the object. ... 9. Original blueprints had _____ lines (color) printed on ____ paper (color). ... ... 10. _____ and modern copiers/printers are used today to create "blueprints." ... 11. Construction managers plan, direct, coordinate and _______ a wide variety of construction projects ... 12. ______ in construction is very important for starting a career in construction management. ... 13. The _____ of the project will in part determine how much money a construction manager makes on a given job. ... 14. Prospects for getting a job in the construction management field are best for people who have a _________. What Are Blueprints? QuizCopyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Page 13 Name: _________________________Period: ______ Date: __________ Part 2--True or False Quiz Directions: Read each statement carefully. If the statement is completely true place a printed, capital "T" in the blank to the left of the statement. If any part of the statement is false, place a printed capital "F" in the blank to the left of the statement. Use standard block lettering. ... 1. __ 2. The term blueprint refers only to those construction documents which are blue line prints. The views of an engineering drawing are obtained by using a process called isometric projection. ... 3. The floor plan is a view of a structure obtained by looking down on the structure from above. ... 4. Lines which cannot be seen for a particular viewpoint are drawn with medium thick dashed lines called hidden lines. ... 5. The alphabet of lines contains symbols which represent sinks, tubs, walls etc. ... 6. The standard symbols used on blueprints are internationally recognized. ... 7. Non-standard symbols must be identified in a symbols legend. ... 8. Schedules on blueprints are mainly used to keep track of the time required for making the drawing. ... 9. Most structures are very simple and need only two or three sheets in the blueprint set. ... 10. By using blueprints and construction/engineering specifications; the complete project and the design intent can be understood by everyone associated with the project. ... 11. Blueprints are generally considered to be the original design documents or drawings. ... 12. Modern copy processes usually have blue or black lines on white paper. ... 13. A set of blueprints for a large commercial project can contain well over a hundred sheets in the blueprint set. __ 14. There is a specific number and order for the sheets in a set of construction blueprints. __ 15. Job openings in the construction management field will be very promising in the future. What Are Blueprints? QuizCopyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Page 14 Name: _________________________Period: ______ Date: __________ Answers to Reading Questions and Quiz Part 1 Part 2 1. blueprint 1. F 2. symbols 2. F 3. floor 3. T 4. orthographic 4. T 5. edges 5. F 6. alphabet 6. T 7. symbols 7. T 8. standard 8. F 9. white 9. F blue 10. T 10. computers 11. F 11. budget 12. T 12. Experience 13. T 13. Size 14. F 14. college degree 15. T What Are Blueprints? QuizCopyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Page 15 What Are Blueprints? Rubric Task Statement: What are Blueprints? Task Assignment: _______________________________________ Criteria Concepts/Skills to be Assessed Novice 1 Criteria Categories (Novice to Exemplary) Developing Accomplished 2 3 Exemplary 4 Demonstrate understanding of blueprint Concept No understanding Some understanding Good understanding Fully understands (Possible 8 points) (1-2 points) (3-4 points) (5-6 points) (7-8 points) Identifies the process used to make construction blueprints Unable to identify Able to identify one type Identifies each type in some cases (Possible 8 points) (1-2 points) (3-4 points) (5-6 points) Identifies each type in most cases (7-8 points) Navigate advanced search procedures (Possible 8 points) Unable to use advanced search feature (1-2 points) Improperly uses advanced search features (3-4 points) Sometimes uses advanced search features (5-6 points) Accurately and effectively uses advanced searches (7-8 points) Demonstrates ability to understand symbols used on blueprints Does not understand Some Understanding Good understanding Fully understands (Possible 16 points) (1-4 points) (5-8 points) (9-12 points) (13-16 points) A = 31-40 points; B = 21-30 points; C = 11-20 points; D = 6-10 points Maximum points = 40 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. Total Points: Points Earned