t',
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LINCOLN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY, NEW ZEALAND
F().R RE:FEIl.ENCE ONLY
THIS HElv'! MUST NOT BE TAKEN OUT OF THE LIBRARY
~.RGE
FORBES MEMORIAL L1BRARV
LJNCOlN COLLEGE
SULPmJJl NtfTRITION OF Tl1E &RASS Co.MPOl'mN''r ON A WP.oSOOK
GHASSJ..AND SOIL.
A theeb submitted in partial re~i:rement
f'or the Deg:ree ot: ~,fl;~.ster of' .Ag:riculiura! SOienoe w1 th
Honours in Field fusbandr;r ..
Can tero'.wy Agrioul tnral College,
Un.1:versity of' Can tAiW'btU,"Y"
'i960..
E. w.
,;
\ "1
R!'D!OF w....'l'l~tlA!l.'"(J£ml
In:t~"o(ill0t:ton ~ssook
G1"assland
~~lt.
Spell:t.n,g e:t.f'eots
Early plant introduotion
]jiod~
outlook on the problem
',)
Sulphur in :rela.tion to tussock grassla.nd
Ni t:rog~n and Sulphur
l:'ela tionsbi:ps
~v~:m.ent
in the grass sm:.u:'d
~$ralizat1Qn
i!
Atmos-phertc l'eWns
,l
Hesponse to applied aulphur
Ni trogen and su.lphu.'f.' in relation to plant ohemioal. conrposi ti.O);l
.'
.;
Ni ~gen,..$lulphuX' intli'>raot;ion
Xil:!:t>B.·'ogen 1'l.11d sulphu:r. in relation to 001 t1.lral nlease from 'the soil! ~\
Mt Somers field trials.
Lower site
Upper site
'l'l'ial 1
~ial.
2
Trial
5
2
Seasonal Analy*is 10\'I1er site
2(a)
sta tistioe,l I3naJ.ys:i.s o:f Table 2..
Summer f\t'el1m.1...'Ila.'I;jr eu t
Gmphoo. reau.1 ts
Att mmn.
SUffil.i:ter
prelimi.'ID:u'y cut
prelill'linary QU.t;
Graphed
realll ts i'l.U 1:u.tm
p:t"elimiMry
Cllt
2nd. cut
Graphed rawl ts second out
'!J.nsprayed plots (olover oversown) seoond out
3rd cut
~sul ta
G'ri'aphed
third cut
IJnsprayed plots 3rd cut
'Ibtal species dry ma. tter lOi1'J'e.l'.' site
Graphed total species dry .mtter
,
l!.1ff'e.cts o£ sulphur on eea.sonal grass dry matter. prodl1otion
Chenlioal
co~sition
i
/~~ ~o
lower site
T'~hle 4.(a)
chemioal compos:! tiOD. ni t:rogel'l
'ra.ble 4{b)
ohemica.l oomposi tion su.lphu.r
.,.)
Ni trogen yield and recovery
Sulpb,ttr yield and reeQVOO."y
Table 6 Sulphur yield and reoovex"Y
N/S ratios
~'ble
7 lVS ratios
Table 8(a) meet et 1'1 on N' yield
8('0) Etfeot of S on N yield.
8(0)
E:rtoot of S on S yield
S{d.)
Ef':feot
ot: N on S yiru.d
Effeots of N on N yield
Gnlphed. results
ECt:eots o£ S on N yield
Grapned rasul i;s
21ft:eots of S on S yield
Gmph~
rawl ts
Effeots ot N on S yield
1lable 9
top site dry rna ttex'
Table 9(a.) statisi;:i..Qa.l.
~ysis of: Tal)lEll
5J
..
'
Speoies Analysis
~~p'hed
species analysis
Spa.ced ;plant a.na.l.y$is top site
Table 10 s;paQed, plant anaJ.ysis
Table 11
o~si tion
spaoed :planta ohemical
l"irst Pot trial
Table 12 Dry natter and tiller nn.mbel"s
Table 12(a)
Statistic8..1 analysis of Table 12
Ohemioal 0011'!P0si tion pot trial 1
'l'able 1} t."hem1.oa.l oO.;;IHion pot trial 1
2nd pot trial
~.ble
14
2nd. pot trial
Table 14(a.)
D.M. a."ld tillers
statist:toal analysis ot: Table il,.
Chemioal composition
Table 15 Chemioal oOl'!l:pCsi tion
2nd pot trial
Sulphur utilization trial
Table 16(a)
sta.tistiea.l analysis of' table 16
Sulphur m1nerali$a tion trial
Table 17
sulphur m.ineraliza'hion.
Sulphur n Wilt trial
Table 18
CONOLYJSIONS
$!1l;phnr ra tea
i
.
SULPflUR NUTRITION OF TI-Th; GRASS COMPOIDiNT ON A 'rtJSSOCK GRASSLAND SOIL.
mRODUCTION.
The tusSQck grassland area of the South Island comprise$ $0llle
thirteen million aores..
'I'his area has been olassified by L. Cookayne
1927
on a species and altitudinal bass into the following reg:i.ons
o ...
1000 ft lmvland tussook; gr'at\sland
1000 - ,;000 it ll'lpn!iane tussock grassland
3000 ... 5000 £t mb-alp1ne tall tussock gr;'assland
5000 ft and above
alpine vegetation
The st\\1d;Y undertaken was oa.rried out in the montane tussock grassland
region which in the South I eland com.pri$es some siX million aores.
Almost :t'u1ly ocoupied by 1880, the area has been utilized for fine
wool pr'QQ.uotion.
Overgrazil1.g, burning and rabbits to name a few of the
faotors :responsible led to 'Wideapread deterioration of the
subsequent aooelerat<*l erosion of' the soil.
"\1'ege'~ation
and
A considerable 'volume of work
has been done on ways and means of' a:t"'X'esting this develop.tnent and improving
the already deteriorated
a.rea~
Earlier work followed the lines of
spelling and possible plar.r:t introduction, only limited success beiXAt?; obtained
with these methods.
More reoently with the recognition of nutrient
deficienoies, particularly sulphur, phosphorus and. rilolybden:um and their
relation to the nitrogen
stat~
of the assoo1ation;
suooessful nwans of
olover over-sowi.ng and an enlightened management polioy, the pictUl"e has
vastly ohanged..
Imp:rovement through suoh praotioes
Was
an import;ant faotor in the
10% inorease :i.n sheep numbers from 1950-56 (13) so that Garret'!;. 1956 whilst
forecasting little prospect of output inoreases from the highest Gauntry,
predioted an increase of 2:q& total sheep nwnhers on the lower country~
That the position has been. aided by better f'inancial returns in r acent
years cannot 00 doubted, but this has operated through the
:tmpr()~nt
of the grazing condit1on of the runs and has entailed rabb1t eradication,
oversowing, manur:ing atld appropriate managerial adjustments an.d
control~
In the unlmpr017ed. state, the vegetation is denoted by grass
dominan,oo with a virtual absence
ot legumes, the grass
bei.:ng unprodu.etive
due to the low nitrogen status of the aasooiatiQn.
Plant....soil rela:l::ionships indioate that despite adequate levels of
nitrogen and sulphur in the organic matter (Walker et al 1954 (b) ) the
faotor limitin,g their availability to the plant is the slow m:i.neralization
rate (Ahmad. 1960 Ross 1958).
'l'hus, only small amounts of sulphur and
nitrogen are available from. Uns
Walker et a1
195'
95%
Anderson and Spencer 1950 and.
(~) have show the importanoe
nitrogen 1'ixation by
taken up
~urce.
1310"01'..
ot sulphur tor adeq1.'!.ate
With sulphur a limiting 1'actor" grass
of the little that is available (WaU::er et al 195B) :Ehe result
being that legumes must de[Jend for their sulphur on other so:t';U:."oes, mainly
atmospherio..
Sinoe Walker et al. 1956 (a) have shown that such sources
tend to be very low in
·the~le
areas, the assoriation lacks legumes and is
consequently of low vigour. because of the slow- turn-over of nitrogen
~
Walker 1957 suggests that the aim in these c;trclJlllS.tancesshouJ.d be
to provide ~imum grass production) concomit;iant with ~n nitrogen
fixation by the clovers.,
Sulphur availability will be an important
oDmponent of the l3ystenl"
l'l':!ts st'Udy attempts to duoidate some ot the factors oOlmected with
the sulphtu.'- nutrition of gx:-asses in such a situation..
Previous work had
emphasised the clover component.
For the partio:u1.ar trial a1'Oa9 it was hoped. to dete:nuine
1"
Whether the response of the grass to nitroganb governed 'by the sulphur
level
2..
available~
A .determination of what lewl of nitrogen Was likely to be
provided. by clover fixation and tranafeX"!'ed to the grass canpo:nent
l.U:l.der improved grassland oonditiGns in the area..
.3..
What the optimum level of sulphur for the associa:tion is f allowing
adequate sulphur f:or
!~
possible nitrogen fixation as well as
for utilization by the grass of the l-:dtrogen trans:f'er:.t"eti.
The e:f'teets at' nitrogen and sulph'Ul" on plant chemical composition
and
a:rYg
possible relationships between plant and soil as infJ.:uenoed
by these faotors.
gr'asslanda has generally deteriorated..
p;t"Qblelll
of great
c;lonce:cn 'by
1910..
Vanous :t'e1fOMS such as those of Coekajrne 1918, Zotov 19lr8 and
Gibbs and Raeside 1945 adequa:tely oover the situation..
Ji"'rQmrepor'{;s suoh
as these, reOOllD.e:nd.ations were made and the;re generally followed b.vo Unes
of apprQa;eh. namely
1.
e~lling
and plant introduotion..
SfJ~ ImEC~
:B'or long an ad'liOcated 1*>110y fi particru1.a.r attention was given to
spelling by CQckayne 1916 and M.aloolm 1925 in earlier yea:rs and. in
l1l0re reoent time$ 'by Bevlell 19471 Diok 151;6 and 1:ifottat '1956.
~hese st~es
cover a wide eoologioal and olimatic range, but
and. thU$ the praotice 'W'as ineffeotual unless native grasses were
alnad;y in existenoe.
2..
PLANT IN'l'RODOO1'ION
"
'"..
•
"
,
t
Concu:rrent vlith slmling were attempts at pl.&..n.t introduction,
notel-7mhy experimental. wark being ca.rried out by Maopherson 1910 in
Cent.ral Otago and the Maokenzie Coun:try an.d
Cocl~ne
1918 $M Calder
'1935 in Centr.a1 O·tago..
CoQk:e,yne 1918 Gonsietered that the inherently fertile mica sohist
count:r.y of Central otago had a greater potential production from
higher p~ucing plants (presumably such speQies as cooksfoot fI lucerne
and clovers) th.'Stl1
±~rom
the native vegetation and he cQnside:t:'ed that
it sho:Qld be oruy a:f'ter failure to estaplish better plants,; tha.'t a
restoration of the primitive covering should be aimed at.
W'ial'l
obtained
pa.i't1cul~a.rly
with better soils on w"'k and.
:races, pro'\tided !'kibb:l,ts and .slleep .vere excluded..
SOL~
S12-3l'J.
success
dark
Zotov 1948
il1~
later years however was le$1:1 optimi.stio about
"1:n.troduoed species and, basing his ~lus'iGn$ on ecologi<:al grounds,
oo.nsidered 'the :;;o'U.'t"Qe 01.' suitable species to be amongst ,{;he natj.ve
Given relief' from d.eteriQl"ation processes and.
vegetation itselt..
reasonable help in
establiB~nt,
thelW should the:n be able to
reassert themselves~
This early i'n.tx'oduction work, although generally disappointing
in results obtained, indicated use:f'ul ap6oi.ea in tall M,t g;rass:J
cocksf'oot, Brornus il'le:cmis, Yorkshire :eog, crested whea:b g:l."'ass,
stib'cerranean clover, white clover and lucern,e anwngst otherse
j,mportant factor was protection from. gradng p;res$m'e
8,110.
.An
the rabbit
was a bar to this,.
3..
If)DJj~HN
OUTIOOK O;N JriJ1l11~Bu.:M
Three ewn,ts have been of' grea't; signif'iei.:l..noe.
Firstly fJ the
eradication of' the rabbi'\; "nth such outstanding restllts as repcrted.
by Buby 1957;
secondly, the diooovery of sulphur and l'JOJ..ybd,el1Uin
defieiencies in the South Island to'bb 1953, Davies et al 1951 and
subsequent oo:n£i:l:'mation of these on tussock grassland, a;reas by
ll{alkel' etal 1954('b) alo.."lg with an inoreased ap,preciatioxl o:f' other
l:i.miting factorl;\;
a.'1.d thirdly the applioa.tion of aerial o~J'ersawing
methods..
'fhe key to the1r :.i.mprovemMt lies in the over$0'Y'4:ng of clover
and the con."ec'uion of limi:t1ng faotors; both ma.n'Ull'1al and those
oonneoted with cultural practice
stim.ulated by suocesa:M
€le
g.. inoculation.
ove~'i11ing
O:dg:Lna11y
in the Mackenzie Country
(Sie"VW.clght 1956), the emphasis has now moved to a.e::dal overso'I'Jin,g
(Lobb and. l3e!:ln.ett 1958)..
At the m.ot!lent, successful develop:ne:nt
practices woUld appear to be depertdent on aerial n:teiLhods..
Such work has COO!l.xr:l:,ed the initW improvement sta.ge and
irl establishment have been de.tilQ:nstrated by S:J.m.peon and Moore
.th(~
1955
and D'Utibar1950 on d,epleted country in the more d:i:f'fi~u1t climatio
situations, but a l1.ote>:rorth;Jr ,po:in.t 11.'\ the
ob~erva.tion
that heavy lit".l;sr
definitely aided grass seedling establiehment (Simpoon. !l\...'11d :tlfoore
1955)
Sievw:nght 19,6 reporh from the Holbt"Qok trials that -Ghe
intrOO:t::tetion of g,t"ass
~ecies_
with the pGs$1ple exception of
oooks:foot and tall oat grass, was dil':f':i.oult
1;1'))
li:I.ehieve in the
However, oO.11sidel:'able suooess has been att'ai.ned in Central Otago
with l\1Qe~oook$:foot overdrilling (Sehofield. 1957) 'INhUe Hoaken 1959
advooates the in('..1:us:ton of grasser;; along with aeria.l-smvn clovers in
the Mackenzie eourrcry<Il
Haka,tar~ea
fllore reoently, on depleted tussock land. in the
Valley, suooe$S has been obtained with the este:blitshment
ot ryegz-ass, cooks-t'oot and eloV'e:t's up to 3,400
To obtain the Mlest benefit
f"l:"Q1n
ft. (Dal"Ii'lin 1959)
$
clover introouotion, it is
desirable that use should be made of the higher feriiU-by gruses and
soUs et' North otagQ, these soUs being high in. t available' phos.phorus..
Ea,."11er Nevr Zeala,'ld work (M:cOonnell 1913, 1914; Doak 1929) had indicated
•
8.
1954, MoLachlm 19 52~
interaotion..
These showed a maaIted S - P response and
Use of superphosphate had thus m.a$ked amy sulphur
de:f'icien<il,Y..
Recognition of the .im,portanoo
tussock grasslands
W'a$
ot
sulphur as a limi'c1ng factor on
exhnd.e:d by Walker et el. in a tl'ial on the
effects of sulphur and pholiilphoru.s on a rape Ql'OP gr:own
foothills 1954(b)..
i:r~
the Canterb'U.t';y
These workers in one trial obtained a signifioant
yield response to gypsum .in the presenoe of mono-oaloium phosphate.
Su1phur studies were further expanded by the same team on a wide
:range of tussock grassland soU types Walker 1954( a) ~
pioture obtained
The general
that sulphur was a more important faotor than
W8.$
phoephort1s in limiting olover growth in tho$e situations and that
:tOOlybdenum had :no si,gnifioa:n:tl eff'eots..
CcmQUrX'Elnt; improve.tnent work was oarried out in the Maokenzie
-I
ISasin 'by S1evwright 1956 who obtained extl?aordinary legume growth by
overdril1ing with superphosphate at 2 ~aore.
Extensive work by Walker et al. on various aspeo'l;s of sulphur has
been repoJ:"ited 'briefly i 5' 57
Rakaia Gorge area..
He~'e
j
all this work being undertalcen in the
they obtained a
a three....told inorease in dry matter and a
yield 'wi.th oaloium. sulpha.te.
reoovered at rates
ot
olover &t.'"td grass
fo~:t'old
response~
increase in nitrogen
A high proportion of' the sulphur
~vas
up to 50 lb. Gef30/aore 1956(a) but recovery
was less at higher rates..
o;f
ll..arked
Further studies of the residual effeots
caloium. sulphate over :four years showed that with rates va:t'ying
from 25 .... 2:)0 1bs.. f!Ypswv'acre~ recoveries were of the ordlSr of 80 - 30%
mechani$IU of this retention..
Along wi:l;;h this work of a fundamental na:l.nll"e has proeee(ied the
extension work carried out notably by Lobb and Be:nnetts in the 11akaia
Gorge area 1958.
Latest work reported by Lobb 1959 on rates of
sulphur and phosphorus has shown at 22 lbs / acre of phosphorus an
increasing plant ,growth respo;nse with inQreased sulphur rates f'rOll!,
10 ... 40 Ib$. is o'bta;i.:ned in contrast to no response by increasing
the phosphate :rate at a atandard. sulphur ra;te..
Gen.era.l practice
:f'rom this 'WOrk is l.1.OIJV the use of fortified superphosphate oontaining
400 lbs. of added S/ton,l 1 cwt of this supplying 30 1h8. of
5.
!itIi.Q.G~,MID S~ ~IW§E:Im IN. tHE .GIM§S
Basio faQ'Gors
individual
oonc~
compol1~te;
SP$nc(l.lI' 1950.
~~hey
SWARD
the relationship of sUlphur to the
grass and clover, 'W"0re studied by Andel"$Ol'l and
showed that sulphur was needed by non...leglmlos
for protein :for.mai;ion from the absorbed nitrogen..
non-le~$
siaore~
l"iitrogen defioient
responded little in oolour or growth to sulphur and the
S ... N yield interaction was positive.,
Clover with a molybdenum SUpply
inade~te
for symbiotic nitrogen
fixation reaoted in 'the ;;,ame vta:;:J to n..i.trogen tand. sulphur as did nonlegumes"
On. the other hru'ld, with olover prm..ded with molybdenum and
dependent on syt.J!.:biotio nitroge:n fixa'tion for the nitrogen su;pply ~
sulphut' defioiency deoreased percentage total N as well as yield
indicating a link betwe(;ln the sulphur statu$ of the host :;wd nitrogen
;t'ixatioo.
The res'IiLts of this Vt""Ork shO'W\9d that sulphur was need.ed
for nitrogen metabol.iem" promoting protein fOrIna:tion ancl that; thel"@
was a marked increase in symbiotio olover fixation on
nitl~gen
defioient soils provided the mCl1ybdenum status 'was adequate@
Walker et al. 195G( tJ later studied. the effeote of gypsum on the
grass-olover
assooia~ion..
'l'heir results M()Wed an eighteen-fold.
ino:t'ease in olover yield and a doubled
sign:!..fioantly to sulphur and this
respon~e
graSl$
The grass responded
yield...
s,-"ggel$lted either a direct sulph:ur
or a,lte:r."'na1;1vely .indireot; through ;nitrogen by irlG'fl:,eased
olover fmtion and subsequent u.ndeX'gI'Oul1,d tran.sfer of nitrogen.
larger fl:'El.oceion of the applied sulphur "fa$ tak:en.
'U.p
A
by grass than olover
under the defioienoy condit:1ons of oontrol and at Sl'flall
app1ioa.tiOl'l~
Consideration of this led to a stud.V' of oonlpe'id.tion for sulphur in
grass Glover associa:bions by '\;he same workeJ:'s 1958( a).
Applied
nitrogen 'Was found to suppress the cloV'el!' at control and the 101ll1\l:tr
10.
$ulphur
level~
but had little effect at the higher sulphur level
whioh apparently supplied adequate sulphur for the grass to grow to
the level detennined by the applied nitrogen and still leave suf'fiaient
sulphur for the clover.
A paucity at legumes
un.i.lnproved. state..
i~
a feature of tussock grasslands in
the~r
IIilder 1951..., noting the highly gra:mineous
of New England native pastUX'es suggests that this may be an
n.atm~e
expression of sulplm.'.l:- defiaienoy as the low ni'trogen oontent of
many of these soils suggests satisf'aotory oond.1tio:t1S for legume oompetition.
Walker et al. '1956(a) noted the low sulphur status of: similar
tusSGok g:t'alSsland soils and obtained markedly inoreased d.:t'y :matter
yiel&:> with sulphur :rates as. low as 5 lblS / acre..
Most of the sOire nitrogen and sulphur ilS in the organic matter.
Donald and WiJ.l1ams 1954 I'iliCl'\'lTed a olose relation$hip between ·total
sulphur and total nitrogen on a podzolio soil.
A linear relationship
between total S, N and. C was f'o'U.!ld. by vUllilillnS and ste1n'bergs 1958 in
lsastern A:ustralia..
la.r~
SoU$:Iil.Ot oonforming; to this relat1onsiul) contained
amounts of water soluble sulphate.
Similarly, Wa.lker
~t
al.
1954(b) and White 1959 cm 'a range of Canterb'l.ll:Y hill and plain soils
found
ciN fI c/s
and NjS correlatio:t1S.
In a comprehensive review of the situation~ Vlalker'195'i(b), 1955
suggests that if the sulphur and phosphal"Us supply is l.imit:iJlg,
n1tl'()gen f:i,xa:bion by clovers will be less than optimum.
utilize
al1!lEHS't
all tlw mineral nitrogen and sulphur from the orgatu.o
matter 1956(0), 1958(a) and the illovers are thus dependent on outside
SC'Ul"Qes
of sulphur in order to £1x nitrogen symbiotioally.
equilibrium point is reached;
Until an
most of the leguro.e...fixed nitrogen
Similar conelusions were rea.ched by Williams
and Donald 1957..
In a similar vein, but on a sandy Yiest Australian
pfa1jl'~()~te
increase per' <wit
wa$
Donald and Wi.~$ 1~~a'CIfj :PJ'Pba'bly
sulphur
retent~~:rj; ~y
Th~ srul;~hu:r
l~$$
than, thai; found. 'by
l~~ phO$:Ph~~Sc .~':W,
t,(o}
the.se$o11lll.
th~ a~ocia:~iQt1
$.'Va1.la.'t>le to
(a)nU.neral,i~a.t.:tQn Q't ooi~c
matter (b)
on.
th~~ ~~na~'t
is
at:moe.ph$X";1,o ret~n
( el i;'e:r,M.li;zact$.:om..
(a)
la:~'~A~~ON
Wt>,.tte t~"9$U$gest$ tl',w;t 1n soils with: ~
rel~t1v~ ~t~a
~ral
Xi
ot .1ldnel'a.lt$~.'tiCln
~dl:i'lQ~
-s
appears~lar! ~t'PaW3$;~
in i;}1e: proport:Lnl
cl_tt~tawt1l'ablc ,,:qnd:'Lt;~LoJ:l?l,
1'I' 2~
:r~;t1o$,
tf/S
a
wt 10
;1.
Under
~~$~~~~'$tiQ~
level of:
f~l"~t;JtOg.~ll 'm)\1e;t;e:t'i:rine~11~'$lV'i;ll,,~~t; ,~# 1',,54-( c) ~
........•
1:'>
.t;;Q.S$
1··n!::j.~."",,·o.
.;;i;N ;";";t,lXl:
... _.t..!o; '.loa,.,..;; ..... ""
a. l'
·O}v~~!i;~~"""~
,&,
_~'l
"',,1( ,,"I,'
".Il.
;.."J; ' .
~
:pG#~§""a;it, .~~~ <;>4.. ~ nQ~~14
th,e
:iJ;W~gu;lar d~strl.'bti!.t1o~ ()f:n;itl;"~i:n,s Qr,~~ ~~.: the tU$$oOk
gr~$$lroldf;.'Q':Ll ssi;:l1d1~cL.
A~()i. 1';~ oi,t a, \"~ceu:'lt
l_s$:Lal.
Rak~a. Gorgeee);U fa'Utl<1. thf;l.t~~lat~ ~~l1:I~~p~s, tha.~QdQ,.an$
and incubation, re:ndered Bi:llphv
:tn.0';t'e
aya:tla,.1I1IP
~t"
although
th~se bacter:la were present' in the' s():t1 stdea, GlW!1ng to th~~
(0)
A~v{(}Sl?l'~:tC
Bnmmnm
,!\tmo,£tph@ic l~et~s of .S~ilh\1l:' ~ th~ tUs$ock grasslands
~e ,~t)~~~~d
to.
'be li!1W and W~~~r
et al..
r~l')orl a
as low'lite $ lp,s f:J/a.(J~t;!J in the R~aia ~f!e are~.
ftu1l:d. life
su~
(0)
as
e~~~d. t~ th;i~
lOW
_~$
J:t
resPQnee to
Little' response
~tll~Z' $Qur~~()f f3~:ph'Wl"
$~$l?b.ecl~ 'l'$l"@ .~va!,l.lable<f
ImSPOmem TO AF1?mD ~~i1~.
t~~~:t t,h'~
prod.'Ilctllf)ll.,
cl(!.IVeX'
c()mpo~nt
t'ollQWe(l. by an
~Me
1n
~ass
olovers
a.nd,
ani:mal retU1"l'l.S fo!' maximum pred'lctivity $I the
latter factor speeding up the turn-over of nitrogen fixed
by clover.
11a.ny workers have studied faQtors concerned
wtth n1:trogen fixation aM transfer, WalJeer et al. 1954( c)
oQlnprehenei.wly S'U.rVcying these aspeots.
W:Ulou.ghby 1954 studied faotors atfeot:i..n,g grass olover
l:'elationships 'Under low phosphoX'U.S statu.s oonditions.
He
found that until superphosphate through olover response had
nised the soUs nitrogen. status and until thel""e was exocss
phosphol;"U.$ aboW the olover requirements ll suffioient for the
gt"aS8
to make use of the available nitrogen, r,yegrass would
survive only as unproductive aiiirog<lln defioient plants&
He fl.l.1i'ther suggests that as the nitrogen status rises and
the propom.;l.on of grass inoreases, the quantity of nitrogen
t:b:ed will deQrease..
'l'hus, the trend will he towards an
equilibriwft between qass growth and clover
f~tion
governed
primarily by the phospho:t"W!'l level available to the assooiation..
The same oonsiderations Mould apply to sulphur as a limi:ting
factor..
Walker 1958( a) has suggested that photosynthesis may
be restrioted in gra.ss if the oontent of protein nitrogen
~s below 1%
where this ia caused by sulpll'UZ' deficiency.
Co:rrection of' this ndght Wluenee phoi;osynth$sil$ and be
reflected in h1gher dry matter jlields..
Sulphur studies have
U. S.A.
be~'n
carried out for
TJ.."IDY
years in the
Amongst more recent referenoes, legume responses to
sulphur ~ repor;ed by Oom-ad. et al. 1947.
@ontinuation
of thts \vork with natural ):"ange non-legumes in years subsequent
to the application of fertilizer, showed that morae.sed yields
were obta.ined
COffi.l::lIU'ed
with tmfertilized trials..
Bentley and Green 1954 aloo noted stimula:tion of native
a:nnual clovers on foothill range and a strikin,g inarease in
gra.S$
prod;uotion following inot"eased olQver
Fodu~ion..
1).
In
Cana.da,~
the report of the Alberta Advisory
Fe-ctili~er
Comnission (quoted by JOl:'dan and Ensmingel' 1958) notes that,
whilst sulphur fertilization had little immediate etfect on
cereals or gA'aeses, th(ll b(lluef:t.ta were large when these
follovred sulphur fert!li$ad.
le~s.
Andarson 1952 gives an early aeoo'Ut'l.t of: sulphur studies
in Australia.
On a. basaltic soU of adequate P sta:l;;us,
Mao!..aohlan 1952 reported a marked sulphur respon.se with
RUder a.nd Spenoer 1954- obtained a 'Very
subterranean clovere
large yield inerease on a natural
with sulphur.
There
WIa$
Medi~o dentiC\~a~a
pasture
a slight tWass response at lower rates"
'but legume oompetition was mQre restrictive with hie-.,her rates.
In Nevr Zealand, a pilot trial at Grasslands Division
F~erston
North 1954 shoW'ed that on a mown.
paStlXl1:'e
where
herbage was J;'emoved and no fertilizer applied, yields steadily
declined. although there was no evidenoe from soil 0.:, hex'bags
levels, of phosphorus
superphosphate at 5
11,000 Ibs
defiqien~..
owt/aore
.A similar
t}:~;:~'vment
with
maintained a oonstant yield ot
d.rw matter / aQI'e with ,an appare1'lt sulphur
respo:nse~
judged from oonsiderably increased white clover vigo1Xt"..
Further worlt, alreaq mentionedjl was
~ied 01..\1.;
by Walker
et al. 1956(a).
residual ef:f'eots of
caS04
ehOW$
that the highly s1gnii'icant
grass x'eaponse is being maintained even in the fourth yea:r of
the trial, but olover response has dindnished 1958( b) ..
6..
v.r~ROOEN AND S~
Sulphur
OOOUI'$
IN
~TION
:ro PLAtfT C~!\lPAr,. CO.MI"O?!'l:IQ!
in the amino acids cystine, oysteine, homocysteine
and. methiolline . as ."'ell as in the vitamins biotin anrl. thiamine.
Sheld.on
et al. 1951 :report tbat am.ino aoids. pres'Utllably devoid of miLphur, amides,
ammonia. and aoid hydrolyGllible oarbobydrates a.ooumulate in mustard
when sulphur sup;plies a:re low.
Nightingale et
tu...
1932 shov,ed that sulphur dei:"icient tomato
plants ~ not low in ~b total organic sulphur, but lllIleh of i t was
'Wa tar
soluble whereas the organic sulphur of' the cOfff;plete nu tr:i.ent
plants was mainly in a oOOlj?lex protein :term.
In lu.cerne, total N Vias found. by Tisd.ale et a1. 1950 to be higl"ler
at lowex' levels of sulpJ::mr deereasirlg as tb.e coneen tra tion of sulpht.J..r
This was probably due to large dry matter differences
inoreased.
The peroentage .of meihionine and. cystine
between the two eXtremes..
inore~\Sed
vd tU increasing oonoentrat;ton
ot.~
sulphur. but thSl'e was a.
tendency :f'or these peroant.."I.ges of amino acids to level of.f at M.gher
concentra tiOl'.lJh
Eased on cystine and l'l'lethionine levels ~ the g)1anti ty
or quality of the protei..l'l was lowest \l\ihen toW
and this ocoUJ:':t"OO at low sulphur levels"
sulphur eohtaining
acids
~dth
an~o
ni:t~'ogen
was highest
It ·t.hI.ls appears tba t tb.e
acids increased as a propOl;"tion of' total am.i..no
inoreasing sulphur.
Mertz (quoted by Needham and Hauge 1952) found. however, that
sulphur ... oo:n:taining amino acids in lucerne decreased no more than other
amino a.cids where sulphur was deficient..
i;cmner et
$1.1 .. 19.53 silaCly:i.ng wheat and. barley showed t.,hat inoreases
:in 5;;)l'otein are assooiated w:t th some deorease in 'Pall. ty as measured
by ',. Gontri'bution o.f essential amino aoids and this decrease in quality
is 1:,$$ l'IlaX"ked where S'Illpbur....oontaining .fertilizers are
ap:plioo.~
Vfuea. t after legumes compared with i'allow ... wheat had a greater range
of cystine and methionine
du.E:!
ana.
thus suggested that the differenoe was
to the larger amounts of nitrogen <mu sulphur available,
8.S
oystine
s1gnitican tly correlated. with sulpl:uu:' and meth.:l.on1ne vd th both ni 'brogen
and sulphur.
Dealing specif.ioa.lly 'With the sil'lft).e components legumes and non...
legumes, Ande:t:son and. Spenoer 19.50 showed t:ha t non-legumes def':l.oient
in S or N contained a lo1rll'er perce:ntage p:rote:Ln N than normal plants ..
Whereas ni ~gen dt£>:f'ioien.cy d.ecreased. percentages of' non""']?I'Oteil"l. nitrogen
and tO~(.$~ni trogen,. sulphur d0£ieiency inareased. peroentages of non-
a lair peroentage of prote:L'1. Nand.
$.Xl,
:in.c,t"eaJ:')ed. percentage Qf N&P.. N.
Ui¥'!cer these oondi tions, thel'e was a deereased d.0.r;<nnd f'or ni tr<:>g® and
a deOreli.Sed nuniber of nodules in oontras t to r:d trogen anC'.. molybdenum
Sl,'.Jencer
1959 fOUlld t",n inoreasellpereer.rt'<'''ge Qf protein N ~.n.d total
.N in whi 1;6 clover as the sulpl1Ur sapply inoreas.ed, protein N to~
Bardsley land. ,Jord.an 1957 $howed. that clover vr.i.thout su1pllur was
10l<rer in , sulphur and ni trog~n yield, "N/S ratios were wider
No
ana
contents
dist:Lnot
They also
ino:rgal"lio su).pl'lur content of ryo[""l'aes was 7'Sf/6 of total S a.nd for vmi te
clover !iO-60%.
Wood and. l\ru:'ieu 1939 studied i:he ei'fects of n:i,trogen t=illd sulphur
on
~ari$
tg,berosa and ,toUwn
!!\l,tifl~.
'They found that an ;,morease
in ammonium N increased the content of oystine and protein S
as amino N and 1:/roteill N and. decreased su:lphate sUlphur.
J,,'
J
E,!.S
well
in sulphate Sliiphur d:1d. not $not-ease
thus conolu(tea. tl.ul t .n1- trogen
cy~tin$
or
Fo~in $..
':i:hey
thelitniti.ng factor under tn(:}
'~was
coIld1tions studieda.:nd there wa,s no response to sv.l:prur ·W'lless the
-
level, caused all increase
.tn,
:ra tio 9f: protein !if to :Pl;'otein S
t.re!;tt!i1ent..
vii th
''VaS lu.ghel,~"
They suagest that tbb
incl"ea~
in~ease
ni trd>ge;n wea.tment; one
~
They alSo.. not($J.d. that
protein S.
the higher
~ n;iin::'ogen
in vaJ.:u.ec.ou:ld
0;1;' rno!;'i$
be~
that
protei.:o,$relatively
rioh in sulpi:lur l."'lQrease in aluoun:t; bttt at the $~e t;hne. are~tea.
w.tth. one or more :p:t'oteins containing *'$lat.ive),y l;ii;tle$Ulpl:nlr.
:FUrther distmssing sulplluJ:' metapo11$m
ot plants" WClQd. 1942 sugge.:;rts
tba..t more thtu10ne protein exists ·in leaVes and. the ohange .1$ generally
in tl::&e directi.f.:m
~t
prote;i;n
~~
plants are sulplm:r' rich..
lie qI10tes
Heisertcl£ as finding the SO,,.j. conti!)nt muoh l.St'eater in plants reoeiving \
NO:; than in those reoeiVing ~JUlf- salts and the lat.w plant$ CQl11;ai:ned
}\.ndrew et al~19.52 noted that in ~~3:e.U~e$the
;Proportion of ]l;t;'otein 1>1' to to'tal N W8.$ deprs!'?J:l«t
l>Ylrlii4'at~ treatment
and, raised. by<sulplm.te 1;.;r>aatnlent.
Aphotqsynthatic rl.'mtr:l,lil,tion it the
~n:'t~t
of
nnch below' 1% is .$U.gge$~ by We.lkere't al. .. 1958.(a)..
sul:phv..r def'icienoy is thus
~£lected.
~tam 1'~ r~il1$
Oo~aQtion of:
(ill inereased.d;ry mattlalr yidds
'l:;h,rough photos:ynthasis and rllili; so l1lU.<lh :!,:n
high~
PrQ1;eineon1::ent ..
I:p.oreases in the yiald cf.' }?l:"otein N are consal]1elltly a ;t'aflaetionoi!
inc~a$ed.
yicel4s of: d1:',y matter rather than inqreasad, contents of
'i'iJ;les~ 'I\!Qrk~s ea;t"1ier f'O'!:Uid, Walkar at al. .. 19.54('!i»)1tl.O'st ot the
extra
$ttl~ur
taken up by grasses
014
thl$ir tree. tad.p4,ots rema:ined. in
.~ il1.l;Jl"gElJ:ttc t~~. J?re~l:jly beeausani~ian ~s JnO;t'aoi a
i'actor.
IAA~~~St~m,r;lii;!.Qn
:ot
$Ulp:ha~ by
1im:iting
g:r;>a.sAlas i$$U."asted.~ a~
tb.~se
'Up
in the s,'bove trial \ri"!;'hput allY ~-WG\.:r~:nt yield. inore£!;se tQok
mo~e
of' tIle added. $u.l~ tl~ ~'Glove+'$., despite '!:;he e;g:~
1,000 11:>1'3 <':t:~J,.oVeX' dpy matter :p~eh~oea
p$I;*Mwe.
IX'heil:later tria:t,son :paswe 19;58(b) shOVl«ia~keQ.. inc.:t'ease
was almost entirely in p;rt;)tein DT as ~l+""prQtein nj:twogel1 ren1a;l;n$d
steady s,t 0.. 5%
~$,.S's
grasatmd 1% l,il olover..
iJ:).
4. ... 6 in' the ~"'ir.st
yea.:!? due
N/s :r;-atios "We;lC'e
t.o 1~ .eo~t,i9!)' .of $: ~ld inc:»:'eased.
wig - it:! 1.n thet'OLWth yea1i'.
cys~ine
as the
aul.~l.'
leVel b raised in eonjgnot:i.on w;tth
m~gen\ll
J!i'om the nitrogen aspeoi;J! the need. ot: ,O£tlpht:l.l" f'or p;lC'otein form.ation
dealirlg .~~
w.t t.l'l,
$~:P~
aspee t.s
j~nd:LGa tes a ~tlil."'U:l?0t:non.p~~in
oX'ganic $Ul1l1'i!t.tX' 'with clover::. and il1or,gaJdc S ~d th grasses \~e sul;phtti;-
is at lu.:wlry levels.
GI'ass
acau,.T!Ulation Of' 15°
4
to nitrogen 1::l$ing moX'a t1J.e l:bniting f'aotol:'..
... S
a;pj?illal;'a
to bed;t:f;e
Resu:l:ts oi;rta::tnl;)o. with
g:r;'M$es indicate b t i;he relativa ilnJ?Or~lJe .Of' ~ vari~a(:hemical
t'raotion.$
W(1f,:l.ld. ~W~
Clover response
d!J)e~
St1.lphur plays: an
W b$
not
larg~ly
dep~ld
~:r!'tMt
dep<l!nq,t\')ntonth<il
so .ln10h ontbe
pert in
nl:~."()~en
~t:ro~n
level
level.
a$
n;i:t;t:~()ge:n..:f'~t;i.on<!
.Al'l i.Z't::mt tao~ wou.ld. ap:p$aJ:' to be th~:t:otd,c l'O:t'l'll in~ohea.eh
ele.ment is ta1.;:en up, thits:opera.tiIlStbrougb
~(,:l!!ip:e:titio,n
in uptake be_en
anions ..
ExpeI'~lti3
wi t'h.f'1axll ·oats,. lin:;;;eeO-
ana.
1!fs~:t~ d.ilata~m.
by
.And.erson and Spenoer -1950 showed. that sUlph:ul' and. ni tt'og$Zl. V'~e needed.
toget!:r.el;'
tl::)'J/:
PTQ-rein fo~ration and. n0:r.\'ll!:11 growth and iiheX'e v:ias a
pO$11;i~N .,. ·S.inte~.oti(:m forprote1.n and dry matter.
%p.rotein
total.
N'.•
!-t a,t the $~~ ~ N.. )?N" bu..t did.
not
SulphuX' in.ereal:':led
i:neZ'~$e
:perQe:ntage
~
al. ..
1~52
w~
1$l.'I;1ph.ut'
-re~$e..
·sbtlwea. tbaz t}ite
to
Sl.ll~r, pw.~d~
8 lev~s"
~
greater
~a ~$$ " $ .~
tertj,.li:a~ l~$
a.ddj;ti~ ~ m.~gb
&9PO~j,ar~'B gave a subs~t:W.
aS$i\)C;1a:W'With an
OQasW
:roespohd
also
t'b.$
plat
and.
~
mcr~~$6 i~ ~tf1~ F~Qt1Q:n..
by Bardsley a:rui .J0X'dAn1~;e to
~tM~$ 'Wa$ ~$<¥;1l:y terWi~ed
show m..'U'kE1ld yield
~~lS'!a:se$
am ~~
S~~:C$~lts 1IlSt'e Obta~·'b6 J'O~
w1th
total N .~
ana ~
1'g~, ".~
mnte;r ~t tQ~ l.ucernEh
In. a,l'lWra
~l~:t
f'aMiQn", a.tJat $.t
al~..
1958 l;eport that
~
aCla~_~a l!>y ~~en :tw'$n;l.~~r~sul~ $~cantly in{m.ea~e4
g;t~ ~~U
tlb~a w.it:b
tbGse
wtth
~ $
n1tro$on
on
.~
of
tl;tt~ ~eld$it
above
al;~..
M$
~ ~.
of' N, S aM P 0n, oVall'SC)'Wfi tussock g.ea$Bl~d. at _Ill F'l:at
'N ... S in:_aQti~
d'l:7
y;i~ld
~~e to tu.ssoQll;#~s_~ilt1lJ;~~ otO~, t~$'
intm'a(.\'t~on
Ji.
on tiv:e .and. st!1aw
,vim :'f!0s1dent veg$ta;tion
a~ Bro~ ~~..
ll'latter re:~~ 'Wna d1:I'\r4=I.'ined w$th CO~~<tl us~ l~~ls of ~~
ni ttogen
'Ii1p 'b;)
2',,:t
:ta~re ~ w!.th aa~~~ SII l' ~
work in(l;iea. ted. a. ~~l~Qn lit ... S1n~a.'Uott vdth
Ut tlnQttl-t1Vateei ~
a.t
-.
K..
li\1r~
.~ g~~es
;ar~ Htv....
~~ 1~,s ~b 'the l?E!I!P0~ 'Of ~. . . !.~~.
8..
N!~OO.fi~. S~Ii.D, ~'1@! 11mit~,!t'L'f1l.AS'm· ~01\t_ Bimt
A ~~tt*~l'$as~
of
~lF ~ pl~t~
by min~ali_tiQn 1s
~1!)a;W bW Ang,e1'Sim 19;2 . ' .~ ~t ~~~~~ ~ mas~eaium ~;t~~tes
~~~ ~ ~ol~and qowth
d$t.fi~~t~~'1l.s
l'e.~·
to
p,rovid.ei:t \'dth
~t$ a~·4ij;i1 ~ul~ 01l sul~
n±t.l'~...
$l~~~ .~ _
r$lea;:J~ su1p~..
'#
~$t y~
may be.
~~
tQRltl..U'~;t.1_
The t';;1;Ctm.'" Qt increased availa1>ili ty throctgll cu.l tiva tion of
~lemen:ts
that are n<:>rxoall;y rcla;tively :p()OX';t.y available in tJ:1e
l!llld;iatl;Wl#eo. $oUis m,entioned. by
$0
lUta S:peaoer 1954· il1. x'alation
These are j?l':'Odu9i;iva 'tUlder cu1tiv;;1;tion~'but
t9 the soib sU;t(l:icd$
n,ot
~lila~!I.:'
'tll:'lder :niR.tut'al PI.::tS'tttt>$ ..
:8a,r;row 1957 .found, that t'enQVatiol'l by ploughing incr(i:8.Il;Cd pha1.aris
Y'l~las
dUeUo the gresJ1e::l." avai:.tJ:l;b:i,li1.70£ lutl;>ogen ,and SIllphu.r ..
1'1ii;;l;'oge;tl
~ ploog;hi~
th~
increaaed tmlphw: ;yidda and
effectr:;, ,0'1
n1t.'t."ogeneou:td.be due to inCreo.aed b~own of organic lna:tter,
i.mJ?roved g,t"o.as mtr;tt;ton,or to a dec:rease 01: the sulp:b.ttl- contimtof
~
;Plant roots..
119t
l:tnlC~d
,"1"i th itloraased ava:i..1a'bili i;y o;f sulphUl:' as shown by the
lea$ened et'tect
O;t'gan:io
Increased, availability ot' ni troganhO'W~~" 'was
matt~
ot ploughing at high
low in
SUlp~
N ,levels &md
it was sugge.s:tl!ld that
could. q,ecomp,osaw1:th little sulpllur
release at f'i:rst ..
heney and. Spencer 1960 followed soil sulpha teQ~es ·il'l the
I)reSence
ana ab.$ence
of i:,i'I"O\'(.i.ng planti10w tial c.Jlld tipal
~4ttraet~ple
$il sulphate (~te:r solu.ble a:nd ad.i5or'bed) ana aul.:plmr talten up by
:am.lal":is tuberQsa were measured...
V1here pla,p,tf! were
grown~ mobili~a tion
ot'the organic S OCCUl:';t'ed at the n:tl~ 4. P:Plll 12 l?l'm $..l¥i )6 ;ppm leve~s
of sulph1;u> ruitcU, 'Cion and. aetd.OO Slllj;l11a.te was immPhiliz«l at. 108 ~ level ..
In
~
ab$ence of plan'!;$, 1I no net minef'a;li,za tion of'
followin.g ad.(l:itions of SUlphate...
al:xi>ve wor:k indioate tlw.:t
org~e
S
oeel.~
:rhCY state 'tl'lat the J;'e$Ult$ of the
d.eo~osition
is geate;r u:udel;' plant oQVer
and the ma.in t&.otor in the bt,li::td. up of :nutrients in
~.
falle;rweasoi.l
is tl1e absence of plant upt:?l.;:e ..
llUrther work <>f a fu.nd.amen tal nt'. i::l.u:"e by ~w 1958 :t:ndiC~, tea.
that the f'o:rma. tion of
than $r1
~.\:na.
~ia v~s 4elayed. .,;ihen
1'I.1l\!'ked. where there ,vaS
100 parts of oarbon.
atle~t
the ojl?i ratio _s -.'dd.or
one part ot
Vlb.en the propol"i.lionot' $1;lll'mr in the
l:1'lat:'l!el' 'WaS ::red:u.eeal'aI!lr!lOn:ta tl:;ll"!~d nlOre 3;'ap1d.ly",
nitrogen
a;t:lp~d
~lp~
tabe limited 'by the
.S)Ul~
to
or~afi,:to
utilization ot
supply and ;nitroge:n
20~
i;h$ propoli:'tion of nitrogen in the orgwcmatter 'WaS re('b;tced, the
Foa.u.ction of
~'t$ ~0t
wl~~ t~nded
u marked
a~
to be
mo):'er~:lil~
thoogh the $tfeat
;-educlng the ;PI'Opo:rtion of $ on theprcdu.ct3.on.
A la terreport of this work 'by
~row 1,60~!r~d.;i.ea
thllf efteQ·t
of' varying the N Sand P content Of' organi(.'; mattl!;»;' on ;lt$ deoOl1lpoei.tion ..
ThEill mark.ed. effect; of lcw S on N ~e:valization :i.n.dioated tha.t adeQ!la~
S was necea.eary for prepe;!:' N mei:abo:li$ln..
Oon~t;
vr.i. th this 'WOl:'k
the same a;ui;'hQr showed that wh@ crgaxP,c
materiala
of high
N content
I .......
,-_
.
-.~~..
qf C02~ sulphate and mineral niwQgen from the soil organic matter.
~s~
1957
t'~orts
that the addi t~ of CaCO,;: n;i:lWates and..nGn'"
sul.;phur-QQll-taining ~o aoids
p:\,,"QQ.ucrti,<:m,.
rot
hAAL. noe.f:i?eet on supseCf!.e:nt sulphate
incubation vdt:h mlphtl;l,"-aoni!ain:i;ng amino acids or
caloiWU su.l:phate re$UlWd in an ino:t'eased rate of soil sUlpl'll;w oxida.tion ..
Earliel' \'lOrk by SheM. 1926 al$Q .found, that where no sulphur
Wi'tS
added.> l:tme Md. little Wluenoe on theoxicilationto sulphate of the
combined. S in the$<:)il. 9
11'acIntyre et al. 1941 in :tyaimeter tr'ia,l$ re,POit"t. that
of orga.nic matter 8.M oXidation of e:temental su;lpW
m1neraliz~:tion
'\'I1a$ st~laWd.
and. S04 l",ss aCQelerated by moderate lim:i:ng ..
Rete:nti~
by ~~i;.\r
of' SUlpllate in soils is related.tocplloidalproperties
19,e who stai;es that su.tp..l;lmr*aee layers .conta.:l;n ~e
su,lphateand aZ'e ol1pa'ble of adsC)r'l:ling moresu;:tphate than sur.t'/l.'Ce layerl,h
T~xt.:tre
is an :Lm,p6rtant .factor and light t<;d!:mredsoils show tloa.dsor'b:ing
capacity..
lie later sugge;;l'cs (19:.54.) 1;ha,t tb.e
release sulpllate
~
faet
~t phosphate
w:Ul
deorea.se W soils ca,paeity td adsorb sulphate
irJiiiea~s t!Ja t the sulphate is hel.d 'by some et the same CO.I'P;l:X:l'Und.s
A ,r~1ati~$lli:p
bl$we~n m5.nel;'aU..~a:t1.tlnC!t
W:z.pht;W <;wMl SUlphate
content _~ i~o~ l>y i~lve;t:'l!lell ~ ~Uoen 1~~;;..
AW1ic~:b:iQll
(i)f
~.noqu;tat~$U.l::t}burstinu1a~d sul~ ~eX'aU$at;t()nit
f:1.t~
likt;,i;'vl'''l$o ,6o~aring
aI.1d uneltwUized.
th~
e,ctiO'n of
~l;pl:xru:'on stEl\J?ill..$~
1926
soils found that~Op ;Y'~ela due to s~;t!J!~;t;" ~$ gtiee;~st Ol'ltbe
:~n:t a 41;f'f~.'i!JN1)ntaSl>e~t, lI4'qs~ ~
Clson 1953
Q,et(;lf'll'd~ea ~,
ei';f'eo1;of t;\oil. ir.loism.re ()n the oild.d.atj,on 'Of" appli\'i)!$.
and
i'~d
that th.e
~$1l00nt
of S
tensions: 4Vctlrer
than field. Qa;paQity..
.
.......,,...•.
"-~,"-,~-
'\'tIas~dize4
elEl~tal
sulphu:r.-
at moisiW:'e
:Mo:n~ ~s:;lQ.ok ~$.l.$island
~t
Som$:t"$
lJIiIil. Oanter'burw
'M:t..~~~ i:1~la.
:tr:.taliSh•
~_~ g~g.~ ~;td \)t)tan~,~:t ~~_'t,,~~
•
_
~~,
GQ:rge ~ :l.~, gl~ by .~t Spta:tp\ ~ «~~t!f~1~,.,
1"
~S;r$
A ft~~ ~ 5$ 4)~~l)lt~~~ .in ~. a~~ A;~n lIU.1tw ~IL.
on
tXn~1
Mt.. $~;rs at an alt\t~$ ;of ~~ fl.\
1h~~:lte ~:tlQ~l!l
~Q~~- ~~'li!~@'wa, ~!:~*.a+!Ss'le1!!,~:,,·~", ~t
S1_• •UI!l.!~ ;!~~b!
•••
Sll" 4.~ ~~'l;O$~(i~_" SUit,iJh
mJ.~~. !la ~~1.."d~,IRa~!"4~~~'''~~
~~"~.!Ii!di*mk=.~~fI,.mL~'~;'i~1t4
~
a ~··~ro~~e~,~ ~~~, cl:Q~.
,Se~ ~tsi$
~e ~ ~~.s_~~ a;~. b~~~
Qf
~~.
O ... :!I'It
t:Q the
~ $~ea.
~~ l)'.~ ~~ll Ui~ateQ;';~
__ U I . L 1 h
~
.%
~$ •
11$)
-1$.
0.~~
9.f&
e
_ti4.
~.~­
$
~~~~"
"
~.$~
1.".~
y~­
~lI~.
~1.
1.i;•
•~
'-1
~l
'!a ..m~~
~~l?'
.01,6
~!W'
.1~_
~:P
~J~.
~;p
* , t Sfll
%'I!.t,t'f,
·t~4'~
s
(~~~1tI.'~a~:;·~(;I_.*$$ 1;$I~)·
pli
~$1gn
O.o~no$c1 Q~ 1.2thJ~"U:'.;r 195~$ th~
n:1.'l;;ros~""~ int$ra:<3tion, ·on
Fibt.
$$!Pl~
Wa$ del,;!i~ed. tosiv.~
~nd. a1;;t;'QGl.UQed. gr,aS$ ~O.nents$
native
A tadtorlaldesign was used; with
b16al~ ~tw~.,
tr:i,al
tour~:p11ea~n$i:n ~om1~d.
wasZQ
~.25 l~
,aQ~).
( 1/201.?th
Ttl'ea"tnlertts
/
~littog$Zl
V·/
""awlied a$
~~l:;une
at a N eqp.:l.vale.rxt
(j:f
./
O. All)
~
.
200 lb$ N/aOX'$ :respeetively..
Sul~ ... applied as ~SUltl. at as eqtJdvalent o~ 0$ 10 am ;0 lbJ;l
S/ae~e ..
A 'basal dt'19ssil'lg of 100 lbe
fl
d~ples'(;l.:p~Qs;pl'la.:pe;t' a~e ~.$
row Moh of: 20 abort rota tion
~edlings
~grassj/ ~!f}CIC$fCIQt
was sown :i..n M<:lh ploti' tIle lnwntiOn 'be;1,.ng i»
):OO.Uuxial rre$'ponse'by
m~s
of these
:pl~U:1;ts..
plant
b$~
was
;pla~
mea~e
These ~ ;p1Mted by
the te0hn3.q.ue Qt '$.pade pla.nt:4lgt ~ested, 1;Iy O'Connor
~I;:ih
and. :t1mot'by
in a qt;tt in the ne. ti~
$~d$.
195$1
wh~by
the :i.!ltent1on
to l?~ as ha'tural. ~'th conditi.dXls as );iOssi'Pl.e~ w1iih
m;tn~m d1s1:n:r'ban;(I~h'Jl2e reeid<!:r).t vegei:;ation
.:row was Cltt wfacilitAte planting
~ ~
in the
l~et:t£ eadh
leestmcol'll.l?etit1on d.ur:ing
es'tabli$hnlent"
Wea~ oond1:ti~n$ iSUbs~qU@.t
w:i.t'h
awe~of
to
plant~
proved:' to
high temp5l"atures and the lllaJQ:d.ty of: Q
b~ ~o
severe
s~s
to the lla:tlve (;resiCl.en1» veget..l'1.t1e<n ana W ~tu;dy its r'e:s:p6n$~ to
m~g~ "'.:nit ru'lphw.;'"
int~
f!If
.~'Jr. ;)1atter:Pr~'46t:ip,n @tl bcrt~'Cal
~e*
On 10th Jit.-treh
1~5$J~
SI
~a~:t;$
cut t'rom eaoh plQt to :meaSWi'e·
was then mown
A
l~t'he
pt a total
re~e
mth
a ·~tt~ bal"!)lOW~"
1 sq.
~~leruli.was
azlimon: ~th ~e~sel
~.
al"\:"",'1.
of' 1 $'1. yc1 were
!,4:''ior W thls <law
D;lade
~
X'$st .t>f~e!§;i,;t$
.$
,A:prU
a~
t11$
nte
~Oth ··to4~~e
~.i;. ~
pn 1;'his
on
~
~
~a
1,t __
~i~
ll.t'iil@'
the
01"' ~
$QlEJ
~e'Win:_
cut to
ql.Ul.nti't1.~
t.bat the
~e
~A~t
n1~ae,ltl;~ ..
due W
.a $J?~d w.1th a
plQt
as ~t!ally was ~:ea.
~·li ~:l:ng ~ fJt(JW
at the 1owQt"
inereas$ :\n the ol(.')Vellr'
halt'
a:~
1 sq. ~$a.mp1ea ~ . . . ;plQt and th0 site _s .~!i
A repeat
QUt
iile plO. -were
~w~)
~~on
t7>t' the ef';fee:ts ot
on a mixed swa:t'd.
f'~thslil:ll.Ple cut f1l b. plots _~
of
each plQt was: ove~own
'With a li11.X'f:I.U:"e of ;'V.~ ~ whi ~ 01o'V~. each at 2
20th October t(>r a
one
~~ fl,ft 1lU~ fiS~
~ ~1lfP~ayed. ~ o:f
2j!4-D t:L!d 2,4,;;-T.
OW1tig to an
tff:t~ ~~pliea _~)
1:j
be
2)s/a:ore
t
Qll:
~ ~ial
t.he
t.'t-ea_n't
(l)iia ~ss .s:wt\i"d and.
tt'll~
s~ ~
'Pe;i.»g cut as a sample ~m the Sp~
of the plot m.$pectively
!4e
Il'i'lde .Qtl.
:f>lnal
$aI!.q::)le cut
and the
si1fe
ana ~ed ~t10l1
_S:~
_a
of: t.h.e
~ _~, on~
.d~
..
:tn a lake
~~
on
5th March '1 ~t?()~
An ~en:ti~ 4~.t~ tl':l.al
"mlS es_'bi~ 00
at an altiWa,e .0'A2600 tt w:ith a north-_"wl;y
was ot a wetter nature, w:ttb the Ohief
s1~,
~I.\)U
exqe.t?t
t01'
a
lln1'~!.!iI;1:fJ~
ao 11.$ ~
ut.E..l:l.
6_
~
()rg (l
%
J.16 %
Total.S
0 .. 054-
~tal
:Fah
tlati.ve component,
Analysis
]).11.. 0.
N
MS
_Ch le
0.. 38
.%
4.10 me
%
t,,':6
%
Ilie
£l..;''$i ~
%
~t)g
;p
.~ ....01
~ta:l
p
4~1Q'~
_$~~
% P2(/),
the same property
~;t.
sptcle;l
_ta~~
~$
site
~lJ!lia, :t'a~?;.
Celmisia sp ..
erg)?
~
S~~pl$lt'l~
~y
the elllek$t0ot
as
t'Oll\"
s~veo.
~e~ plt~n_ ~~. ~C(;)~eel
th$
lo~
·$lte
.$
~~
St:ttit$.Ol!;el~t .~$r$
in
m the
to
out, 'bu:t
allow re<lording.
'b~l!'.I:l$.()t ~;U~ nunib~s
.11
and total
height, It!$a.~ ~m the base of tb~ plant to tb4it tip o',f' t.'ne tal16st
_~~'(~on$
leaf.
Dee~
6'. ~
~t
~$ l~Mts
1959..
nw.tt$X"
~ch
IHl
.:r."Ch tat.1!
he~t~
were cut to a
aete~l!la tlion O:!l
was x.aaCle in
,Al\l.4LtTIOAL
were made
140.
15th q
_
uQh\Zl$ f'$.:!:
the last <la t~ Q'f! o)$~t:ir.l!$l.",
A t!na.l
1,96Gl"
ME~mI'B
lren ~t
_te;t:';i~ fr~ '~$e ~:tde
t'h$ sem....~Q
.Kjel~
_ea_Xi!t to :p:t'$Qip1tate t:b,e p:t:'o-teli:n
:N 'by
by trt...oldr.l!:t"
ao:et,t~
aeid
~ aet~t1()n
of: the
pr(:r~e~.n
~tem 1~
l1l\\'i'tbOi;
~lo,yaed:t!or 't'J:)~1
'Waa
rN ll!y ~....mi!.llrQ Iqeldal'J. (WOltlQ ~Ii $i'bly 1952)'~ total S l:fy ~nest'l,'Un
$;d;~tilj)n ~ grav;tme~ic d~temniMt1.® (AOMJ method.\t1'~f$).;
ni:blle
at'4i
~~rg~QS
$t1~~S~a _
:ms~d Qt'
aCid.,
by the
the
~a
aQ!i
of
:Phos,Phe:ru.s
N~ta ~~ 1~,a
1>l:lt.h alco-bf;jl,
ooi.:li~ ~iet' ~th ~ ,~~l.et..li1
1:0% ~CL2 .re then
~Q~s1S~~
~~~t l?~i~
-aci&..
m.tratei:n:tl_~e~~, .•.~
re4u~ -~l' ~1ai~
1.(1) ~:d.$&...
bse
with. M\1)dtt'rMf,ation!\l
t;}f
11Sing
:r$dUll:\~ ~~.a ~~Q-t h~Q~s
·ana ~iQd.1e
a:i..nling at red",~1~
on a
aM
X. ~er (wers. ~omm.).
;f':o~o
in the
Joh:ru~oo
1» p.1aQa
~
ts
tb.~
hflat f'or a
ad.ti~ ~ digestiQn carrt~_ '$~r:
'f~~~~~ l;i~ia
was
,lant :material
f'em
tii.e$~le..
mo:L3:t$
r~c:t1()n
IIl1nu we
1(') IEls
a
~the3:'
t1;i$n ~~$dl>;Y ~~ghl .a:k~r
$ti~'k: ~d the resid.~e l.~aoed 'by J~fl'i~ a1ld Ni~'ta' s. "~d..
lea~
t;he ;:f'tl.tel:' sticlc 5.n _
~~~~~
11!l:\1e..
~W~lS
_Ei~}.
'l':lus
~ a cit;!,:pl;t~ation
ot
the Mt
~~$
t't1lal. with ihe
in~~iQn
of s~ ·~~;T;nt~rao~$.on ~_S!~;~ l?lla~:11$t tU1der the rela~lf'ely
'D..Iti£o~ cfZ)nait$m~
01/ ~ ,1aI5~oul.$e..
'~e
:trial compril!!!ed the
:nine ~ trea~t~ ~y :~v~ ~ l~M ~ l"~U~~t1ol1s ..
Four .!neh 4iaiwwr soil
a
<:I;rlill.dr~qal ,;:!\~l~~.
(White 19.::4)
;faU~
(!OX"~$ W~$Q'b~~ .~Mt SQ".me~s t:i;:(;Iing
SQils
Q~eS 'W#l'S u.'$~d..,. u~~$Work
to ~pwS ~$~$e .~the swlllb.ouf!a.~
_ _u.se
$U.~I$$t~. ~.~el~$e t>'i:.$oU ~~ ~~ ~s~ba~E! 0'1 ~e
sqil by $;\~..
!J?he ~<>40"~ ~e ~Jt~tJl; ~pla~l!;Id .~~'b~
Su,rl'a"e V'$geta:t~:n ~'II'a$ r~Ii;l'V$d; b;Y0f4tt.i~ Qtt''bel~~~
cartii>ns..
level and
.~
t'u,rtheX' growth such-as
~a$$ ~. ~lmat:'4ye$ ~$
.@QQk$.fQot aJ>/liii;.tlgle l?l,ants~m ~)'ii$;ea$ 1i,\\Weet 'V~ r~ 1t!>;vksl'l.:U"6
:fag a$$~leti:U~$ ~:ce. 1;1.t;led..
rooted in ~. ~ a01.eC~
~aQe of: ~QJtl.
plot atlii ·a.
ten:
iChe la1;'W!~ P~1;Ili~'~ ,~~lt's:t~J
~~V"
$~lett~~ ~
A ~t was made ~ th$
plot
pl!il.n~i.
anQ.. $Weei; ve~u w(We ~ed. on A!f~ 18th ~ YQrliiSbii:r:.e:
C(;)~k~qQt
to.ge)l1
AprU27th.
GrOriJ; _s $l~ \iu,e to lw w1nw t~~W~'..
height
det~ina.ti~ ~"e
the fir;st
~
The regrQwtl'l.
1lfa,S
ata~p~~m()n1?blY·~~S!il.l'ii
cut on 1st Se:p~r
ana
was
til,leX't?
~ $l\l~e
l¥!/t .l.im1,~~ .~!t 't;hel'l1p.e~l:~veac/t nt~gen# the
l.\1l;]ilO
t'ais:~
High ~abJ.l:tty .O;t. pl~t rpate:ti~
t'~o
tb.e~wimen:t ~~ted ..
:vd~ Qo.$f6~t e»t~a~ th~ n.ttr'og$i!1l;r~mg~..
slll;r;i~ 10Yo1$ ~~:t'o
e::iq)ol~ilnent
~.
raa11't;er eu;tto abeightof '1 n _a, .11$ ~. 11th ~Ul:;r...
'~$ .~
that ~u1~1~'
made
1'!lle):'
_sow-d.ent b thl,'1 fi3:'fifti
AMSQ a <Mo;n.al line of efl)~$t6:()t, ~.u$ed in$ /:l!:~~l.ilPt t,Q.
.
this. faete~..
~..~. t;>f.'
Ni~g$l 'Wa$
1\i\'O'1'1an~ Po!!:' ~~. ~~ia'l. ~* ~~ ·~~.o·
t:h$$e
waS
l.a~~' ~~l~;W...
applied, as. lU.~lirteat ",,~.~lS Qf 0, 1()(1~ 2oo.~
.)0011>$ N/a~:t'e ana. StzlphuJ:>
RS
~.~at O~·.2~ . at!d
4·::0
~ r~U~~s l!rel:'e' l.\~e~
with a
15 lb~$/a~.
~:;
!'aew;r1l'l,1 ·ae~~~.
!heJ?l'ant$ .e$~e~~,.@ t$tS'eJ?~ei' 195' ~t).ll.. ~~~
a:na height ~~_1!i;ts '~e:. tegiilarl~~
on?6th
Ootc~r·a:nd; the,t'$gmrbh.~t
~b€l~~~i.
A··~~.t_ ··~t ·~s·lIll!l.ci~
~. 1iO~e!.'1l ~. eXJ;>~t
to to.
p1~t$ ~ ~i: ..
The aim
or tb1$ ~~'ri~t _$
nttt'O~_ a)~ SUil~
·~s~;t.q.;r tt;J,$ ~~(rt
w:
~siWd
t?{1>m ilh~ ~n~ _~~t~d ~tn;~l~f
~.·.Q.E);te~~ wh~tl1m\t" tb$~ ~ $\~t1~~i!lJ4$;~ ~. f'03t' ~ ;put:t~~
';N 1~~1 ~ U$~ 'V".~ a$ ~ t:~m .~~. ~ 'l.tCi~ ~~al
~e"'$
.M~"'~'$
14,,'I>;.....;Nt . .,eA~
..... +'~ ~~'&. ~~",!'b
~.--~.,. ~~ ."
~~ .. ~1tp.W;~p
~~~~~ ~:?I,'~- O1'i'V-:W-~ ."",,~~~l'
......
,..
,"I
.• ....
, ,..,"'_.
~~~,
1iJolt ~'a~~ ~ 1$"& ~<i!h 1~O ~ ~ ~y ma;ti;$f ~t1;,~n
~tal
e am
;t.~Qrrsa~~,
~ts ~~~t
S
~«e1!l
W~1l!J d~t~..
_fiI
$Ul.;t~ ~ $~, $~il
-.$
d~atg~~
bar
to
$tIa~ tl~~ ~$$t\:!'l~ ~el~a(Si$
~~l _thl1l1Q ~
:£ct$
~~j~lt ~
.f4
the
~th
~ ~~_t:.
sM,l,
mh~ _~~t$ ~$.%
~Ji~~a. bWi;l1~
aM
~._~,~~
M
at ,
li:tn~
Q,.
~~$/~~'~ Slind til.;J) tt.~~
~~~.Q n1_~ tl;t ~~ Qf
40 ~ ftl!OO l~$ iV~~· a~ ~~ .at. ~.~ 'i~ lW./~.
11 f'altt:tQX'iill l.s~
$iS m'iPIl
-.$ ll~ed.
$~'" t1lLl~$ ~m, ,~ ~kld~()$ 0~~.n~ ~~ e$_bl~~h~ in.
ea~ 1P~t ~
tIiJ$'~ ~n
late:r
(;th
d.t~il~
~~Q. tj)~e l?l~t l?~r ~t
OQil<l'~..
•
and 't\h$
tr~l ,,~ ~t ~ 1:\ $j.y
~ts ~$
matter
Qll.1',tb. _ _$:r~
,iIIilBl:·
~n~ ~$.m 1/)f U$ ~~_t ~ ~Q:t~~ .~ ~iIJ!t~W ~t~~t;t:i1m
~~~~ ~~~r'. U~111l€i U
tlmt
~ .~
_ _:m'flild
~ m~8_l~.~~1.lm ~t ~!~;t-t
~N' tl:t$ ~:tQ~ ~~ta't
W
Ut SG~$.
~'li$ ~~t;@. 1~1I'~1l3;$~ _$'~ii\'~Iti;.~~ W _ot."e:ti~$l
"~~A~_~l$ ai~M~$tl ~ W~.21.l~$:!!" ~iil ~,. 1,~(~)..H,~ l~$ ~.
_11• .~
~$n !l1tS
the
.t~il 1$-~1$ ~ ·$;.glili$$ Q'lo,,~ ~Mi.i~~~~~~
ml4. $im!l~ t1)l~t~~ I!!!Q~." t9 M;t S~$..
U1$ ~tt~ ~ ~/Q1~~
V>'aS M$UJ¥j,ed
as 60/¥J
tU'la~m
~a~s$ "'~.Ii:t$ ~lQ'!t~
and. QlC)w;r' ·?9~
'Wa'$" t.<ilI{:~ at.l:lalt
C0~)Jld.a~~
']he
)!uturajl the .p;ss
'l:he·SC)U n1i;:l:'ti!f$ett
th,e
to be low
t~ia.l
Mt So~s t.i~ld de~~-t:tQn ··on a
tbe'!.\ as
JlrpeJl"li1!lJro:'l~e
$,$
1,,1»h
~P!lw1b<;1t:tmn ~ ~P$$
theol,~tiC1l!'l;l ~l.ttQ ..~. :triiLn~ali~attC)ni$
i.,v;;
these
aJ;"lllu'I;I,\i ..
plannec:t~ ~O.:1sted
of.m:le ·l11.i:rogel"l level at
$0 lbs ~~ at!4 te~l~ (!It: S at 0" 15, 2'~ ~j!50 Wl-d 601\)s S with tiva
repli~ation$..
use;:a.
Sing.te tillers ~r.'l.~ 'eQe:t;;$f\$oto~na,l plant ~e
'I'he e:tq;'l~:1.me~:~ ~s ~Olii~t ~t'Ch 19~9i:>
ll(,)'!?~
tbe
ni~o~®- l.e~ ~$$d"
a
.~~ _$plao~
p~.ctii,.~ ~~s$: ~ 'Wh:i..~ tJl~~:t" ~SM!/II Qn ~a•.$tai;1Qn
Mt Sol'llel"s..
~
1.V~ (SW~ of $u;pG~~te/a~
tb.e :fU'st Qutmliie
.Glt! )O.tn,
NovemWl;"..
'WaS
on a.
eat at
applied e~ 41:ihOQto'b.~
The t1Ml
$ea~~et;tt
was made in • .r())h 1960 a1:Jd ~ ~~en ·4ete;t."1l!.in~ ~ the· ~le eloQVel"
arJd gx'ass
dry·~tter ..
2$:,
'rABI.Lm 1.
Mt. 30mera Lower Site
Dry
W,a tter ProCl.uction lbs/acre.
----"No
S
Out
8
Si
0
s.1
S
2
r;2
Ni
0
-~--
3
2
-
30
S
S2
1
~~~--
?.cel:L'll,
2635
2n8
2535
2245
2568
2495
21)-23
36.50
3238
11u tll.!Un P.celim.
773
S05
743
1208
1253
1313
1655
2083
2160
1st Cut
313
553
473
733
995
1063
1553
2583
2593
2nd Cut
121~5
1238
893
1818
17h3
2050
1873
1)-2lJ-5
4373
3rd Gut
1785
2558
2305
1980
2060
2493
1650
3230
3218
'I
3343
43!~9
3671
4531
4798
5606
5076
10,058
'10,'184.
1lJ-80
1303
2120
1837
2383
2211·0
2870
3593
4797
759
728
1492
1.533
1982
1503
2741
3.503
1~.52
3rd CUt Total
11,17
2877
3137
1713
2507
2650
1737·
26.57
3843
3rC/. Cut less clovex'
1242
2210
2073
1579
1910
2002
1660
2552
304.5
~lu=er
+
2+ 3
Unspra.yed 2nd Out
Tota.l
2nd Out Less clover
--"'TABLE i (a)
Sta.tistioa1 Analysis of' '!able "l (lo'. values)
Cut
5%
3.40
1%
5.61 N
-
Sunmwr
j\n UUllrl
Prelim.
Prelim.
1st
5'1.25** . 129.75*'" 63.08**
2.00 N.S. 13.13**
N :It S
i.12N.S.
l~.26
L)-.26
7.82 Lw N
3rd
2nd
1 + 2 + 3 Unsprayed
_
3
2.80
2nd
8.64.**
2.7.5 N.S.10.32**
%.63** 2.56.2.5** 123.03**
To~..
?,XlO,
Unsprayed.
~L
:J.b:tliil"
3.52**
95.24**
54..90"'*
64.96**
9.76**
zq.• 61}**
11.30**
6.61**
3.45*
3.5.3*
2.41N.S. 12.32**
6.6.5*
2.88N.s • 3.03 N.S. 0.31 N.S
Quad N
.5075*
LinS
1.38N.S. 10.25**
7.39*
8. 79*~'
Quad S
2•.50N.S. 15. 75~~
9.89**
10.6.5**
1090• .5**
7.00*
21.5.0**
1.0 N.S.
3rd
Ul1sprayed
128.69**
1.11~).3.
11.92**
1.62 N.S.
20.27**
'1.4-1 W.S.
11.64.*"
0.35 :DIoS.
13.23**
1.23 N.S. '10.41**
3rd
Uhsprayed
Grass
6.0.5*
'11. 76~'*
1.35 i".S,
N.
N
~1
So
N2
4
.0
S~
, S~
Si
8
2
S0
Si
S2
Fog
1/v7.0
1/v1./v
192.6
269.5
315.0
814.0
689.7
6.5~7111 .. 37C>.6
193."
2,;6.. 9
.262.6
322.7
635.~
77~.'
1.st
~6.6
117.~'2Ol!..O
212.~
298.9
787.8
928.,
2nA
361.1
2.94.6174.1
4511-.5
138.0
436.4
2695.6
318~• .5
Jr4
~"' •.?
319.e
656.9
44,.5.5697.. 7523.5
231.0
1~f3.9
1t;j2~ji):
131.8
250.0
152.1
8 7-3172 .0
,'5/1-1.9
!f;IJ.. 724,6.a
6;"!9
572.8
,561.6
105.1
11".7
72.4
2O,7./v
.2~8.8
19p.8
594.8
710~3
674.2
.65~M
~.o
~!1.0~?,.. Q
~~3,,0
1'~·7
~3~fEi
3.?6.4~
~a-~:im.
kt'l:tulln
224';0
l"J;~.
91.7
6e.O
~9
258.1
s.v.
Su.mxncarl?i:'e:J.:im.
;Au:'\;wm:l.. ~l:im.
1st
.'5./V
2nA
5'7.~
'.~
~Mt~?
365.8
1+2+3
i:i;,....,
~"":f-:~
11..·""".·
.-.•.·.:.8.... :
':::':::.,,:,':,
'
Au.~~.
22,2,~$
·12~4:..p976.4. .;81 .. 6
272,.3
4,z,..2450.5
1.?~!I,~\21~1.4.?1 e,Q. ~
17Q6•.3
<i~ie,2;,r~~;: .. , '-:4-3./V%5.0 Q~1;4
:Wi.9179~f j~d~~~~3 '32~~ 9373;;.7
~1•.7~~'5
1;,77,2
f2.~'
;:;9*~8
8!S~1
123.:1
142.. 3
?&7.0178~6
409.4
448.6
1.1~.J.
··.~~2
11?~ii,
2J+1.!8
.~?9.9
14.3.,5
46,,8
g75.• 9
~.8
3~3.*
3$3.7
j1s.f
46?~'$79~{l
3.1~.O .
660~O
!574.~9
460.2.
5$e~A'
. . ~.7
57"p
. ~3()~.~
74~~?
/:385.41281.2
11293.6
,,",
1~:1
.1st
:1~§~4 .' 13i~1
.~9 •. 1
~AmiIiL2(a)
Sta.ti$~.·.~:i:I!.of!rable '2•.
8eaaonal~:j;s~~.r::4'1B# ~
FQg
S.V.
-1' ..
N
a:nd. . . ~. OI.lts
Q.G.
N
.5S6~111l<.*
81~'e91l<'"
e?.5911<1l<
$
t57,~~i!i
'+·7M'
1Q~11.1l<
10Q.I:38*··
1.53 N• So
~
S
7.·05**
1%
~.
$.40
5.61
2080
4..26
1.~:r ~~~~ ~t'i
~·~t~~ t:.t~fC$'
f:t;>Qm
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~~~
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Si
tit~
tl;:>. $e~
at
1$t4$,,_
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ai z-e~~El ~th~
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Pt all ]llqt~ ~~ Pl.'0t~~
.if tbi$ 'Wail ~ a~~t.y«!":r@!~tJ; bm.tlid~~ ~U,~$ WW~ 01w~~~~
WW-S
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at th$
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$l~nQlZ1V
at the Ni?; 1~1 i~ 1;he. pv~~e:o~~ ~ $Ul]'lml'~llt.tt .:U!I
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out
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t~~t ~t$.V..
is g~n~l;y
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w t'heo't'her :$p.eQ;t,e$ i~ ~tl,\l;$~$;~ ~$ ~~~~ ..
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Ol>$e~~~
we~ 4$,0 n~i$:mth~ ~ti'l~ pt~Ull.trea,went '~'l., ,~$t
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'be
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~,
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tim$:.
\1)ut~rt;a~j~n~al~~t (jf ~:plmr in(;>'~l'lati~n
n~kt;to$~.1~:t <!;tll,mf.'lt;
,fog h
t'dth the'l\dgh
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s;i~ ~s ~11' ~~~~e g~tat ·t.t:lea~·~nn l?l~~;,l.~11t1.l~ O'..tt,
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in,
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'b.y' ,ttJ.$
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A l!.l.igl'.;.ly
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Total
a
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born the
to total
~
.Q£ mtz'o~~. .
US$
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taktnga11'Ja7 the
lOO;ttew _de 1:>Y theolovel"s, the. ;pwQQ.ueti<1>n
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of the $;P~
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at the No ~ Ni:1e'\rols and less a if th$ NZ l~l tl~ the11f;l,.s;p~y~
eu.t
(clovers QV~SOWltl;).
Whi$ sJ.tggestl:i! th.,;d, any p:l:'Qdu~tiMdlff~nees
are not d».e t:> ni ~g\\;)n
tran$f~~ otherwise gr~ter
grass
'WOl,Ud ~t;l a~$Qte4 at No ana Ni \'l~th 'th* tm.$p~yed <)Ut.
l?roC!,~t;ion
T,he ef't'eat
1$ :pl:'$bably due to pby$iC$.l elov~/~$$ q~eti t1an_
~eolo~r p~ld
~;i.the~
t:1.nle$ ·th~ yi~la.
at NO' :$.s five
th.e: $Ul?pr.es$1ve
llitrogen.or the
(d";Ii'eCltSo:f:
at N2 inaieatUlg
u:ti;U.~ti~
ot
nitrogen and. .$Jl;pl'it;r by the gr,a$$ at the high. .n;t ~()get.t lev~;t"
(Stat;5.e:tie&l analYS~$ t(j)'l: ~$e ~~yi$.d determine, ti~$ $lQi'lsa
..
s1gm.fi~a»,1; m~~ std~t' ~~ctiQll ~th
anti ~ nJa t~ ~s Glove~ l&
to that at the $1 level over
the
Qn1y~ed
ina.1~'\te
change
be~
ClOVer
ftth toW
gt'.QWtb.
·~·matter
at tlte Stl) ;tevl$l;i;s s~la1"
tb.1I;! a~egate of: tIie vlnQle idtt"Ogem. w~~.
at the
tbat th.e only marlCed.
Sa lwel.
allIO'Qllt
ap1?e~$
to
ofs!4.1;phur a,"it\1,lable :ls
at
Whis
the
$12 l~el ·a~ tb.1s ;i.$q~~d'by o:WV<tr g(!;'O\~ at. 'the Nil~j\)~, where
tjl~~v ~~tton
is d<li1Ubled
1!)V'6r
;H21~"el,,~pro&lQtion Qi'clo'V'sr
ooo.~ol
W'j,thll1gh
a.t So ~d$1
$t.ll~~"
At the
;i.$;;$:Utdlar ~ $l.igb~;y
l:ner&,;L~ at $2 :tntt;i,Ca~ the. t ~·b;i$h~ lm;t O:f'$l~ ~s ;ww:ov~ta~
som$
~~~$$.
$f:
~~ ..
5..
~t~
)fa
.u+~~ ~~$$'! ~:t~e <:;btain~d to ~t:rit)gG ~ $Ul~ at
t:!l~ ~ii~~*_~~tmt au.';!:~~.ne$'~ w~ l~~ll~ ou.t..and p~o~n
at li1 t~$ ~~:~4fnt t()pjt.'oduc:tiolla~ _
~;tt~~t~ pr041.;te'fjio:t:.t at
:t~l~ ~th a
if)
slightly
SUl:phtllt ~~l.1~~0r$ a~¥ $~gniflc~t
N:I!'"
l"~~ llti1;lt litt;l~ d:l;ft'-m'@':!;Q$ 'b~tw~_ t'fu.~ '_l~~'l$.
'l~le !ti'$$t){('l,use
~l·t5,CIlla;:;'ly
oi' :eQg to niwo~~.n is ~i~kld at 'the ll{1 iiWd
bu.'~
the N2 le'Vel.
IS ... Y.. 13 ap.~·eei&bly dim:i.n;tel:~ ~.t
Jr'i1J!!e;a"
addit:1.O¥il. as S. v..
-~
an
)'~l.$
nu l¥larkeCl.l.l"
and. ~.. &.
4$1; cat) O.. G"
to sulphur
pla1,lllG aM $hOlts a sl~lar re:!lpQlt$!;!l
d.l.a.
If:a lwel"
::t,'llil.$ d,ownwa:l?(i trend 1i'i.th S.. V..
in t.he las.t Ql1I.t.
'1'lhe Mud; <.l:~t at tne B:a l~~ with tiAAl,l?l::!.ur a4<iiiti.on ap~ared. to be
EiI.t1e to lPhy$;lqal
WO!ilil
tr~
(\!or~~rt1$iQn
a~'
With Q.G... .in this C'<lt. the:
Wli.·tl;l. ;t1!11g....
~ ;t~~til:tty «f'j;".~t.s~
W be we
dOminan'& at the So l~''!tdliil G.l.'" ~~1 ~ illi.iJ
a:rJd lid t.b.@;' S ..V.. ~ fog a6p~ng
:.tt
pl'Od.u(rti$n.~
~uld
snow
-.5
u:t:l.li21~
on nu.trie11ts not
litUe.chatlgfb in
~~t $ .. 11. . .~ et:
m~ 1.\,hat
p:t.~~t:i.o.
th_$ .. 'il"
~
911.&..
@'\1iW
$0
:t~els ~s$'\,ly ~;I;l·e
Jo$~~~il\\ts
'tib.e
at the S(I 1$ve1 with
:I/S
t:~~Jlt.
;f'~g
of' the
to s.v"
~ing
At
st~\I
s. V..
past i1.w
tt'le
pr~'1$;~t.ts
~a~tl.y
b~~ a b~tw
g~wt:h~.
wlth ~~h !d.~gM ~d a~ea
a\l~ f~f>~rs$.~ms
1'at;l.ng of' the
an\i s .. V.
Ulor~s1~
ri$&.",
re:ttJa.ine.d
d.~la.dent
In this rut (.~rd) O..G.. is $iU.]ler~Qr
:p~min<m:t ~s3.t:tM
(ii~.~~~a:~t:)n
O.G.. i$.
lh.~as$Qg
~s~e ]>att~a,l.
e~~~_ t~ ~:t;~~$~ than Q",G..
at 1$$ SQ
or
tb.e sta_.f!J,
~ f:$", v.
whUst
a:U:dila$'
O.. G. is
on the n:i ilNgllm etawe rlises :in
by the :eog
r;i.$$ at
1J\lh~eas
w;ltl\ $ulphura;dt1tto~
lit ;taUt;
In trliJgen at this thu-d eut~ O.G;> MOWS a mat'ked.
,tal
at the
'illher0as ;~.. V,", 'was th$ domt~t~t W2a~ 1lii1 _
-now ta.ken 1 ts
-bas
dit)~t!;t
tQai a.$st'll.ll
threeSJl?~~~-
£$
_
~~ate
lttelw' _
tb.at
th~
be tog a~,,,~' $,.. if.·
1Jlu;I.p1'.a~~(n()ts (}rd cut)
I~~;~1".ayed.
;yield
a$~ . :rJ~_
at,I..,"llysit1.f of: 1lbe
~i
@ti!
total ~ mat.
level is only slightly ab\'iWe ~ontrol..
dtUil' t~ _l~a~ ~'t(,lCt
of
~ <ilil~ ~~fnt
'fb.:ta is partly
at- NO'!! but even 'wr.ten
·'i
p
o~
thiS is
~so~~, th~ gUl:'!.
bem~:p. o~ntrolt ~a.
decna~e a.~
the
is tlQt
~1 ltW'~l.
~~~I:1:i. ~a th~e ~I;'l:
n!l)
d!ff~r.tce
~~~ tlQv~ ~e*,~ ~QWs l;t _~.d
'the .ni ttog_l~e:J. !s
~<ll,is~
.a.mt. $. teach
l:evel. (If' N the:r:e
i$ .l;tQ1~ ~t ~ptJu~ ~es~ons~ 1nili<l!at~XIJ~t the ~1 leitel h$d :tl,oi;
util:iJ!H,a !itllot
thesu1~t'
wh:i4t
theN;el~el
·Md utUized most.
!t is~d,$;t.ng h~$V~.t"# tJw..t eloV~(p~\#:(:ti;Qn at ~2S2 ia gr~te:t"
~
at l'iI'tS2'"
'J,'.bis
c~ld
Wh!ch was gi1ting the 'bost
b$ a speoie$
~spo~se
t.'b$.1i!$~$Ql1.al ~op ~ :pl?i:)~ctl,on
also
il":ld1~~s .1:ha,t
N:l~2 level..
there was
etf~t ii!;S
at t}l.js
'W01llG!.
1~1
f'.avo~:t"
,~l$ $ul~
at i;h;1.s
n'1i,d
Cllt. t~g
a~sh~ana
t'h,e cl~..
~s
st:Ula'l1aila'bleat;.
t~
At
t:h~
in ~"n~
$tl.cJ?e:t':i~lf
Ne. le\l'eil,S.V. is
~oti((n
in
to iQg and
O,,&~
:':'1. V~ ~ teg ahow a, slight S res;PQllse 1:)U,t O.. G. apl'~'$ to
t1eUt~ ~e~~d~
1'he
ali.wel~r;tty
o:t
$.1[.. cou,ld. be due to its
llav1~ the ml:>$t~ke4l; Sl?r~ ~owtla~sli,)()ll~e and o~ this $l.q,"il'&lli;agS
through the
~a$Qn ..
P.¥"od.UQti:~
l~~..
at t.lle lie
l~elf
of alls;pec:i,esQ tth@
~t
are· slight:f.y raistd
:.tn the cassot
At .the Na levelt El.V.
Sf> aPl'li<:laUoll/J but
grM.t..
t:..
et
thill
.8,$
SfUl'>~
the sUlphUw
ana $.'1/..
a.ndtog
the :('orme;t:' and markedl.,y in th\l\l <:last
'l'he
$h(!)1;'{$
a :!)'t.~ked su.pEw!arity over t'$g mth
~phu:t'
i~east
le'V$l is m:i..lil$Q.jitog
at the
S~t l~el ·ovw
a~sertsa
t'he$1 4..eVel
S.V.. sh~a s11gbtin~ease to the S11eve;L ~ ~;P$
at th\l\l $2 .1$$1.
l~€Ils
tb.a t
l~l.
of the la tterat i;he $2
is ;not
~lttiou~ly as
(J.G" $how no reS)?e1l$e to
~isea..
~kea~enori
i!W:t"eas~ OVax'
S;. V" isaga:in ahowt."'lg the pest reapon.:ae 1;;0 the Ni
'bu:ttbe gal? jJs· leesened wt1i1af(')g
leVel is
lt1}YeJ:. is
O.G. :inorease$ '\Ill'ith
swAp~
sta.p~ .• pu:~prQdu(li;ionai;
al.l
a1. tbo,lgh .f;l.)ove that 0:f.' 0 .. G. a] Ni is im?et':ior to·
S.. V.. ~:rQg a.t -Cbe !il'21t'Vel-
All
~~~$pMies $h.ow
a
sl~ht
UClre.ase
~. ~'Qt\on
l:dt..1;>Gg~ ~nd. '~l~ le'1!'~s l\tre·~i~ a.~ ~~ a!1t!!',Ni'.
ef£~t ot! Std~ o~Qti;!l:'S at the li2 11$'V'el
11~.
.~~ ~st ~lt~
\'i;1.th t'M~ Sbo~ ~~
level is pNbably :Ln~Qative of: the ma:r~ed C:Omp$tit!~~. ~:rt'eots
O.G.sb.owsinCt'eased.res]lOn$e vd. thSa1;. N2•
a.
astlle
lo~l.evel
Oo~~
Q:r
~.l~ghI>:rot!!'I,1qt1~i$
;flog..
at
tha.u S.. V.
S. V..
ana O.G. 1l
tbe:1r rela tiye~l~'
~es:pQnee
at the
lf2 l«'leiQoulCL· 00 more 1n(;11oat:iw ·of!the $t~~$ivee~e(:rb Qt ~og .en.
S .. V:.. Ul t,he
..
~~ ~
~Se
the
of" the
to~
~a~oi'l ~
i'og
;a.ng;. t"~r't>h,e
~tterf t~ ~lSjpQ~se
a.ntl$.V<;<_:l,."$d~l~~
(l~e$~ ~ seM~n ea:P~l"'~S~$ ~..!~
.!:it. (l.G..
S.$al;,l~ Oha.ng~ :U;t$p~(l;~~~ ~~.
~b.e ((I'!f$'t'~l .re$;P9n.$~ p:i(}'b:t;r$ }1;lllOWs'thta;t
t.11$
ia, w:tth
;t"$r$t~1i
o.. i't..
$ ..11'..
'b~t't;@:r~sJil$~$~a;it thli N~ :t~~"
O.. G..
&ml ;el!!i!~ .~ S~i\Z'i!
3.8 nQW
tall in
·its. :pt)s:t:W.:on
()~ th$
,
$ ..v. ~ti~~l~
lall$t
<:ntt~
gs,$ in O.~.• at alll~v{')l$
at the
N~Sii.l .1$Vel...
lWld.$
)ut ii,~ llifJ.~~tltlQ~a at th~~2 1~1..
1$
I··.
l';ltf
1.,'),-
s
s
s.
'.'0:it!~.~·-,Ij",.
s
S
J~ tlll!~.~_~·1
700
750
9,,2
981
129~
41~
J18
138
7:/7
864-
1147
15$1
170~
270
202
Ma
,5S~.
699
1972
1A3~,
2051
~262.
1,82;
174.8
)~
M~
1~1
1~2:l
11~'
24-5821,52
"
.. 2 ","'. n():~~?*~IO'wD~
..
2nd.
1(}71
10"
78(7 16G!>
871
10~~
1109 11114
'.
d •.
1~.
,
...
ewi1~
..
.iblD!'
l;tIliJ,
'In';;'
.1
,1.1C'.'*'......
$71
",,1'~
tl1~
1144 116' 1069
"~1
N:a 1$'''$1$
.,.;.;&5 + 30:
11~5.,the:!:·
S
,2
1,62:
..
. ri, "
...
~
..".'
6$,p
'I
1'~
r"
s
N'&
,54S
;.
1st
~
. '#f'1 .... ,'!
.
S
,,1
,mw~ pX<$"l!m~
At
Jr~i
S0'
""""~'
~..
$BQW'$
'Sf't,
"
Out
wi;: f1Jg
bEll(Wl $:()g :i.nl?~~qtt~"
~ .~ ~lI:oo
.
at
~» $~~Q. ~utl¥b.Qw$. a :1Il.!t~k~ :MS~
·thetlU~ ~t,the""$ i$ la ~~
At
lm'J;!l:re.~~e
N~, an4N1 llilyels ~. ~k~ $f':teqts o£ ~g at the :N~
ill. $. V.. a.t t'he:
:J.ev$l~
'the
~
"
'»1.f
~I;){g:· '. . ;'$"
,M
.
N
1201
1.229
110:9
~;8
214$
...1$1
~"~Q
+~2<i)
... 14'Q
... 'i!JJJ01
level Q£'
S!lll~' ba$
llrui .~. ccms1stent
e:t"t'eOt~X!~;r~tw p~ld ..
w;t t'I'i. tbea~d.il!9n
or :N1 \t~~ l:Ias ,tJ.atl ~ effeQt~ .~ ~~ld
witllno mat>ltedCi.itferenee be-$l!1$1 '1;U14 $2"
~be.:t'~~,PQnseto~:J.~
i$le~ ~t
'by
~u.~tii;)n th>~p~
and
NS,~
th~·~ ~t, p~blJY ·~~·W ~
at the
~$t
cut ~I$.
totl1:~~f"~et
of': -v;inie:r
• .$. :P$ak a.tt11.$ ~~ :Cl;tt~fal.l:lng aWl:tY ill!;) the th1rii..
al$ ;bal':pen$4 at'lihe Ni\l) :t.~ve1 11 bxt ~. <m.t 't'<:lltt(il~
witJa
la<lk Qf'n1bS;_,.
T.lrl;$
on a ~
twe]l;'6
~_t.
:EJ;-odU4ti~ :U1~$e4 ~~edly mtb$u;L~
~ at COll$istent ~1s"& ··y;ith·S2~· ,sill
reached at
tb.ese~Qn(t
cut and
~ Q;r.t$
thtm ~ ftlll.
·to a tall in·
'lW~
::LterVel,
:tJh~e
A P$~ :tU. ~odtt~tton"'$
ve'!;'y sim:1.1ar 'W;i. t.;ll'bQtb..~1~ le~s"
that the fnll
at. the
ana tall. ~
~ ~be
~i$ ~ld; a~·
mtroge;x
a~:Q.a'ble.
to
If
wdtcat~
th~e:
had
been ~aE: m_~Jl~ with aa.6~te m, ~g$l'l: S~ll\~v~~~l>J.e. 1;he
f.-o,"~·'~A(i \{"~. "
aWl? v!O't~ld. havebe~ ~eat~ if ~e~:t$;ons
Th1.~ tilPP~$ tQ
hold.
e:et'eets on. gx'a$4·,.At7
be the l!lIaSeas
at
~t$
~ ~1
n;i. teogen
wat_ ,PN£ru:ot1<:>tt p~~
;pres:.t~ 'Wh~~su1:phur
higher
ot
haS()nl;y ~lI;~
ofrdtrQg...:fhe
.
~}W/.s ~teraet1Qt'l
alone
~ ha~
ai;reot
$Qnle S'I:1~r is
f.>tteets li.n the
~ sitrla~n
~$$neefiiit
a1(Pe!U's
i;Q.
hold
alSQ
leveJ. ..
~zing OVal;' the Si Imrel, ;p~~tion
$:.t l[1S1 Ml;$ by '1
J.'bl$
be_encuw .~...~ ~II Wh;Us$ ~t ilh~. ~a lwel~ ~~~tiQnat lif1$~
t'dls
$~ly atN S
'by 1Jt,Wl.b$..
~u,fJtiQn t~ls.
21
eo~eQ.witb.~6
1'0$ at "(lrf2'"
!l:'h~.
tall at the Si
asap~c~tagf1) .of' the 2n4~t 1$5%:tCti:.'!iI1 ~
8
2 level. ~ tall
;i.;$ ~~t<>r :11 a1':lA~.,'f!~'t: Xif,2!>
a,$J.phur{iltt'~t,the
at
th~ S~l~~l'"
.~a.te$t
at N2
$~ ~Qh..
~ l~~,$tat
a't Ni
~$
'2% t<>r :W2;"
At the
If ~$ ~a beE'm
At .~. SI) l~lJ the. a.~l;'$~~~~~rt:t.01t 1$
as at ilM $2
~. '~. ~tis.
lwele~eS$ed
tm $P.OI.:{l,<lliave ~$1t,.~~_at ~ S1 .~
No_
A~r :pO$sibl~:e~lanat.i,Qll
~£t~1i
1>1 596 .l'bs
is
tbat~sc~d ~ a,s~fJies
lev~l$" thfJ~ ~d
and;
'b$
a~~e4 .~.
:NZ WbiUt attneS1 leV'el $.11..
'.
cQt:llartt
'tn. tOg
_la n.ot,
b~tw~
~nishe4
,f"
,t'tl~ Pt('.l~ot 1;h$~POVIl;l pweeJ:l~e t~l!I
~~4:U
(lh_Qa~ ~$i tiOlll'il'i,~Sll~
(a.) Nl:two$$.
~W X~
(
N.()
Na
N.~.:W.
%
N yield
.~
Tl
14.. 6
1.61
1.09
6$
20... 8
1.. 60
1..
1,
.5>1
.40
1:5
17,,1
So
"t.56
1 .. 06
.50
g,
Si
1• .;8
1.08
.. 50
6$
82.
h,56
1.0,
.51
68
26",'7
Slil'
2 .. 71
i. ,34.
1.'7
52
.it~!$.a
Si
2,,26
.93
61
68.,
$2
2.20
.$$
66
G
Si
~(
t
2
I
1.. "
1.. )2
~01:;Ql'~ ~;r$~•
~eQt
l:S.ttle
a,t
~'1~
.a&thenitr$~l le~l ;:i,'$~ft4.
lov;e;,;r
N %at t.~~. N21~..
tUi $mlp~~
•
.4l:'Z"
t_t' at the
$
a
~$ ~$~ .~eQ't$
&'0te;i,n N.% ~_oo ~~ellle~6 't;'i~the
<>t lfi ~~~ l:!r
~l~
~ghe;t'. p~el',dw.:~e at ~
at· tb,e No
~$es .~ f'al,l, :4l.~tal
~2 l~el;t .~ b~~~$$~a.
l1Jn tlae total N ,&.S1
W $2<1\11 the ~,2 level..
0~e
lAt
has
nu'$ 1$ in llt~~ee wltb ~ mat~~ct:t...
a'itilu~M:t~eet
aaaitiQl!);
:l,lj.J;!':'<t\)1t~ 1~"~;,
~).~
~~~~tat ._ ;W~..~l'Ml. ~1~~~l$.Wt~~$~
ll'Jark$(l ~1!~'$\1:l 114
as
l\%
1 .. 02.
I
1
~crt.•
1.,;(5
!':i!
>\i)
( 8
N
%
Na
at
th~ Nt'1 .~ N l<\\ivt9lil, ~t i'()l:'1$llt
l~V'~l.
~$~se l'¥";f,,,N. /lJhow$;nQ ~~~
ana. N11~~:l.$,
t
1rat~i;lQ;-~$es .tt'~~eflly wt~· ~~a,aCl1tiGl'l
of· $ttlphur ~t tl~ N21~;$1..
~e pro-t~in
~$a
uttMl m~t $Jf!' ~ph~ a,~ ~ ~Q ana
i:n N.P"N.
the~e Qe~
lijtatal N ratio Q.eJri$te
th~
fif1 j,$r$lS'J bll~m iner~;se in. the ra~w:$,.@l $:tt.l:vIl~~ti«>:n at
.NZl'S1 .and. $2 l~l1ilJ3l:1ei;ns~~la:t:..
1nc~$~ ~1thm~
at
th~ N~ 1~~6
at
~~ !'ih ~d. ·~"I.;l.~v.~ll$. ~ a mu'~ed ~f.IAA~
TQ'ta.l S
N
0
ln~i" IS
%
.. 389
.. ott),
,
",'illlS,
S
1
..432
.. 0'18
,,4~}
l
ts
~
$
0
(
lf1 ( 3
1
~ $ iTt
~s
S
!
0
1
$2
~
4.74-
~h<14
96
6.. 46
.0]4
.. 4!€)
93
5.
.383
.. fi¥lj)1
.}1'
'11
6.. 14-
.;04
<!f01'
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S
():<gl>
( So
(
:N2
%
:eut
am N1 levels,
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shoW$ a slight ~ at b
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a,
NI
l~tll.
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1$1t~1
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ia
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IS
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a l£rge
!~Ne)!i_e
lOW values
or
8 l'~~i~ shows only a slight
if$.tb,;tn t.d1;rogen laV$l$#
in the $t:t~ wtt'b ~~~:tt:i.<1!ns ~ ~k$d
at the ~\f$t than the ~$2 l~~.
$2
~anic
levels, en;rrmas1sing b
the :lli"f;.rQgen l.eveJ. ls
~
t'aU~i
~$t
2:'\.$
s~:r ati1he Ni) an4 Ni levels) ami ~
ni~ge.n
i~~~ S (ibWnai..
both the $1
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theN i$
$l:tlphur
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~t ~e ~'2 l~el..
~$;~~. a:li$
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SQltW~, 1IJ;j;~~i~
Organ1Q S\tl~
a~ ~ I$~~
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ni tr~~
%i$
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~te.c~P'~$S ~~dUt'Ztill>l"l
~
ettee:ts pf
Q'tf'tli$t. the
Vii)i~t:tlJ.'tion .!1!l~
l\.n ~ e~tabl~$hed
Qb~
to
$n.
~~ tl"~tmentol'l
the
i;heregid.0nt
id,ea .9f 1ib.e..$e tx~tl.l!eXl:~~ o:n
it WQUlti3\.W~~Q~$$~
;plard~,
Swai'Q;$
~
11a.Ve..
tilE) inclicat101'l
e.$tabli~~ ~~ca t;o:t'
:pl.an~$ atReh ~ $1;a,g~ ~t theYQ~ld :t'e~ondWfe~tia.lly to
tt_.nt .thoo.tth.e
~ica:ti:ngtac~ of(;1't;:t:v~.r
species preMntat
.t;i.rut~ent .~ Sta.gl.ih
1lfinwr
leire.l~
was good wi i:;h$; sligh(cly l{;)ss XU()l','tali ty at the 1'{2
~bi$ _$ ~babl1
v~l.
pl$ts
~"tal
~~e was
($.~.
d1ite tl1i
Paapi:te.the.
t'~et
shEll ter of denae. £Qg an4 Sfte.t
~~et;tve ~wth lim th~ NQ ~N'i
'WJ'Jl1l:l.ttle.
s'l.Wll'1wl. in i:;h$se.
th,i~
~ases
_$
tb.at tb:e plal:\'1;S
good.
~vea,
q;rowlh
was: not
up to
eXpootatiOll. i..11 .~ ftlllOV'lring spdng;; tiller mn:i'be.rs X"el:!1a~ much the
l3a~e.
as at the
~Md.
a.~te.~t1Qn
chan,g$ in
with atI..
~.se
tne. ;platlts
in
before the.
pre~Oils. w1n~r,.
1J:Ihe. t:;tn:1.y
was Ml, :height$' thee~~e. ~~ #~,"li'
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a.nd
.~ l~,"le:",
~$
cOl1ld pt!) dtle
tQ. ~~v~ ;nu."b'i·~qn Q'£ the Qgek~!%lt Q:rtQ l~ght ~etittonef'f'~cts
as ~ :tlaUW Teg(;lta,ti~ n$PQnd~ ~the ~1al ~eatnlen,t",
S~al
of the
!t _s
'but
w,gh nit:ro&t:m plant$
1nt<md~ '1;0 ~ a~th()lt' dete~tlQn ~ ~ ala,~~
;t~sid$t S~$!$I ~
l?llJl.nt~ w~d1ft'i~t
to mve: been m(1'h
to
~wth
hi~ ni~~n ~'tllletLtsJ
the
tl$we~~ ....
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V/$;S web
l~ate
l:ln
at that
in the
l;rtag;e.
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~~~
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the
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not
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'Im;.t on
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l
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(
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(
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'1
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2
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ot' su;l~..
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2
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b
at~g~
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1\1
12
~,
i!iWp1ded at
:12 l~l, ..
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l'
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th~ Mdt~ ~ wl~.
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h1ghw at tlle J~l() l'$v~~ blilt ~~~~S~$ at _
At
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il;!
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l'i,lJr2. l~vell'
hor~e Si
is
~
at the
:m:21$~___~_~~S~l\it W1'll
"l~::t: a~,tio~" ii~cl\\t1n:g an l¥S 1ntiW$lllrtlofi ~dno mlU'k«l l~~:r
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1$ a~ 1:n~.e ~ ~ ~ s/~W S
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bat Pot. Trial
Cocksfoot
so
.
q.
j
5. v'
1st
~ll;;'/M4il
(~)
Dt';.y :Matt~
~. 12"
.
..;:;4<ltti
~. f&:di~P, ,and
1'1llM:> ti~~:r~
~
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~~.
l.if~.
',,"
It)
Ni
,_ _ _ _ _ _,.,..;;...t...""".~_._!l>O;',....
J.· .~,~_.H".....;,"'"~~"*"'
...
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10
1
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22
6.61 6.. ){
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21
61t~7
1126
J
;
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J).12 l",20 2.$10 4.12 :;.9'
D.M", _
~t2
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14
20
#
11~2:;;
1.00
6.~7
1.J;J) Si.73 10.28
29
:;9
!74
.!>2
6,,3
D.M" s;ms 6.60 6.62 6.79 7"i6 1.48 8.. 27 ,.61
10~';;
rtft"') \
Stat1sti(}al ~.a1ysi$ of'la"t(le/ 11
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by
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t~tU.ity {Status .of ~~ $p!1,lettes p.:a .r~~ t>~ Jl'~.$JifQ~~ t$$:~a,i~
nitrogen a..'I1.liil fil~:$1~ 1$ $ ....\1'. <;~lf':t~=-'$?~"
tqf$
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w:1~th,bo'~ ·$,,:V. ~),~a tagabQ~ ~Cl~QQt.
the
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.ot'sttlpl".ttw$'
~ t :iJ#'iln"iot' ;ill it$ @$$'lCe..
2nd Fbt Trial
Oocksfoot
s,
o
n.li"
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1... ,,-,
1.12
1•. 6\6 tt•. 1; !}<t17 '~4$ q... ,p1.~ ~.16
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$%1, 1n~ea$~ .iatl!.U~1:ng ~v~th$, l.~~$!;t~~ 1~1",
~.
1:,.
Oh_calQ9~$it1M
~1
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r:
1.51
h2.'
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8.3
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(Sa 1.'1
1.21
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1.. ,,;
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.. ~2
.. ~1
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aa
S'l
i.~5
1,.11
.. 24-
e2
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.. OSn
.. ~
87
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.. !?7Jt
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et)
t ..
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1.Q5.
h$1
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I
N,
Qrg.. S
:rnQ~,.,$
.~
58
..J271>
.~
.2£)~
,$
1.4'
.'..M2
'1$.
.?fl4
.O~
.~:;e
Sa 1.52
1.24
.2$
$2
·:;14-
,,09~
.. 3A5
'1
2.. 66
1.. 2~
1.. ~1
4'
.1'5
.~
.• 1~
1 2.;8,
S'·2 2.1'0
1.~
• .51J.
11
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.. oa6
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h6G
.. ,51
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416
.7/IJ7
Sf",
r
I
li1Z
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N..P.~
\l'Qtal, :N
{s
111eo
:w.
~. ~t~:i,a1.
$
0
IS
~~l
l~!l;;$'~
W~U,~$
ll;s
m.
she;wl~t#e 9~~ w5-t;h ~1~ &1;
1h~ fd.~~t
bl' tlt~ lIfl'? l.$vel~$$'~
trtlll ~.~~Ji!
tlll$NQ
82
171
tUla ll1
a~ tlJ,$ ~1 ~l e.r~ l;)~1~ t.b;ose
lit$, al:)p,n:s$qt;l;el$~$
Pt
~e N2 ~ litp~~~$ '~.:a; ~ ~. ~~ 11
j~l)'i1l¥asea ~ 1;lm: tt~.
l' ~th*~
~~Mt1Q-n of
lilUl~ is-sa ~~.~~ c:>'f ~ in~~!i1I in·~ ~tii~.
~)?ar1; ~~ .~.
th~~
if;f1
~. Jjf2l~el$ ~1!$V$ ~owtn
i$
~h~,iJ
is Xl9.' m!'~~ tt:~~.~ ;pro~:i.n~~$~~a~W1~ th~a~d1.t* trl:
~~Sm.'fQr~l~..
" ~~ isa ~~~ taU .~ ~.f;,,:Nat i;h~.·m~ ~~a I;; ~~l.$vd;tb
'ii.b~
aliiiUon ''O'l.
~~.
wQr~~ ~~Q~~e
of
.~ ~ t1iQl'];$~tti$n~$.ji~'~~ ·lilt~ ~
~tal.
N at
_,s~
''he;
~~gen J.~l$~ th~
mG~tll~k~~~~~wi:th. ~~tl9tt ~<~~J~~
'~~.tal.. S _:r~.~Hi$ 4$.tl~ n1,,~g~n~~v~5;,$.~1~~. ~~. ' .th:tn
~ch T~tr~tJt- :l.<llW.~ .~.~.
S ~~~$U !$$_~~~l~~l .~~. m$~..
~$$ ~~t$, 4~~~~~~~~Y a~tb:~~~~n't\l~l .~$'.~:4$m,t
bttt ~;~~,,~. '\iIl'~iIh ~:pmxP $.~.ttQ;~\i;..
wed.U:~e4
by
.~·th $j;~l~ .l~el.$w$~ltei.l\q
ntt.wo,~ i\l.d~ti((il~",
fJ. ~gh'~~~g;1ng ~ t'h ~i.:tt:Qgen :a~l t11')~~~C)'.r~~Q S. ~~S
i\l.t $aoh n1twog@ le.'Vel
~a'$f);~ a~~m~ as a
~. ~1
total.
lf2
~th th~
%.Qt ~ta:l $
~a ~J 1$~l;~"
~t 'ji)~
addi t10:£l
t:her sa.me'
~ ~l:plm:'"
~ ~$
S
aatlJ~ sUll'hw;"l$ve:l, ~ l,"';!;\isoo ~t
A,$.. ~te~:r~ ~~~$~
1'~Ik'J,
(i:lrg_~
tll1$
as
'<)1;
!>m!!lln~~ :fit
c~a, imU:~I1),tt.'ila l4l&l\';
.Of'
a$$Q~~~
~e~t$.
~il'i'~
S tttiU$a,"on ifi(.
"
~
9.~·)!JI
S
'lI:~~
tt'W2:
i\l.$
l!}l:lM'~t'by .~bll$~~tel.0'V~ ~wt'l4
'.
i~FEI$$:lPJJ.
JH#'
5.;54
$.~
N~$
~1!li .~ ·ii\·~~ver ~' mt~r ~&"~tion 11$ ~$
a
d~~~n
w.tth th~ :l~~:rel:l.$eQ nitt'6g~ l;~v~ls$ :i,:l1d.',i~~i!l.y ;i.M1(l;$.i;~ tbat ~pl1t\:1r
"I1~t:lO~ ;bil~$a_ a~ ~ 1~$X' ;n1_~~X1:L~:l."
S1~«:tW$
.a
a~.~liI~~~< ~~.a;l!}"'~~Q$.l,$"'i$:l ~~~~m_~~
$.v.a~j:l~~i\i1:t;r.~-t. ··l~~~~$:. l~V'e~$..
1'J:~ 1.$ ·e~.i'l1· ~l.e
:s~~~~it~~t~lf~a{;l~ ~odi;;t.~tt~l'l El;t th\$};Wo ~'N11~nls
~<!$l$d;~~~:tQ~r;p.rpd1ltQtiQn!i
a$
~.l$Z'~i$ .~ l'l'laItlf;~ ~p 1,.~(l\'~1f$r
$?;l:'~~~!t.~~:,.~~ ~.,N,2~~' l.e~l~ tQt~~$$ .~~9ti:'h~~~lltt the ~o
~J1:t.~~1~.~$ $.Q:atn~l~te~til:d:eqtl.~t~$tll~ ·~~·.~n~·trQg~
l~el~~~~~ ~t ,~S.~al~~
tor
~~lov..
ts
~~~$ .~
at
1
..,?O
'f'
a
. (.A:
:11
j
ale
.30
.ap
.$1
1.08 1,.$8
.4$
.8;
.661.4,1
1.66
.2'
.,?
.1$
.69 1.40 1"a6
.65
.,~
.$7
tSlS
1.65
lAme .12
GO:r.\~l
1,
1,.87
Dl71lJlatt~ p~et1Qn on th~ ~~_b~ ,so:t,:L Wli\.1ll :i,li~t1~tly
ll;t~ "~
tba t
of!
:pt'od;tt<rtii,on on the
U;nl@:bad ng, ~k;ed. ~~t <m
tlleit.:isiw:'bed...
'U3ldi$-m*,~soU..
ana~~ 'aaso· ~«t:'~$~;P~Q~i€ln
On
1ihatot
1ih$1~
d,istkW"d.
the iJlll~. '
~;11;
N::i:~o.sen
_$
l'here
at
~ ~:rJIOnee ,~ ni:tr>oS_~
ea~h ~troge,n l~el,.
t1t'1' .matter prowot!;!':!n _$ beJ,ow
andsulp.
ag~:1.n i;nQre~eQ. p:roduetion.
OQ)1siClel"ation c.>:f1;he .soil plxY'lll~l ~l1d:tt1~nlif of the eX,f?~~en.t
l~$
to the oonclus;i.(>u tl'lat this
tbe i!'*ell'd dry _t~
taotor~d.
~ct;1onw.tth
~ ~1;ly halt
no $ltect
QX).
the
have
play~ mpari';
1n
d:l.$~bed.$Q:U.
~$~
the
~duction
01
ni~gen and. ~~~
Sulph!;w ~tes 'l'rial~
!'hett-i$l.was d$signea. 1;c) find t.he
$;P~M2lphtu:' l~el fo~ fiI.
~ar~~~mb$;en level~as~,b~ tb(\!: ~t1~s ,Q't,~ $
1ntfi'a;(,tt:!~
held..
::.l::aCC~Sl;$.t ~eStll,ts '~d
I
N/S
the:vi"esu,l:Ps (,j:f'l;heQth.tW
Wi'~, ~d ~ ~ ~~t'that. the niiW0$j:m level qhosen:! su1~
ha4tl.t:i1iileor
~Qe£teQt~
:the only l)~lI:~~$s j.n pl~t ~$$ti.on W~ ~ $:tt~lJ.t
in~~se ~•.t;o.tal..$ . .~. ('j;Vgwo
l~~
S and, a· ~~~s~in tb.ettno~~~s
e.sthe q~ level wa~t'ais~.
~~ ~~tf/)t
t'h1$_.W
Qa't;'t~e a.t~l
1n th$
;p~rtiot! rst'Q;t'~~ S ~jcto~ S~
~~a:t~$ ad.$~~ ~:phtt'\:'even
3>.14
~
!ibtal S
at
·~T.t~;>.t$J;'
~g~.
s
the
07:'s" S
1.. 55
.700
.01$
..6a2
1.. ~
",80;
.0.20
.78;
1.3'1
.8'5
.. ~
"f34,SI
1~.4l$
.na
.~51
.121
1~36
.. ,18
.O,~
.866
1 ..it6
.. 900
.0,58
.~
1hi$
1d,~g~
le'wel
DlOOUSS:rO!f
1Yhe
overa1l~tet:t Qf'
ngetation at Mt Solntts
awly:1.ng
nt:t:~~g-en ~nd. $Ul;phl~ to·
to o'bta:.bl h.:;t,g'h1l sigm1f'tcant respO%lstls
Wt:H!1
to· n:i trogen$ sulpllW:' and. an wjS in~ction.\O
s.ho~
$.il..
thE>
Intere.otion a:na.lysil'l!
highlya:t[sn:l:l."1-ce.n"t ll.nef>..,1,' N :!:'esp6nse [;tn(it ·Z::.or;,h lUles..%.' l3.!vJ.,
sligh:l'iL.~l~)ii#:.·
n.1. trogl1m applied1\>
rf;:i,gh1y signit"ieant rt)s;p0nSElI3 to :rut tl"'Og$l'l 'We:l:'e ~ at the autwrID.
proo.~~b
first
t;hit:d ~I,tt~
ilhe
la t.te:.t"(l~ld
cr·
ef'teet of:tog on
m'1d
$~tiea;nt :f'e$~tl
seeolld,c!.itts and a
mlVtl
been
&'le
w
at the
the $e~j,$~ Sr,'t'Owth
' .........-.-._.__...., ......... .
d.int"!::Ql,t ·tiol}. :in available n1. t'l'Oge:m.•
to~\
Sul:phuX' hat!. r.fi~Jl· signi:fioent ei'£eots at the .:f':h"'l'lli1;~ s-eoond and.
th:i,rCl. O>J,1.;s -Mld evidentl,;t was p:f'esernt in SU'£'t'1d.ent
O'l4ts.
lasilOl;mt
Qvel.' these
~eX'e was .~p,pa;f:'ent,l;:r· . t!(;1. ;;l'la:t:l~ed~l~ re$p01.)se :f'l:'$mthe titne
Q;f' ap;pl:t~ation
unt:tl th.a
i.au,v~ lWelirl1±nl;J':(~.:QU'fI ..
1'h.e ~ in'ti'>..;r13-(ltion. was.1:dg;b1y s:r.g:ttifi.e&tl'!.t. t'tt the second cu:t$·
the ~()d of' spring growth and' :it ;fiaat f'aUed to
at the i'll'S'!; al'ld t:b.U'd cuts..
:aut!
of :l'og l"espouse .as this speoies
. nii:wogen and
$Ulpt~
vvould appear
show~
3:eacll
to
t!\i&;niticance
be a retlection
the robst marked
C~1\'iI
to
addition",
The uns~:'f:\yedanzl1ysis of tll$ second
\l:tt.:.1t
indicates a
Mg~y
sigrd£-lqant response to ni:"~g;ell :f'or t'he total Ottt (g1?a.ss + clo~r)
ana. :f!o'l: grass prod;u,ction alone.
1J1~!~ depi~~ed ~~.o.pPO:~~~,.tt'end
and ,vas higher at the 1'10 level.
~!l1e
c1'le.nge1n eloveJ'," with sulpllu.r
leVel 'U."a.$ .in the dj;a-:eotiOll of s:im11ar prodtUirtion a 1;130 and Si and
illOl.~eaSOO;
;response
at iiile
si~tiQa,l!'1t re£Wonse
1:;(;
8 lev&,.
2
:i1ho
.an
~a$s gaV{i;l a ~gbl;r
sup...~ as did tha
·total dry
~t~ (grass 4-
olover.) and this W\:W.ld appear tc i.ndioatil1l that tl1e olol'l1U:' J)Jttd~Uil
at t:h;!.s Cu.t is not SOWQh
d~e
to tn.e
l~.nrel of: ~lr»~
1j),v.ailablEll as
to
the level ox"" physioal (lOlnpet:l t:f,.onn th thl\li g;t"assa~t the h1.gh~ N levelt:h
Ni ~g~:nis haVing
no
_,,",",V
.;,o'._~",~_ . .
$j,gn:1:ti~m.nt
M"£eet
t;;,$
tJ:le th1rd tlUt 'Q'iri th to:tal
~:t$
:ls
~
th~ mark:~tU::r
re:i'ltlllctit1m. of
i .~~c:rea~ clover growth a t t;k~e
lOV,/M' rJ.1tl'Oge!'t lfw~ls QO~~ed ,'\IliJl the la~t C,."Utl'
ha~3:
higlily si,gni:r.:tQo.nt ef£eGt;$ ,v:i."/:;h i;Ott3.J.
a:r-.r
Sttlpblll" is ~t:p.l
m!\
tte:t' ani
m~ftter$ ~t the l:~YS inw:l:'aQt(lQil 1$ r.tots::lgl.'l1ti~'\¥rt as
gl?tttSS dry
at the last ~\t ..
tt would tmlS a,w~a,:r 1;'1;w:t; alWtlgb the ~~$ of: th~ applied t'm?tiliz.ers
on the grass is not so malo'ked as at th.!Ellast
~:phltl:~
a"lro:tl$tble t.f!:fJt' the clover..
~h~ now :;~:~~::a &J~d is l1}~l~~~~y increl~se~
.o.t S2 w:tth
aoo'l1'\i'l "\;hQse o:f 'tihell'.lUillt (jut, :tn,dic&t1,l'JIg fit
~~l:;\SQ~on~~t ~
a
c~t:i tive
~ltlll
of tb.1!;: clover to Si
:t"e$'Jjl~nse
:rhe
·tb.el'e b still
et1tl'l
le$S~l~l
&11 levels~~:~~
effect Qi' tb.e
Pas:ts·.
Clovex' l?ro&1et;ton at the So level feU, \'1f1t'b, niwQgen addit:tQXl$
p1"o'ba'bly u"id.eiQ
g:ras~ ~o~eti tiQ:1Il,.,
l?;t,~ct1(l)n
at
tl~ ~a.
tl:~$sec~
cu.t wh1.1st
QUt at
i;h(;) $:0
p~ctiGri
wl:\:ilst
tX'Om l)Qt
th.~
xJ,;Ifl,or
u5.al 2)
Data weh as
ah~
*l
good
olov~
~;ph1X'
a $low ni uo.gen
u1p1"01r~
"
inoreaaed
~e:l:·..
ni troge~i~OVel.~ and
to m trog~..
atatta$ to:r tb.$ l?PSS
at tb.e fl:l.'W is adeq1u!tt'e tor thenitrogw. availw.ble,
bl;:d.l'lg
"$
gf'o"%"til at So' lewls
l~.rkli1ld~sporlse
ooggests that th.a
thi~
vW.'!les below that of
1,"0
at tile S1 and 52 leveb
$1$0 ~.h.o\~$Cl.
crop
grel,lll';\
litlve1
A later pot trial. (UtiUs!iJ.'l;1o;n (It'
over that ,\;$.t tbe second. QIlt...
S'ullih~;tr.'
1"nere -v.-as a maJ."l::ea. tall in elover
tl~e ma;jJl, f'aQto~
InC1I'$ased I!.lttl.phiU:' is needed Vii. tb.
t".1Ul.'~edly
im.p1"0Ved'i. 41oye:r
~~ct1on
can
dbi;ait!e<'il.1ll1ith .;i;:tlC'rea~~ Sl.itph1.u."~
O'Oo~l'
1959 ill
a.tt~
at Castle Hill
:e:.u~;,tl'l, Can_~sl;tggestecJL
that the basal dressing (ill this case SlI p~ K a1ld. :w~) d:i1"eetl,y ir.v:~r_sed
~ss prQa.':toti~'bydrawil:lg M aVa,ilai:;jle sO'il ni tr'OS~'h
l\[t
So~rs
&1,:;&0 ;indicates a:\lil1c.:reiEU::le in g:r£?l.'SS ,l;We&.tction at the No
level (lJJ.e to sulplmr$ al tl:'iough U ea(:jlh
Si.
1I1brk at
T'1ll~ r~s~s('!!
1ntiireetly lin.1r.ed
OQm":i~ tion
to
S!~lr.~r
'V;:i,.-f;;h
cou,ld
#ea:oo:r
~I
case~ ,t.h~
52 level ;i.s lesS
a d.lr$o·t gt'asa
~,mla.b;i.1i.ty
of' 1:,'he la:tter point was not
(It'
1$J)i1
gain~
~
l.~~$pons~ Ol~
ni tr:'Ogen ..
12iy a su'bsl~tMi)nt JPot
trial (m;~~,U,zation o:t~tml~) !MthQU~Y.b, ~. $ ~:r.·k (1960)
I
V'ialki$l" et al.. 1956 :found a lna.r~ed. flatte:1/ing {!)f' th\\'P:t;~spQ:tl$~ QU~
l
of grass + clQmr at .50 lb13 of oaS0 . I acr~ (10 111$ $ ~qu1val~nt) <i>
4
CO.l'1n,~
the soils of: thew 't;;;"ial a.nd. this tm,al, tJ solls
'\l~%'e ll~l'
in total ~l i) el:'~amQ C IiUld total S~
:i!£Wke£1ily lowe;t"
ot
a
80S
w~et'he
high~ 1;IU::t~
Con~.:t"8.. ti~
C/s and.
sm..tus
~
N/S
The
oft!
Mt Somers
l."Ia tio 1i~.S
Thus $ th~ soil$ ~
.l"'<il. tios..
those in the·
lEt t
Ba$~d.a ~r,g;~ ..
pl'1Pduction at th.e No level :for a:im11aw
l~ls
of
Sl;11p.b.u,x' Was! ...
~te
S
o lbs
in Seqp,iv~ atN$
J~
10 lbs
lbs
4.0
b08
708
'Si'
1231
15lW+
8'3
1839
2302
0 lbs
10
~ba
.50 11:>8
8~6
1242
1692
~ss
2001
29.38
3565
:row
2897
~1eo
5251
O:tover.
,
l'io 'OOta;niQal <l.U'lal..V'Si.s is given foX' the P..abJ.a Gorge site bl;tt
personal obseJ:"'tration
WO'ltld
i:ts lllOrC deplf:tedooveJ;'
sttggest that iihf$: e.):'OWth of bit site &te ;;-0
ana more advet~'se~lim!;::'tic
'would. be less 'I:;ha.fi tha tof' l\tt Somer$ ~
higher g!"ass
p:r:'Od.tteti~
ot fog present in the
a tl<!t
uso be
th~ ~~a:ter
~'lis in i~$~ is
$1.te1:.o sulpllur add.i.tion was
'Wlll$
l~ss
the
mat'ked a,$.a
eaJ'59
at
:p~ente..ge
thep~ia
2!Xllount
an indicatiCizj.
?1\e X'es;pQ:nse of' clover on the lldt
of hig,ber. :fertili ty$ta, tue..
at oon:b:rollevels ll t1:ln.n
A faotor in the markedly
Sor~s ~ould,
native sward..
si~a tion
of'
~e
l?rod;Il~t:t.o:n
Gol:'ge..
Walker et al .. 19,56f'<:AAnii a ~ r~overy of' tl~ til.j?,plied $Ul.phu.r at
10.. 5 los of S / 'ao;!;'e and. lesser :r!f{¥f;o~y at h1gh~ lew<1l1s",
fQ'SW y~ per10d WaU:er and Ad/LITIS 1958 reoo'V'ery
and
?IJ% tw: 40 11Js ot S..
'\ia.S
80% t'or
Over a
if)., lbsS
'l'he recowry at 'Mt Some:rs ~s slightly
hi~h0r,ll.
but oCO'#l"~
;in
~tt"Qge~'l
tne assooia tea. higher
t:t'i~l
In. the
at
a!oo'ch ~t~ time l?er~~oa. pI'o'Qa'bly dUe W
lewls
'J;~$edll
r{,a~1a· (~ge.~ ma:rk~d.
~$ot$
res;l.itJllal
ot
~
s,uphur "W«recibtafb:l~ ('Wal~ ,and M.~~1$ 19.58) tom:- ~ars$Ub$.equli!ll'lt
tc> the lajl"inSS dmm
():t~ t:be~.
r-n
that ~j) .Py the t~t1'). ~~J
leNl$~
gra,ss ;lproQ.u,otio.tl. . s still :1ncraaaing at ul sul!>w,r
p1;'oQuotion l"t..a.d.
stabil;i~ed t'!.t
the So level;, hilt 1f'I'a1S falling at the
o~
sulpm:wlwels.
at Mt
S6m.~s ~la. l;x!;l ~J?ellltflld,
Ao~ison
re·sidUlill. ef'teats! G)f'
~o.rat
lit SollWra
o~ble :m:t;)~rial
~:~th,e
lev'el$
bt3~_ ~
No lev<e:l;l
a muQ!l, greater x-espo:r.I.I'J-l/ll to
oo.t 'WCIIlld 'be
had a nu,oh iF'oo ter
~teot
~li~O$~
trial
et
gra$s produc,tion t.Q
at the
~~Valliim..t
:Ni ievel (4,O:l.b~ N a,it }~t Sorners0!50 lps t1.t RaWa G<.w(.~e)..
sl~wea
$ll.:p~
at tb.e $2 le'if€ll.
~,<la1"'$1$l.51 ~a .thatat Mt$o~s $.l;'1lJW$
Walke;t' il.Ule!
be
~e olily ll~ked
01
Qlov~'
at MtSO.lUei'$(i
The gl,·~.ss
SulpbLw
on gpss J'x-od:u\l1$3.on atMt So_rs than <it t
'the ]~ia GI:):r-g@\Ii
At 'both sites; olo1f1$;t'
sa,m~
~d1J.(rtioll ~s d~~ss~d.
extent Gae to nl. trog..
m!Jt:li.'k~y, l~,ghe't'at
i;;be Mt;
01.oveJ': 3?4?Oti,U.(;rtion at
S~s
siteAl
In.c~e$
~.
mon iw the
't.;he
W
So
l.ev~l 'WaS
sul~
wat'e
_ _ ~."_~~." ...n.~"-___ ""'''''''·'~'''''~''''''''''''''''·<"->'''''''~'''''·''·'''''''''~·'''~·''
pbtainfid at eMl1 site" but the increase 1~ liWJ?~eiUy ~oo,.~:'l;' l:'1l.t the
lm,kaia Go:rge,.
Mt
$Om$r$
~:La Go;r~e
(~ ~a 3rd ~ts)
No
g;5~
Ni
1Q$50~
S
~
8
1
12~71(j ~
~,,514
1
12;88;
No
3~8.;lO
4",6~
:Ni
2~8'21i
'if2!iO
So
h5lJ-O
3iO
Si
2#~'5
1;i?5iO
Ni~g~
av~ging
.88% tor
\i~
su.ggel!l~d
2"
Ni, and. 4.5% for N
and !dams obts.;tned only
thi$e~ld.b\".l
that
the ~!I>
~J lev~l.s,
reoovery at :Mt $Qnw:tt:"s.s
high at b0tl'l.
.
due 1»
or niwoge'1:l. ru'lI.\f1
l~ ~"$OOVI.illt':t~$
th~
W$r'io;t' speoies
~~il!lil'lg
?:'he l'r1gherl'SOdvery at Mt f::'oQn'tel.~sQQlild 'be due ~
$.
S:t"t\1ater
Ji'11'OJ?O:.rtion of fog intbe ~$' 1i'ItleX'$9.s t:bere is no men:!:liQrI; of't'Qg
:i;n
th<&
trial,.
~..ka.1a <ktr~
l1ota.n:1~1l O~e ..
~e 1~
$1 t~ trial a. t lit Someri!i besidessivins a meaw;reot
dry mat.ter r"~$$ tonitt>ogo!:t :£\I!,d stll~
~f;f~«n~ ~oie$
$~sonal
$"esp,c:mse
aooo~
U$O €$av~
to. _
a p'ic~ 'Of'
t1.m.eof a;pplica t$..on
~
m'li:U'lgo as iikl.e specle.s period. Qf gl"Owth V~ll'i~,*
~ p:t"el~ ~t,.
. A.t the
Q_G.
$ $ SU~Qr
_$
disl'laoed by S ... V. at the Ni lml lliU'ld f'o,g
respOxlse w.L tllSulphu.t:' at
. The aUti:ml:n
shQw~
at the
l~Q lwal~
the mQst ma:rkf$d
t'b~ l\f~level"
pral~t'y
(jut $.'b.owed a:n incroose in the :propo:ll'tiQrt
of sweet'll&"'.Pal and :fog re.spl1lcvlvely at t:he Ni am. NZ level!ii1l1 :£,~~ ~~.
~ t- ~ t ,~s
!Sow
("i:~minant
ove:r ,S",V"
The first rut follQ"Wea
l-i.zleval",
$:l; th.o
th~ l?a~rn
of the
indie.e,'tetll the efl'ect of win:oor conditions on dry
att.~ ,PJ:'~out
mattw-
1l'de ftS red.uced at the l~(.1 m'ld "1 lE1V',(lll!1l and. inorea$~
I'fowevor" the trend
oP,pOstte :1,£ tb_e :plots
Wltl.a
It
'\td:l.'tt$r and. a m'lS'ked. kill1ng ot :t6g took place.
tlW!.i;t'og had
e~.au$ted.
its
;t"e$~a ~.it$
a.:tt
We:t"(!I
law
bttt
~dAA.Qt;;i.on.
a.t theN2
lEilvel ..
:Pt'io~ ~the
would thts :aW6$,z;"
autu.nm.:t:·e$~$e.
As, the· swru;'d ~ ~ to fog at h"lgh ~ trogen levelsl'w'l;l$6quent
lack of ~gt'Pwth dter al,l;~l ~z1nif; "Ylrould.
:t'h/lll second. /ut indicated the
//
:No tU'.ld
:Ni
:""els.SeV,;
~'!rer~ :l,no.~$ed:
ind~AJa ted ;:i;ts
:m.."IJ:'ka4I!1P~~
lit
v~ Qper'lS~..
:flu.sh
ot: S,,'\],..
&lso ;!:'Ose rot!U:'ltedlya.t the N SIJ:;
markeQly with
laQk of
lea...re
2
~:tlr~
co~et1 tiTe
at the Na
Q't;
lenl"
l~el..
the
l''bg
0,.(#.
abs"l;l. toy at tb;tsl'.rl;.$ge in tl:w:t; :i.'t$
o:tU.y :marked.. ~swnl3e VlIaS at the.N levol·.~ere :pre~b1Y ao'fGi$·m. ~l'iJ)gert
2
,and sul.:r>.hurwere
a~:lll'~.'bl$ ..
lO;tom'lOr19.5$l t"Q'U.Pd at
in the p;resence t::t.r
that this
sx,;e:Q.:1~s
~s
a
:arol:l;~
m trogen
:retl~tlQn
:Rivali' an iin(ll';'$ate:le
:Brow.nt<:O,p
Md. the ~b$~~~o£' st;~l,Phul' ~ lBUggea1:\llid
e'f the
abilit,y ot t'h:.is
$U.~~~ ~.tit1've
.~~ ~$ent
for sul:p,bur.
m
w~e$tsthat
wo:rk
t1"),~
auch iiEl
<Jiase in, ~li$ t:t-ial" ~t S.. V.. res:pends to ~i,~gen .m9'rOll !rl$;:t'~edly ~
l:lrO'V'$1t;ol' Ul;lU$r the Mr~ oonditiQns"
whe:re th,ere :1.s l:d tt'~e,n
ou't the ~1!il:POOSI$ is
~t0:p ~$pOMS '00 $U;l:~
sl'ld sulp~
10$$
tX?'W. tl1a t
avaUable
et s .. V~
OO~Jl ~sat
'~e
tbk)
res.pQn,se of
~12 l~l,
b;r©'\lm~p
noted ?, t Broif;ell :ru.,11'~ coull t.taVe been dUe to the. gl7~ texjamt ot this
~E.%'l; i;;!n.e,nt
ai.:tf'ereneI$'S levelled 00;1; at the thiN
$" iT" wt\;re i3.lLminilSh$\d
l~l$
'the
1n responi$e.
Cl).
~d
tooMl tog
O.G.. wa$ 11Ucll ;l.nc:reased at
l~:r
N
at this QU,t butws.$ $t111 :tnt'erior to the o.'tlbex' two $pet:!$am
pre~\'iince of:. $u1:plml~.
(lons:tdi.\'il~·~~O;n of' ~ .da:l;a_Stt~es1;$
d~efLde!ll,t :lOO!"~c ~'~~~i~ts
that
1ih~ 11fta:~~
11,ot utilized by f;he fog aJld ·S."!iT"
the i\V~ :tez,·tllity ra:l'4.llg of' th~ sJ?~~U$ :.Ls likely
.
w nit:rogen enc.1.
'Of ().. G.. ii$
$1).lphtr ;witllout
w
be fog;
'
SQ
.,...:p> s" ir. ~
c1i;efer~rttt.u ~~son~l speoi~s
$~V. is sttperior to fog allCi; O.G. in tUl."l'l at ~. 1i'o lwel",
tbai;
0 .. 1):..
r$S)?Onse.
·1'he
~ueUon of all fiOpeoies is im'}l:'ea~d at i'-he. N " l~l with to,mon
1
tnc:reaaeeJ,. as the sulphur le11'eli$ ra,iseet.
At the Na le;t;~, S .. V. i~
mal"kedlJr a'hove fog at N:a'So~ btlt ;f~g MSe:rtS
sulphur level is
!~'2
~tsed..
:fbe
reSJ)~I?Iii
ill.
m:t'~ed auper10rii ty as tb.a
of: S. V.. -to
~::phu;il1'
at the
level is indiea tive of' the l'l'W.rked COl!ll@liiiti t~ .0£ 1:<>$ as the~tl:~
level is
~sed..
O.G.,. ~pt.N'S some sul:pl-mr response, bu;t b$:10W tMt O't
the other t.vo speoies ..
·:t'hilll slJecies r$sptJnse is thus s:Ur.tlal:' to
~eept
t'i'ia t t'hesltpedori t;r at
S~ V.. ;ts
tl~seaso~
more :tWiiltl<:ei/. a't itle
rellU;>O»:1$O
1I{;,~ l~vel~
,
.
3 2 ,ga'!r® *.t(1<3;i t1onel. et"t:ootlll..
tc~.
:L"esl)Cnae
in 'Phi!ii
su.lp1l1.:/.;t'
1ib~ ~t.
~gg:elit
c~xld
1;!lU~~stOO.. th~~rt
It is
hsova been
t~e '~ $,
OiJh1$l1" ·a$~ti01'l.S
tha:b adeqpaw
~t;nC' ~$aibili
.
x'or, th~ :N1 l~'V'ell1l 'bi;d;;
"iJalS adegp.ai~
Tll,$ Si lllif\1'el
1llUl~
t.v '\W.'U3
$I.t the l'r2 level p
th$ :taU iU
diminutieR :i.;a !'4:i. ~gen
:p:'~101l'l!Ily
mentioned. also
was still ];;oc"esent at tibiS etlt.
that (l,tn. a species 'basis, tJ.1a1"e was
cA
i!!I. mo:r-6
at the 13 2 llillvel tf:~ was, the ~a$e mth S.V~ at w
S1 leV'li:l\.1 wet as :fog; ga:ve a markedreaponse to ~.i.'t~"Og;eJl1. e>.nd sul~ ~
lmwk~ ~
o~d
th11'!1
Oz~·
a
iOOica'te
o'i.'
;l;"'qg;
have given t11e
l~Ql.io
l'!Ioi1
t.beoh~e
~ket1d.eGre$l,ae
ir~ :I:~\lffl
:in native
$ou:th
~j'ales,
paa~
~t'.he na.t:tve~ge_ti(m (ilom~'il'!l~
wit.h,
op~
an
in rel'!lj?Onae to wlp_.
t'O:fla.lit aM, WilU~il$ 1'~
al;!l.~;t~~te
adrlit1on ..
\\lr!:;a.nd o:t pO'Jf;'aIlnial
rye,p$$e$~
m!l.~~' ~t;ho~a~ ,~iwm ~d ~O~~!l W'itha ~ de~e t1t
I
invasiQn "by m~'!lQed amm.als~~h ~a ~A blV)_i~«t.~ 1)
oal;:m?l?ht:~' ea. ,
Aira
~~jtn~,s
~;:"",p.ul?:t~..
the
~..$se
])QOX' l'll.1l tE:lililin,t
"
•.
'¥'lJ<$:l,'e
hora'~~l
~i'.....~
ea1'llpe$~1I
~~.
. e.,.fo
":- .. ".'R""i7
. ",.",'
'lJ:>4toliu:!l;,l1tloi!t$'rat<:ullj
~~,(I(~~t~.'ll)'=tT~
:l..nvaders
!£!'!Vl;t!
_
<i.ihrto~$lJl'
li,m:Lted it1 t!:le1l' growth by
s.ta.'W.s",
,The intt'Q~~.()t:t(Xi1 ot" su;bten'.an~@. ol!;.)"!}'er w1t.hw~s~t.e
:Uli t~tesa
sera wltieh i'l,nal;ty .I~mU.ts in ac~leteohange inswa::t'd
OOXl1:JilQs1 'l:;1on.
As thed.e:n:;~1,t1' ~d vJ,g1.mW of' t.,~e e:;t;(l\tw iUl~J;-ea~$~ th~
l'1ai:b'~a;pecies ~e elimina.~
~-lYl
as t'be soU
Poo.'~al$
tert~.l;1. ty
.appeuand
aoo
statu.s
~bt~anean elov~r he~en~s Q.o~til
ga$se$
t"lS6I'J*,
~ olovel:'i~ ~u.oed
"'iJl.t~ t.n.')J.;£l lla t:i;V6
;f;rom f'ttl1
iil)~ee ..
'riv~~ eM CrQoher (J'~ tWit, ~s .. Soe;.,~~291l' 1951) give a more
d.e~i.loo.
Q<.rn:uuoal aQoount. of oh,~a~
.A Mar,\t'O~l"i;$t1c f~tttl:"e
the improved fer1;il.it;r.iS: t11e :relatiwl;v'
s~eies a..n,d,
these are :particularly
~ ~b~
S~$;t t"1.ve
rtf·
toolit\'!a t.;to
di±'!~t
f'lu.e~ tion"
This inwtab:i.lity neoesf;1Iitates tlte mt:roduotit;)nof' a
per~~
~!~~.
t'a~ll!\
Similar e1iang4i1Js
i;et~ :plac~
ttnder hill).l.er
fog becomes a CQmmon.oon/ati 'tuen1.; el1.8,. it
of
.$u.ch as
_t
~r$i~ts ll~er l'~11":ti1.re11 lPW
'l:he trlal.$ at lfLt
~l:'S :i.naiu'1l:I,;~
m.trog~
tothes$ take place wi. th
ox' the hisller
£e~tUit,y die~
"t'llat similar 'bo'~~ on~es
i!l.lld sulphu.r ,ad,tli t;io:n :it:t 'Ilh,a direot.i.Q:r.l.
Th$
£'0;.
Qh~e
tG the applied mtrogen eJ!id. a,ppoowsto be ra:p1d
~
would, 'be moll grea.tw e .. g. winter
O·COl'l!!.OX'
:!L ts
kUl~
Qf'
tbi$
WQll,la ~
of tl1lg.
195' Sl)tggesteilL th&..t tt:!;ll olimatic pobt,ital
ltt. tb.e ab(Seml$
trend
seasoml \'illtteQts. :U!ClQll;Junot:Lon
achieved at Oa$tle Ri.ll&.sm without the add.itit)Dot
ni'trog~..
ao~
UtldQU~t$dl:Y't;ret,l,a.s
du,e to low nit:I:'ogen nsidu.al ei'.fect$l",
dif,ferent under graz:i.ng, 'bl,tt
~A
is! ~pid. due
~md
W.t.t1lWt olQver
',\)~Ll;lnQt
t·~t11;1,$,'i~
G~S~,
lijit ~rs tt'~,al$ suggel3t tJlat the sulpml.'" sts:ms is! adequattil for: the
nri..:t!.~gen
ot
a'va$.l.;;\\.'ble asnd. eve;J.'l, witl;! Glover
wl~r
sk..twld 'be
aae~w
for
Consid~a.bly b.igh~~ ~('!t:io:n
OVet'g~li ~
~s and. clw~ ~d;u(lition..
oould be obta:l1!l.e(iwith n.1.t3:'ogen $oddi ti(:!:t1 1
hu. et might require a slightly higher lwel of' eulpbw:'.
of thi\1l sUlpM:%' level :ba
'f,l$;;l,;\1g
10W\')X' level
Sl.l.ggeg~
by
the sulphm.-
mt~lil
:t'he
ade~aoy
pot trila.l
wh.Elr>i1
--- ..-"..• ".---.~»"~~"',...,'.~'-"" .•"'"•. ~"-- .......... ""~........."""''''.''''''''''-,... ,"".......,..",.,
ni ~ge:n at 100 lbs N/acrlS ; th~ l"el. of sul~ 'Us«! had ~
little
~ff~ct()tl
.d.'t7 :rJ.*tte~ pri'duction.
--
Ohemicai-~sition Mt Som~rs.
Total Ni:nf.:ll~eMed. 1111 th m('!X'aa.sed .;ni troge:r;t ana. wlphutr lw.d i t.s
most marked effeots at the N2
l~elJl whe:r6
it d:eoreasoo. m.t;tQgen
}?woenmge, this 'being dne tQ. a Wuti<m effect
.dry
oe~siM~
by inOX'aa,tled
m.a.tter.
;p,ro'tein N
%for.med
a highe:r perGente,ge at tllelW',2. level!) bUt
show-ed littleemu::lge ",'!ith wlpl:n:w addition..
N.l?.. :N h<:Wl~~" ms
markedly increased. at the 1ff',2.S0 level and. de.e;t'eased as sw.:pb;tr was
ad.ded"
As total :Ill :fell at th'i'.ll N2 level Wit."1.au.:tplmr addit10n and
;protein N ~1ned e~i;;ant, iihe prot('>:tn N/toW N ratio :Ul~easea.",
Total S
sho\V~
slightly \'Idthin.
~cb
:no
~ked
change mtl'1 N aetdition lbut
m.trogen level '@;"1 th
toll*lwed.a. sim:Ua.r .pattem 1 rut
mllpl:nitr addit1o:o...
~kedly inc~sed
~reased
InQrgan:ic S
With~~
~it;'i,()l1<"
s:
Owga.nio
~ed,
~eaS(;ld.
l!1lll'lfeljj
organia S
atthe11 ;Level 10\.11(1 'w-;i i.lbin!ll}!iloh nitrc>s,en
2
a$ thl(;i m~l,;plm.r l$V~ ~~ M~.
At eaeh~lle\i'el$t
d:eo:r.l?.as~d
as
adpi'.!W? ltW1!il
t'b!$
~:$ l't4s~.
~:d.$ i!.~ tJl~
o;P,rlOsite trend to pro·~ed.n }~/tot<-u N ra"i.';ioe $agt,~e$tingt.i.q,. t th.e inOl"$$.s®
wi t.'h N
+ S ad.dit,io:tl is
l~e$ulta
As
wl~
~stly:i;n
prote1!t N.
of' Walk$:' ~ A~
t'hdl:'
~l."
~se ~e
1958 to:!.;"
~c;rte:tu Jijorrgalld'O
the
S :t"atios
ewu-tZ' ..
oj~
the $.[;;
SQ~'e
data Z"t'ij,ma1ned. stea.dy 1jvh~aa:,s tM total. N/tGtal S rati~ W<111\ ~,ea
by s'{1l~ application,.
i.ri~$ :px'O~~ ~VOl"gan;t~ S
In this
wwe :ml!!.chh:l..gb.e3."at tlhe~:a tl'l<l.\tt SIt lo~r fit
l6V$l.s,
as 'W~1!1l
ratios
wW liT/a
ra t1QS~ '!fhis ag$.in a~'s 'W ind.;1.cs:t;e more ~1~ ~tteete o£ ni t.1:'ogm; ..
T!'lS :ma::i.n. cnl:lngeil "i'4tlich a:ppooJ::' to t?...ke p.:t.ace $I.t the ~12 level wl th
sulplm.r ,!;I.M.ii.1.,Q~
\ftw
r.rj,'S
/
a:re~...
'
!Nteil'l N'
I
/
r~ tic ~~:r.eases
ra~:itttal
ft!te.....~
'
the £1.bsclut6
~mt
wh;U$t ;prrote;ln l~va,luEta :have
i;() \~ter
;rJ,ela:l\~i.gtm'es
anda:2
eend,itiOtLs
1'11:tzwor s,Peci.ee
lavel..
~l$, i;;c,glil.n
The
sul:phtU~
P~$@:!lCG
fh
of: :r;Wo.tei,n as dry rlJat.~ hf.aii!\ ine1"~$~
yield
WIi't$
r.u~ cI..'m,SUlt¥i:,iI;;ion
:markedly..
!:!:lA~~P
in. mtt'o~en
No 6'%, :N 66% ~'ll1a 1~~ 5&;&"
1
$~aOl1..'V.,
$;Llp~ :l..UC1"ii$t'tsed ¥dtroi~
$1
O'.I?g~de
TJ:lf;!e.ff'e!;rt ~ th;il1;l 1$
l"ll'ili'l.'1l.lned Cbnata,nt~
~i:tr$gen i~ased. mtt'o~~
y;telli (V;1.e
does
and thi$,~'lll$e is a ~ql!ence. ~the tl~~,~
:i.n I~.P.l'il ~~.a, ,~, in~ag$ ;1;l7!.. :inQl"~~ su:L2?~:;:'~
Winc¥'.~e
,a~
N1tl'1:)gen
Wlf:.wnges"
yield. w.i.th little dif';!;'erence
be_~i'<
indicai;ing tl:J.e I.'l.d"~'t~aey of: t,lle lo~yer Sl;11pw.:t'
ctr tag 13ad a
r~B::ed
Wll1e;nce
01'1
t.he e:ff'$ct et'
on ni trog~ ylel.d..
Sul;;pht:r.- i:nQ~s~ sul~ ,:violet, the most _~~k~.X'es~~(\ ~~~~
'~-,-
...
wl.'l11:ln tog marl{follld.1y resrJQnd;ed..
,,,""'''l'''''''"'''''
.. ,,,,,.,.",,,,,.-_...
.. r." ... ,_,,' ~.
""""".~"",- •."."..
~rM:!e
<-
ni tro,ge.n a.t"'f'ected ~p1lW:' yiellil.~
In Walk;$Z"
~ J\dtm!la
trial 19',8,ni tt'ogen
.dj,d
:i,n<.W~as~
not
l'..i t:t"O$~n. ,-ield. .li'lar.ked~r ~cept a. t .th!el' :N2 l~v!;'!ll (6.Q 1ba N)oi>
~ea$ed ~S$
y:1eld ,'[r.1:thli ttle
~ii
top $:11;f1;
$.:pe.Qi~$ ;"1$;::IpQt1$\1l: ~t;o
:hi~1,$;tgnU1'Q~.tlt
of t.bl;;i Si
lev~l.
$llphur~d. .~
eonUti()n~ and.
FPg
3 .. if.. 'Was nCli'tas.
i~l"~eed
1)n,th
~i$
in
~$ite
~$
site
al~
Wlmtld.
_$
1Im.S
tb.iI:il
lov.re:r in
£el:'tilb~
ett"eoti;"!1e.n~$i$
n$:t;t'og~
al'ld.
ms only halt tha;t
have 'beel1a.tteoted l,">y
ol~tie
soil eOl:lditions pe;rtiell;twlYint:h:e 1Iv:l.n.terll
'trms ptU'tiOl.tluly low a:a.d only ~d. a me.rked
N~ le~l
mwk~
with applied :mlplll.LU"..
m. t-co,gen
taahion.
~
$Upelt'iorl ty ovar
as at the lQoo;:t,'"site.$
at the
wj,t1:ls~l~ $ild1tii:ln. ma:rkedly
the
;i..M!iQ~ tUl,g ~a;Lr.t
mati';$:r ;Y'ield w5,. th ad&;id
~s;ttllU
the
IPa t~ ~
T.M ;n1:W('lg~ reSJ?Qn~ _sl~al'
qUiad:r'atic»
Whe soU at
.r;l'!'P4l~ctio;n
r~Sp<illlSeat
Ughly s1gnit>ioa;n:t; total dt';li.
tOr to@; !M'ld O.. G.
$1~.
et' thel'!Jl.
$.1a.nd.S2
!l11;;t-ogenand SlAplm and the NItS 1nteX'aetion
$!11prilll"~~e
a:na. th.o
~l~
~eirre$pOllse pat~ thus~e~s si,1'l.lilar 1» tli.lat
(, ... 15 .1'0$ $).
~,"lI
di:ft'm,~en<le betwe~n
grass.
1~1
a:nd; N:a lS'q';;:;l$;!> ;prod:!l(rf;iotl. tell
$0 ~:t; the Si lawl..
.ana. it'$$.Pond~
.it.at~iUy
o:r£
O"{;\,,, :act.ad in.
1l"ihere S.. V..
'~l;I
deJ,?;I?$ssecl
l.),}."od;u.Qtion~
Spaced. :Ft.!..ru1·ts.o
'l'he spaced :plants responded. to l'l1tro$en in .tem$ ot' height
til1ering and dl:'y ma1roor yield and
~ t:r'ogen ~
I")ul:phltt" addi tion.
s,b.~
~esp<>n$e
mcreased. cliJ::oy matter
of.' Qtl").er
plot preelu.ded aOCllX'a.te dete;rminationo£ the
he1ght
ana
tillerin>Z"
s~eies
arr"tsot'
'1I'rJ. th.
ill the
sul~
on
Ina,ications ho1Jl1eVer v;rere tba.tsulphur Md an
effeot on height, bu-t no
et,f~t
on tillering.
WOl,'k
by l .. F.. O·,Col'mGl"
at Olil.stle Hill
vtl th EWa.ae
n1~: rut ;in
~t
mat~r
t:he:re was a
f'oUow:~ a.~r tz"e,ru1~
Clook$tOO;:f'og aM $", V~
M':t~t
~k:ea.
in
t:Ul$ri~
mtl:'og~
:l:t is
sho~red
and d.t'y
highly
m~:t;te:r
signi:t~icant
yield.
SQ~·s ..
responses. iiQ
Slltl$'h:ur had a significant
vHith flog dry ~l'latte:t' .;Yield and eoclm£'oot clo$ely a;p:!?X'oaoh$d
!l'l'llltt'e was little efi'eQt of
si,gnii'ioiitnoe..
Showea a highly signl.?icant
signif'i;o,.mt dry ma t~
N/s
sulp.~
on t:i.:Uering..
.re~se ..
a)?pl:i..~ m:tt'o$,en and sdp.b.u" alii prev:;i.ou:;ly
At the
w1 th
l:~~
!U'ld Ni
<It t
le~l$
N*Ii'.lI1'
'\Wa$
teg poas1bly iM.icat:L."'1g tha:t :f"og
lower :f'l'lWtility~levels",
fog
Oocltsf'oot
:i.nterao·tion with til1e:clng and a
;:I:n ahelllict:'l.l eQ11lposi tion.ll th.e specd..e$ $h~ similar e~;es
site.
mcretil,s'Il!..
cOl'llp&ti tiQn by the resid.ent vegetati(m. a.s Judged 'by fJ:J..y
;viela 'Wduld'be mob. less at t1li,s eiw than at:M:t
ni~g~
s~ ~su.l ts
$hawed
wli:;h, nitrogen @d ;increased w.t'th
L'lry matter ;yields
and' sulphur",
~1,
t,ha presenoe ot 25 lo.s
Ee1gb:t;~es we~ ~tet"
nott:ld.
.P~~ eoQkst\$$t
Til1~was not ll.'lEll1'klttQly increased m.th 200 l'Qs N
(pers" oQtmn.)
as
~sin
mentioned
~~,tel,"
uti.liz~
Vi!lJ.ues f'or S .. V~
'illl'el,"®
£01;'
to
tlw liff.t $Qmws
with QCOR:sf'oot than,
nitrogen and. $u1Vh'!:w
slightly abOVe thl,')se
Et t
~
the No OO'ld 1111 levels ~ tu tt'og bad, 17Jl1eh lov\~ values .at I\!2
ir.!.d.i~ t:1;ng ~parior
;);'osponse
ot fog at this
l~vel"
Ciookstqot .sh01.'!elCL the low'est N.. P.11~ val;u,$s with 8 2 a.dd1tion at the
~J2
level.. tolloW$d. by fog and. then S..V.. and tot£.l :t<T",P.. N values X'ollcrw'e!i
this trtal ..
Su±Y'ioient xll.;')ttel'ial was 1'3.ot available i'or $Ulpl'ltu.' andj1$is$
'!he
overall piCltlN of: the triliil inaica ted,Wt't the :f'e':'til:lty ;:rtatus ox' the
species as judged by reSponso to applied. nitrogen and sulpbul' was
s"v"
""4~:f'Og ~dl$cocksfoot~
s~\r.
vias slightly su.;perior at the N1 1(."\I'011)'15.t3.'1 bOth. 3.V .. and :t:'ogabove
cock;sf'oot..
'l?he response ()f
El"v..
and fog
to
No was S:iJJ:lj.la.r.
!lbg and S.. V" 'lJWre similar ~tthe N2 le'Vell} ;f"ogassert:tng
i W W..l:pI..'ll.';tcdt;v 'uMe:r hig.her sul:plltU' fiilondi. tions ana. t~ooks.f'QQ:t w}l~
A i51mil~ pa.t_n :Ls
MOVffl. by 0 ·Oonnq;r. 'Ilili.th
~.~a . ~. in~e~~Yf
~')f}l!"::h (lQ;!l'll:ll,,).
\l"he la tt$'
()l:I.
nttl"0Sl?l'l ~ $fllphu,l"add11i!on
show aa~Cll'
two
COC~oqt ~
.dtW ID$:t;te:r
:re$poU$<.'ll at
tile No l~el..
At theN1 lWel the rat~ ,ta!:tt.,s:tn~rmlil!'
.tW*tQRE9:ll ·:rn.t~di~ and oO$;kst'oQt lJ but ,vj.th thlm app.ltQ.~'4iQn of'
sul:p~$
the t>a'tingoh!:mges. to ®0ksfoQt, ~~$ inerm.1sJ!~.l'lfOn,!tf~~•
.2nd ;Pot
~1al"
~ second.
pot wial
a:nd .1li,tlt'ogl\m, "" $\ll:pM'
d::i.mini$ed
~~n.d.
11;1.1;
snoWEld, h1r~Y sif(t'!li:t'iOlSl.l'lt :nitt·og~.$
Res:pQ;nse·
;t;'Eit$:pQl'M!I$S..
suJ.phlu>
to ni. tl."ogen was l'l.Qt
the. W, :te'Vel i.nQi(}ating the a"bilityo;f cocltstQot t..o
w high levels
of'
nitrogm'l~
but the rate o;f' increase was d~~
'l!h4)ll l~ rAtG ot.'wphul:' (25 lbs S) a;ppear~ W t'ltl ad.e~~:~ fQ:J:' the
nimgen levellJ.s~a eJl:oept a,t N,; (.300 lns 14') whet'a an aMitt~
:re~!lSe
ma
ob1;a,ined fi"Otu; $2 (50 l'bs
As iil:il.d.ged by
ind:loa't;ed S)1"ea:ter
1I\!lZt.S
Qlo~ ~$
a) ..
the s~lplnr
t.:!. t:l,l:t;U!. tion
'$tllphul~B:I1'a:ilab11ityat low~l:'
tt'l.a:1.
1litl'."Qgen lev(;lls.
'.l!h~e
e, dz"QP in clover proquctleu at the N2 and N,; l.~.r~1S to vla.lues 5:;%
Qftl~,~se
at tbe No ~d l'T1 l.$Vels,(O
:t:his :indicated adeqw'l.te ~l:phl;u-
£QX'
the lU.'Wogen level supplied. but residualsulp_ for the elQver
$1$
less tlwn at the No and. Ni
l~els#
88..
1..
2..
;Che overall effact ot apply;i.!lg; .n:itrogen
00 thelOV'l~
site at l!t
reaponaes to
ni~,gan$ $ttl:l?1~
Ama$ed obi;Ulge
Via$
~yl;l:is of ~tSl
3..
1ll.G
to
SOme;r~ ftS
et;f\eo1:$o.
!U'Ul
.1~
all'lt'.1.
$lphtU." to tha vagetation
e~ta.in
~i~ioant
h:ighly
la. nt~oi".'Il"'" $l:Uphl,u·:l..n~"aot1{)n"
the
!S~$
votan:iQ2tl
~tattts ..
duriug thea$ason gave ~. ~catiGn of d.:i.:f't~ent1al
dk"\~e 1\-'lis ;J;'i!,).:p1d ~ its upward an,d (!Q1,¥mr.:);J7d trends :a:rJ.g.pNt1tlQ"t;;t~
el1;9.nges aw~ea, to ba due mo-;t"e
to :tU. i'4':ogen
/ilta ~1.S
th.",.Y;t.
to$1l1phur
stlattts~
1....
¥lo._iou
®a~e
'nth ni'tr'ogen
the t«¥;'t:p'ity ratWg 9fi';he
5.
~d.
EI:p~o;te$
mtlpm:l." additiQn qgestll! tlw.t
b :i.7!1g ·=,*,S" VI.. ·-liii' O"GII
T.t:i.ere. ap;p~~ to be aaligb,:j;; graast'i$$ponse to eul}?h!:t.t' at
th.e }Io
l~l,
~ugh
a1 tl1.Qugh 1. t ;'La ZlOt kt'lP1'lln w}:te1r;h.®r
an effect
~
thj.li!\
was di;reet or
nitrogen m:i.neraliza tiqn..
am
6..
(trasEI rul.e\\~ So. ~ea t~ it'Gspcmae to ni ~ogl$ln
7..
:Ni trogen ::racowry .vas higher at M;t So."Uers tha,n, ,at tb.e Ilakaia
8..
S!1.ixt4r $Ulpbur,
reeo~ t'~t.g1;lt"e$
were
~l:pt,tu.r at Mt Som'~7!;'s
(ibi;:~d. nl$(~h ~t
vre:l.'e over a tOtU' yea:r. l(etiO<i aKl41 this
Gor,ge~
tn,o'llle at the
P.aka.i.a
Go~e
wint~
W,1;1.ng at contJ:>()l and lowez> ni tX'ogen 1eV&$1I re&,:uJtion :i.n(:ir1.r
:matt~
yield being less wi th sul~hm:' add;i."r;;i.ori..
pr1o~
m~ly 61q1lain ·the
to w1.-ll"ter, .vera s$Vel"e on
h~gh
10..
HQ"We,ver; the eft'ects of the Ctlt
11..
Ol'). the unsprayed. p:i.o1;s~ good clover ~~rowth was (,iPta,ined at So levels
$uggeffirl;;ing tl...\1; the su.lplm' su:-dus _s highet' than at the
A lower l:'esponse was o'!:vt1:l.Wed .'Vi th
sul~
agdit:l,on ..
Ra~.GQl"gejl
12.
01Qv~ sta~a aw~~
to
'b~ mol~eat.fjJ)ated.
eo~etit1on
by physical
'VI'i th grass 1tutI'l ,'Vi th sv.lpht:tr stEt i:a.t.s ..
13..
SpraJredallts were greatel' in gr.a,ss dl:';y watte:r yield *l:i No and J'1
level~
Mld lel3s at N2 "Iib..an utlspra..red...
d1t:rer.ences
w~"<li
~eatar ~ss
~"').t
:lh1s suggests
production.
it'tot d.ue to n1:tl'."Ogm tra.rl.S:fer by tlle clowr." otb,erwise
;prodUction vwuld be
ex~oted. lit t
No andN with. the·
1
un.spr.~ Qtt't$ ..
1l~",
The lJJa,in cha.n,ges in. ehal'll.1eal o . s ition vr.i th nitrogen and zsulplm:v
addi tion were th<~~J!Wotein l{· and
0l'g
S rema::l:MU st~~th:l.;;r.
'Jll@
;r'atio d~,el~a,s\\'!ld wbilsttn,e l'X'ot..ei:l:l N/org $ l"at;io .1'Ja~ stf'...ad,y.
'WaS a. d.ecreasein N~P~~ @,d I!l. :t'il.sein inO+'~o $.
ef:r~ct
"'l.l.s to increase lJl:'ote::tn ;lrleld as d:r.s
N:i::l.n"OiS>!TJ." and sta.;phur increasEild ni vcoge:n ,yield..
due tQ wlntEt:f' Ciond1.tions ''!as NO' 69%~ N'16.6%li N2
The drop in ;yield.
58%.
tktlphur and
;respo:n~a ..
lJ:hatop site shOWed signi£ieant cu..7 ma ttar e.:ad, species respcm.se to
ni trogen-wsu1phur and th.e GOnWina 1:::\0$1...
of the
17..
overall
moreased whilst
ni trogeu increased. aulpbr.;tr ;n4;.11d ma1nly 'lW.t'ough :fog
16..
~lel:·e
:r.$l):lab~ oon$tatr~.
prcfteil'l N values
15.
lID. t,~
'lllEl
Nls
lov~r
Sr,9,oe pla:nts
kl:'oduQt1on.8 bel0?1 that
site.
re~ponded
to rotroga'l. i:n tillering and. dry )Y.!.e.tter
pr<lidttction and showed an N/S dry mattm:' :t"esponse..
ine;t'ea$~
lie:i,ght and tUle:ri'llg
with. nitrogen in the p,l"ese;nce of" sulpmu-..
techni~a Ol'uy
180
\!:tle spaCed plant
19..
Survival oi' the spaoea.planted ooolcstoot was good but growth in th,a
following
y~
was
:f'ertility plots
)
poor~
~' 1;0
:f'ert:t.11 t;v
111.
a /Sward
probably due to lack of mttrients in lowet-
:physioal oompetition in highe:r ..
ni Wogen $ fog :!.',nd oooksfoot
~e
appears to be suitable
respoI~e
to
sw,phur and oool\".stoo t to the oa'lilll.ina tion..
SWl.tus is thus ind1c&. tea as
be~.ng
21.
1'he second pot
respo:nse~
tr1u
showed. a ni tl7Qg~iI'
liAAlphtl;t~ and
n1 trOk);$!l
-
su.lphu;r
300 lbs l'i lev'al ..
Re&,!,onse to ni i;:I;'o~en 1I\'aS not d::1.miuistlEild at
'l'll.e 2.5 l'bs S m te ftS aO.(ll1Jla te tOl' l011~a;" nitrogen l$V®ls lmtat
N an additional. resp'p.se
22.
~e
'Waf;l o'btain~d.
300 lbs
to 50 1b$ S"
sulphur u:tUizatiol'l t:r.:tal inciica:t:ed adeqt1ill.'W $Q.lpnur f'or all
levels pt nU,;x'O€:)6n used.
Re51idual
~l;phw:'
1/Va$.less to.t N2 and. N,3
leVl@l/il tban at No and. Ni"
23..
US~I,?; :wad:i.$·liur~ed lSo;1.;1.
sample$:1l sulplm,r r€isponses were obtainoo :,Ut
the glasshQus$~ whereas 'V'wb:.t te (19S!1-) t'atled 1» get a responsl'a wi 1ib.
a.1stw:'bed samples ..
24..
So:i,.l, dj;erturD!J\tl.oe
soil
a;p;pe~
1,'11
the
m~el:·il~l':l.;i.~tion
td.al
to a£f'eot thfll' trial through _
eo~l!l1d
~r
1iti.th undtsturbed
rela tio:l.'l$hips,
tl'.l.&
dis"bxrbed soil pota being hal'.'d to water wi th!,'Jllt wa:!;j(..AJ..~-logging the £1011.
~.f'e(',:t
~,)
2,..
Lime had no
26..
In the Mt Somers ttial$ the Si level ~1.S adequaw for the l'i1 level,
in increasin{,,;
;p:rodttot;:!.o;n,(:di' nitrogen and a1il.pb:t:l.'·"
but at the N2 level,S2 gave additional ef'i'e(lt~.
2'7~
The $1l~phUl.' rates tdal indicated iihat at 100 l"b~ N the :lIulp:bur levell
WB_$
28.
note;?:,i tieal and 2; lp!;) S was adeqt;tai;e",
Ii' dry matter IWoQ:uction is to I;)e increased, t.b.en the nitrogen status
must be greatly inoreased..
required Md a suitable
Iiif',her fertility s:peetes will then 00
~1Unagement
sward such that it is not too
l'"t'lallagelnent Q,hartges..
leads to a lesser
policy 'tor these to ntain a ll'!Od.Uied
su:b~ect
to co1fex'
c~es
with i:wa.zing
This is i!l\'Ortant as the It:l.gher t'~tility swa,t'd
sp~ies
composition vdlich
no~lly
has
El.
balanoing
In: the abaence $t' applied nitrogen s.nd 'Without clover oversowin€:),
the sulphtu' st,atu.s is adeqUate tor the nitrogen ava.ilable and even with
(.llove rovEWsowi:ng t..'!:!.e 10'wer level of sulphur sho'litld be adeq).tate £'01'
gl;':rUIS and clover pl"Oduotion...
CO);');i1;liderably highol:' grass produotion oou..1.d
be obtained vd th n1:trogen af.!.di iion$ bett might
level ot
sull?hur~
re~uire
a sligb:tJ.y higher
It would appear that an ajiequate levelof' sulpbll"
'!his
~tot'"
i?Julplmr
"?
w~abe ee~'ta:i.lll!l!d in 1 <lWt Q:f'forti±~ied ~rp:nosphate (20 los OaOO4. +
1?!.~o;f·~sao:r;'
B,,,R.. ,M.. ~;$r "I,tKl ~., ,A.,M.!:l,rnsll 'Ld.1'lCQln QCI'lll)Jli$
~J1d c~ tieism.
for helpful gu:iCial'loe
MeSSl"$;;,
i;n
A.
~~
o.
lwrsen all(:1. Dr.
l{"lP~ (,).tCQmOl"
for ass:istanoe
;plantr).ng the exper:i.mental 'WOdt..
la"'. ,R~ Va,l:'~ a.rul wmeroosothers '£o.",C' t~abn.iea1 assistance"
r
S~.ti'
would sl")ecially likett.'> thank~", and ~lrs" It..!'. Cl"JaPIDan end
of' t InveI'liU'y t Mt
SO!l~e:ra £O',l.~
their hospi ta,li ty
s.ndgenllW(lUS lOfll'l
ot station l'aeil1t:tillls.
\'fhe1iie'!,',l'~~'.a.nd.WooJ, !oard
€1lxtend.ed Wool :Boara.
:for t'iMn<llial aS$istanoe 'thNUgh an
~~M.ry..
mo aU 1hesa pl;iople I extend. tny gratefi;ll thal1kl;h
t1'1,® 1,.ib~M"Y Oa:t:i/G~lrbuI".Ae"X'i~tI,li.i1:I.1'al
M.,tIg:r.SCI' dE.lpo::d.t$ii lJ:'l.
Mt-ken, Xi..
1S7$)~
Su.l~
l~ocllem.~
fJ,'t'.a.sses..
n ors;anio and
l~r~saJld
./m.derson, A.J..
So;1.1s.
1,,,0$
norl.-legtUiws",
1'52~.
~e llignifioan~e
1,,,2.
l?.. Z.~l. ~i .. ~eoh. 14$>
23~
rrl:l~ogen andsul:ph.l.:u-
Barrow" N.J.,
19,8"
Sth...Ea,st Q!;I.een.sland..
Wi}X7
44. .. J itA,•.. R~
111 ..
sulpMr oonte;t'.lt Qf pastures ..
A.J.• A~R" 8~
617..
0"4
the
1'11e et:f'ecte otVI"Il:'Jling 'the N, .8 and ;p content oi' organ.iio
~een., :J;.; .. lt~
through aPl'l1ca t1o;1
1'18-22~
3$
Nature 181. 1086 ..
ma t~, on its a.ecorctposi tion..
Ooc~y.n.e,l L~
431..
1';$"
!}:he effect of.' nitrogen Md. sul:phl:.w oontent
11)60.
Bentley, J.R" and
:$Id,. Hes..:El3..
of' su1Vhur defiai~nay in Al<;t$1;.ralian
relationshil,"ls",
produotion of Mi4 and. SOlj!
~ow'$ lIT .. J.;
J01.;t:J'i'fi.
J'cur.n.Attstl:'",ln,st. Ai.?;T.. 80;1... 1$.
lj:.. O...and, :Bi1.s.'hoPlI: 'L"
to
Sulphur in the rdtro~en meta~l1Sln
Au$tr' ..
soil :.t'rOm the Darlil~$ Do~m.$.
Aslt~1T~
Qom'bination in pasture
Jou:r.n,; 2l{·w 2;0.
A:nd,$Z,"son., A",J. aM SJ?eneer~ Do
of
:tnor$~C
(Joll,cege"
O~
1951.ro
317 ..
A. J .. .A.. R. 11..
Stim:tla'tiono:f' nat1v.e
1llU1.ph;ttt on Oalif'oI'llia
~
clovers
footl:dll~.e <i
ApeOono!itle :i.:nv(Jistigation of: 'hl't$ ll101ltane tu$sook
gl'll'tl;lsla,nd of New Z;~aland<lN.*Z" J'Q1lrn. of
As.
1:~'25..
Cockayne.!l L..
!ilewZi$al~md
1927..
Con:vad.$ '$t al..
V~li!t~r~
Pla:nts f,l,..ud their stcry"Govt..
l~i~.\.ter,
Welling,;o!
St'!.lphlu'" ;f:'ertilizai::ion et: l~gt~mes in ti'J.e uppel'." Ojai
1947..
Od:i'Lfornia Hnd
the:t'$sult~ et't~etjil\
on the f'bl1o"llr'ing
n~-leg!lmea",
N.Z" Joom" of' Ag.. 99, 1,("
Davies,. :fJl ..
:a., Holmel:l$" (hA" ~
to;petres~,d. ng
I;r9Z~
MU as intluer.u;;ed. by
rS),i.
~teJ! .:r~~i[~
SQ1l
1$jg6"
$ci~
1954..
1s~til:l:t;:r
St'tbt~ne~
24.7..
The effect·
and pr.od.uo'tiv1tjr of: a pcu!3.z0lic
c.loV'el' a1Id.
:l11?"tdi~s of: ~l~'luroonte:nt
(f)f. S!11~ c;r~
ot
tb.1!;
$U.pel'PhQ~te..
JX$ls~rGi grass..
w.io~tlo:ri;.
A...1.A.R. 51)
J'.IA"S.. 211)
<4 t:!le /Wil ..
21,24.5.
F.r~ey $l~ .R..a,nd S;!?e.nce!"~
Garrett$ 11,,1l:~
lli"Z .. ·J'ot:l.t'n.·" of' Ag. 8J~
25~
Williams~O",H~
Donald.$ C.. M. a.nd
19.:51.., l?as1;ttr.e responses. t-o 1Ylo.
}\13",
ino'tago and. $ou:libla.t1d..
.1 .Sei~ Teche 11 i
~.$ :R,i!':lll.
hY:n.Ch~
1l)),56.
~..Coll. ~rech...
K..
1960"
Soil su;lprud;e obangas
~Jl tl:te
}'i!"es@oa
l::resev'lt tUldfu~ t~ ~ro(ll:!.u~tionNortb. ()(:3J~t~bqry",
Nbl..
1;~
806.
4-19.
SOil So1.. 16.
}lesse P "R.
1'57..
Sulp.'hur and :ni ~g;en
~lew ~land $QUi;I.
A".J.AcR~
E"J, ~Spel'M:I~~ K..
med:l.cago pa$~e..
I:~$to~~ F.~J"
$Oils 0;1;"
_t
1'.5~~
2lh
ana
1~51t'l>
1~11ll1 ~~l;1!n~e
of $Illphl,U' on a .nattu.~
The loss of' applied pl;l,osp!lol"tts and StU;phu.1,':
1~52'f
Xi..
,~o~
est.1matioll of!
S11l;phtw.~
t~.1"®~
soils
Anal"
736 ..
o~:m"
wdsl.eYjl
~e.
lilast s<J)Us",
8011 SQi. £1S t
19~e..
P.esp(\)'Dse of9l~op$
Soil Sa! .. Soo~ iin!«t"..
Jo:r&'h~ and ~ber~ 1'.59.
Jorda.n, 11:. V~ and.
.5~ )'~
.'foUrth J1.ustr" -lM·t" Ag~Soi,,20~
JO~lllon$o",~14 anel N'i~tap
Jprdan ll !~ov""
:f'~st
1954..&me aspects of $Ul~ as a nutrient for pa;zt\:t~a on
Hildwj> E •.{r"
Chemi;.
in.
PI .. &; Soils 9~ 86,.
.A:fr;i;o&<)
mld~.#
~~s
Sulphur
s~die$
22,
to
Sl.Up~.' ~m.Sotlth
2;1·H
in North Idaho soUs tudns g35.
1..
:mnsming~#
Adv" in l~o:n*
10~
L .. E.
H~58.
!hi$! l"Ole of'
~U" :ti:J..
SQ:tl :terti,l:i.t;yo
408.
lJ:>'b'b$l W'IiRi>
1'5.3~
Slitl~:t" responsGls in l-jortl'l Otag.t>..N.... Z.. J~'(h ot:1;,g~
:ltiOl:lb,W'",,I..
1$l~.
Su,l:plxu.r :tn:~r~stiga,t:Lo.1~ in Nor'l';t'lO~'ilQ..
N~Z.• .:room." ·oi~
86, .55\
11$<1.
4-3!.<..
Lo'bb,ll W.R~ ~ ~*4Itts~ It.
Can1i$il'i"~,.
Lc'bb;l'l.rt",
19.59~
1$'%..
I:~Z;. JQL~ .. ryt.
ImE<1:O~nt
AIif,. ·96~
Ri1:lQQnt l{~seawQh WQrk",
~"z .. JOiW'n" o'!:,Ag ..
98$
~2.,
of
'tllU13St:>Ck
#(;1.Sj('lland. ~
S'1~
]w:I:'i$S cr£ ~~r am ;p1'lJi)s~~s ..
89~1
!l!$,~lean; $ .. ~~.,'
o£ 1!g. 9.5il
J~",
N.Z ..
R;'fJ~en,t R,OSel:woh WQl:'k<t
1'51..
MQOo:a.nell"" 1\1,1J..
b
1'~
:Results whl\".n the
S&1:m.<.'/
fertilizer
01" :m,i.~tm>e
0t
.t~tiliz{Stm
l!l.l'P).ieil to the .~ plots;t'oX' ae"l$l."'ti:\;l ~J!l:.~ ~~ssiol%~
of JlJg. 7.,
N~.Z.. J.~n"
If,c Comel14\ 1;\
at
'I,i.U5lliock gral;ll$i.and"
~::tal requ~ntr;;,.,
1914-..
l7{u~..
~.c:rnti:r:'e,,$t
2,2..
:N~Zo\ .10t'l.:l?n~
.!1,1.. 191r1.
a£
Ag~
E'$$Ulta QI' two years
8$43",
Inf'lti-enoe of
l:t.~ton$ and ctoJ..o~ll,i.te ttpo.%t
l:'et~u'~lOl'l ~m: ~W aMi tiQ;nso~ pQ'tass:i:l'.tmS!ll;pt'W. -OO.~'
MGLa,~,j!
19S~..
LP.
~()lheX'$onll
A;;
1925.
IFaS$~...
M:$lvtlle~ J..
llb.fi'at, 1~~
1~5l,".
~o.11
S~o$i'Wl1
tn libl"al.7 of'
Ol1,soU
sul:p~~
V$$~tative $tu.d3'C~e$ ~$1n.
7J,~
o£'
125.
A:n ecologi$al. studyQt the plau't;s
~e$is a.epQsi~
"'56..
,~
s.
Reg.t'aasinge::lqlel.'~~nt$.N'.Z. JOl1l"n~O:t~..
1910-13.
Mal<:iolmjj N"iA..
A.~1 .. A~R..
Slll!.m.m.t0
Soil ·Soi.. ,1 §
!i:1he~o~eeQ:t ~~det101eney Gn
ad~~~ phos:pb.W?us stat!.tS,f
(;bse~t:i;on
1"':1~
et 11lo:ntane 1lls,aock.
Ca,nta;r.'~ Un:!l."'~$ity.
It: ..
N.Z. S!Qil NfiS~
T:h(fisis d~osi~ 1,n J.ibl"'ar;::1
0.£ ('kU1:~bu~ A$Wi<:iOi College"
M:~son$ ~!llE~
~he
1'5&~
l3iologi~stlletie.a
ot
some tu.1ii!~kt gl'a.ssland soils
response of: a ~I$$OClk plant!; l1"eii?:tt;!.(Ila n<)'l}'aezeala.lldAae
N... Zi.., ~,J .. A.R.
X~eedh~$ J~V{" and.
1 t1
l\f:tghti..~le$ et al"
n ..
i;0ma.to..
i~J:"t:tU. za?;'~"
100$.
Ifa:ugej a.M.;
71~,.
$011801.
t\')
n<i
1952..
Etf'e~t of s~hrxr ··on
vitlam:illcontent"
$65111
19,2..
~s.. '1~
lli,t·.fe~ts flf;sul;pl'mX' J!fic±en.1:iY ~. met!il:'boli.sm ;1.n
,%5.
r;r,.Zli l\[eat!ll,;.~ Wo~ a~axd.t~" 1:;15$ Stu'1l\\~y on l~~c_tt7 tEU.':1~1II
otOGnno:r', :K.';'/.1~5'.. Etr,:,nt p~w~ti~n in~l~lten~~ents~ m!lz.. ~t"
Sei. l1roc ..
Ren'!le~ ~ivt~l.~
·l95~:..
19.5'.
86.
mj~'tle
ess$ntial am..tno 1;t{d••.'l$in
grmm a3!l$1ttlpli'L1:ll' d~Qierit $01111
Ro$$~ D"J.
1 ~$8<i\
19~O~
1'~itwi6;r~
S~il
Sd ..
rJl:'Q't$~
of: wheat and: bax'ley
SlQo.Am~t'.; l?r;o.o ..
"I'll') 2.70.
I'liologiolil.ls~,(;U,es Qt$or~. iPJ.i$f:1iock ~$sla~ sQUa
Ni~~ a~tiV:$ti$l3..
Boss 11 1).. 3 \>
Ag ..
.!~ .. Z.,;r.!l.• R.1$
6~
;)6.8,.
l\li1')i1ogieaJ. $1;!tCl.;t$\$Q-f, ~ ~$$oek ~$~l s.o1~s"
acti'Vi t,iU~$t;jJ;· ._ . ~t11mt~dfJ!O;tt$.
~.. Z~J.A.RlO
1'f,,,
''i~2lt,\j
1~5e~
ROt:re!) et .al..
1953.
];:>"3),,
1947~
'Xi>
to
Pi;l.EI>~
gr-a'W't.n and. soil t~til:i.'~1.
A s1;ud.J' of' lJWn:~.U'l$ tu.milool!:: £Wa$$l~ W'lith s:pec1a,lre.tereno@
~egr~lI$Qed:i.ng
~$$i$
Slwdd, O"M.
N"Z.. if. So;i,jf1'ech• .35A..
1,1 ..
$up-p ..
Swell~
iIgl"'.. ~" Sta .. M1.nn~
444.
~ll...
seusjI
~lphur i\';;l,"tili2lat!on O:toat~'h
a.si. i;ed
1928..
ana. hen.a'Vibur
(rf'
the
}?X'in.e1~1 iu.$S~kIl\
M.ii g:rasses..
~ 1i~ry o;§;' Ganterl:nl:t';Y' ~iQl;.tltu,ral Q()l1.<!1'lge"
Oxidation of sul;phuX' in
lirr~
and uruimad
sQi1$~
SoU SCi,,26,
93 ..
S!~ldon~ $1:
al...
1\~thiO:r.dllEl
19.51..
Siev'll'l'I'ight; H..19.56..
I.oV'ing f'escv.e iAAs$o$
'2;
N.. Z•. JOUl;'n.. of Jig"
S:impson. '¥.J.. and.. N.bora, L .. B..
S.:peigl'ttjl et <.\.',l.191(}~
gr~ssland..
in
Maell:~ie QruutJ:>y~
122..
1 ~55..
Seedl1nS etu.dies in i'esOl).e 'b;t.liIsock P:iJslan.d..
'.tbe lIl(nmt ~tb. District..
J
~an$.. Iv;;Z ..
b$t. 4.3., 31'1'1
Growth.an.dQhemicalc~sit\iOl'1 (.:tf' 'white clovE.lJ;" as aft~~c~
A.. J .. A.. 1't.. 10,
by aulphul'" $1lpply..
l'ikmlEljl at al9
Et .. It! SQils .3/);61 ..
,7A. 93.
'N.. Z. J .. Sei .. !l1l\lcn ..
" Spencer, K.,1959..
oontent et!' plmts.
;000
l~tllion.ine and cya:t:U1~ e~:r:rte.n.t Qt _$:ttain~ .otali'a:lta
1S?50"
as ;W.fluenceQ by
ditt'ex'ent OQlloqntrat1ons of:
tl'.I'Zl~J.w)l.."1 te 1oJ:>,..
J\gx'on. JOUrl'!"
42. 221 ..
Walker.!' etal~
1951f,(a)",--
~d COl'l1l~Si:UQ11 of
Walkel",et al"
19='(").
SWJ.lEl
effects of' S'al~'t" '/.'Uld.
rape.. N\.Z .. J .. $c;1.. Teeh. )6'!,.
Si)Us
a.nd.~rtl1;
on the ;yield
103..
'1'h('l etteots and :in~1"a(.rt;i.on of: S~ P ,and lli'i!O.
gt."owth: a,mC()~si:tion of
Wa:Utel;",tT.W.1'!55~
;P.hOSphONS
010'11'01"$1..
N.. Z.. J·.. Soi.• Tech
Q
;;6AQ
011
1",70.
Sulphw: X'espomle$ on pastu,re itl ~st:l;'alia ~ ~rfiW' Zfjalandl>
1all 185..
Walker,
~le rd~g~n Q~le :in gl"a$s:t~
1,.%(b).
soils. J .. $ei"F'bod.&
14Wiq" 7/1 '6 ..
W~, et
1'56(0). iate ot
al..
la'bdl~ n:itnrt~
ana
ramrn(m~:,l$:nit1~&\l'tn
w.ben apl?li~a to ~S~ and QloV'or ~ $~at!;)ll;v
Soil $01. 81~
Walker, 're We
J~.n"
Walker $I ~,; W~
wgether.. '
339 ..
1Sl'7(a). Sulphtu' cycle in €J:'assbnd soils.
lWit.. bss.. $Qo,. 12, 10..
"0)51(b ) ~
~lpbu,r
Walker" T"W. . a.rid Adam$,. A~
clov~
LUld.
u$$Qc;Ll;J.tlo.n.
Wa.lker, ~; .. w~ @.d
.M.a.1'!l,$$1
l"cspQ3ll.SI/:IS l;)f.I.
~$~~$..
:N·"i .. t;::..A. 19th Ooni'.
195B(~) .. ·OQ!l1!petH101'l,. f'Qr~p~
l?1.
fJi.',
Soils $Ill
grass
353.
i~58(bh:R,es;!.;d.t'l.ai ~eet$ofJ
At>
ma
cal;Q;itml
$Ul;pba'tie
en '!;he y1.eld ana CQ~s:t:t1on of: a. ~$S clov~associ~tiQn..
;r~
&;
SoUs 1011
1,%.
WalkeriP T"W.. !1>.:na
.M.,"Wls~A~
195~.
UUli~at1on
o:f appJ,;i.«1
s,~ in st>:U ..
tlnpu'bl1t:1h.ed...
Whita~ ,J"{J,,.
195,...
~lp~
~icul1:}wal
OQllege,.
Vilhite; J .. G.
atlld1es..
Thesis dSl/O$:lted in library
1959. l<1:menli$ation o:f n1tr-ogen and sulp'hu.r :.in
WilUams,l C.H. $'.l1d DoltW.ld, C.:M:.
pod~ol:i:c
195'1*
soil as :in.f'lue-rteed. by
Chang~s in
organic
subt~n.nean elo~}l'
.A,~J .A"Jit. :; If
iOO(l.f ;T"G.,
Wood.~ .;r.(~.~
1942.
1'~"
and.
p:a in
&i.,
::?)u.~E,.'Ph~,:t.a~
.A$31>A...R" 10~
~i>
$o:m.e. :factors ~6\\rting ~$s...()lQ~l:' ;t"£tlat;lQ,~.t's~.
1.$1..
I'f.et.$.bo11sro. o:f~ su.lph;uJ;' in, plants~
an.a. Sfbl.Yl\\ P.. 1'52"
l~ll}l!itien
~phu' det±~i,"'.J.il,t
matt~ land
;indjeea p:t ava~"ble su.lp.bw.'" :ill ~(1me ;~S~~:n $:iQ:tls.,
Willough'bY;1I 'Wf".]!i,~
(1)t<)~_~
to zinc eont~nt'!>
Oat'nonic
Ch:r~::t. ~ti>
11; 1.
{UiI:\~ae aot:l.Vit:1 :5;:l;l pla11tS in
hasi1t'" JO'I.,wn"
~l.Re~~ :a.:3.,,?~..
Z~tov~
V:"D"
1'58"
1"Je-w .z~al.l:~.nd"
1S'L'!.l"irey o:f:' the tussock s;r$.$$~$ 1!!J'i;' ~ Sputl:l !slaxld. of
~~ ~Z .. J
..Se1. .Teen!> 20 11
tat2A,.