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fiGURE
~
1.6
The Distribution of Growth Rates, 1960-2000
7.00/0-7.5%
Singapore
6.5%-7.0%
Taiwan
6.0%~.5%
5.5%~.0%
5.0%-5.5%
4.5%-5.0%
4.0%-4.5%
Japan, China, Ireland
3.5%-4.0%
Romania, Portugal, Malaysia
3.0%-3.5%
Norway, Greece, Spain
2.5%-3.0%
United States, France, India, Israel, Brazil, Italy
2.0%-2.5%
United Kingdom, Sweden, Canada, Turkey, Australia
1.5%-2.0%
Algeria, Nepal, Zimbabwe, Colombia, Mexico
1.0%-1.5%
Philippines, Argentina,
Kenya, Ecuador, Jordan
0.5%-1.0%
0.0%-0.5%
Benin, Bolivia, Ethiopia, Cameroon
-0.5%-0.0%
Venezuela, Senegal, Rwanda, Burundi, Mali
Nigeria, Chad, Madagascar. zambia
-1.0%--0.5%
-1.5%--1.0%
-2.0%--1.5%
Niger
-2.5%--2.0%
Central African Republic
0
5
10
15
20
Number of countries
Growth in output per person
(percent per year)
1948-72
Canada
2.9
France
Germany
4.3
5.7
Italy
4.9
Japan
8.2
2.4
2.2
U.K.
U.s.
1972-95
1.8
1.6
2.0
2.3
2.6
. 1.8
1995-2000
1.5
299
207
2"2
1.7
4.7
lE!
2aS
r
FIGURE
1.7
GOP per Capita by Country Group, 1820-1998
Country group and population in 1998 (in millions)
--Western Europe
--EasternEurope
•...•.•••. Fonner USSR
, Western Offshoots
--LatinAmerica
Japan
=
388
121
291
323
508
China
1,243
••••••••••India
975
Other Asia 1,172
= - - Africa
760
World
5,908
126
.,.-
,
------
.,..,."
.
---
....--.-. .... ..,
._-..----- .-.-----.-
-
-
-
'-
::'...
- -••••.,;._•••••••• ~
-~
~~--~~
••••••.•••-_
~~~~
"--~ .
_.
:.....
..••.~
,,",.'
••••••••••• :;.,.#- • ~
__
...
..",..&;:,.,,,,
c:=:=
.
~
-
100
0
.-
N
CIO
0
.-!
ID
CIO
•..
FIGURE
0
.-
CIO
CIO
0
0
.-
en
0
0
en
en
N
.-
'It
0
.-
ID
en
0
0
0
0
.-
CIO
en
N
Year
1.8
World Inequality
and lis Components,
1820-1992
Inequality
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
=
=-~_--=
0.3
"'BoUrguignon and Morrison (2002).
tMathematical Note: The mean logarithmic deviation is defined as
l
n
± In(~),
;=1
Xi
where i is the mean value of x and n is
, the number of observations.
0.2
0.1
o
g
o
N
Year
~<iDPjler'·~
~
4.
AYlliw3E.AIooIAL. CiIt9WIH
19,80
'*
(l980-20001
OPR,I!AL.(IDp i'S
C4m...
blrI1AL 1.EYF.L
....
..
v~
Coc:tqI ODP inU.s, ~Jl='
equlnJllIit adUlt.
Peon World TallleI; wnjon 6,1 (MiWlle. ~:(bttp:l/pla;t.~edilt)).
Ni:IU: The cI.1la_
~f:
-4
10;000
"'5,000
15,000
RC;.~'<lOP pcrCapiUl.
flG'URE 5. A~~~
~9W:m(19!lO-2000)ON
CAPITA (AS IN·P.l<;. 4 •• ~"T WITH AIiSA ~o\L
N()te~The dalaate
vaiucstor~
$owlet; Peon WoddTablel,
GDPin
10;000
1980
~
t;6'vELOP·RfW. GI;)P.~
wPofout...\TION
IN
mO)
V.s. dollars per equl~em:.adlI1t,.
veniOll 6.1 ("..uableonlinc:
_:t{pWU<lOll;UPCan.edul}).
FIGURE
2.3
Relationship Between tatitude and Income per Capita
GDPper capita,. 2000 (ratio scale)
100,000
United
States...........
/ingapore
• ••
e
o
••
o·
•
••
e fIJ.'tIIJ.
•••
tf
fIJ (!lO
•
00
0e
•
•
.-
•
•
00
•
f!P ••
,I.
_.
.(
••
tit·.
• • •
':It,·,
V ••••
I •
India
0
.4ft.
•••
, •••
• ,Turkey .-.
•••
_
•••••• w·
fIJ·
•
• • 0,.
United
Kingdom
•
/
• J
-
I ."
Norway
•
••
-Moldova
.Mongolia
•
I
.. .
_
I
0 ••••
0.. ·
••
China
Iceland
tajiklstan
100
o
30
40
50
60
70
80
Latitude (absolute degrees distant from the equator)
FIGURE
2.4
Relationship
Between Income per Capita and Population Grolillth
Population growth rate, 1960-2000 (% per year)
5.0
4.5
4.0
Cote d'ivoire
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
•
•
,.
/
•
-
•••
••
Mexico
• •• e: ,.
•
•
China..---/I
o
.Israel
••
.singapore
~......
India.
1.5
Honduras
. \..:J ••I·:•• • I.;'...e i./
Nioeria
- \.
•
sHong Kong
South Korea
,
•• -
~
:.
e
oUnited States
1.0
0.5
0.0
100
100,000
GDPper capita, 2000
FIGURE
3.1
GOP and Capital per Worker, 2000
Capital per worker (2000 dollars)
1,000,000
Japan~
United States
\
.;11':
"'-...,.
.", ... '
..•••
M";ro,,
China~
(I"
•••••
••
•
. .,. .-
'-Igena"
~.
'.........
•••..........
J'..
• •••• •
•
._ ••
,
•
India
• •••
10,000
100,000
GDP per worker (2000 dollars)
Empirically, countries with higher investment
rates have higher capital to output ratios:
Capital-output ratio, KIY
5
Japan
Switzerland.
•
Romania.
• Austria
United Kingdom
•
Jamaica
Z b b
Zambia.
1m
a
,
•
Nicaragua
•
liW.J
.[ell \
Madagascar
-.:: #
it fit
••
(.-.
Ethiopia
•
!:I
Kenya
~
-.
•
Brazil
.~
~
T k ••
ur ey
~ India
e e •~i.
•
• United States
Argentma
lit
e
.),.
•
w. .••.r. .\
'it
1
ven.uela
Nigeria uruguay.:
••
Chad
• Ii'~ .'-.
Ghana
\
Luxembourg
•
Israel
e
Hong Kong
~1aylasia
•
._Ireland
Ch'ma
~1exico
Ecypt
~
Uganda
Investment rate,
S (%),2000
FIGURE5.3 Explaining Capital in the Solow Model
Macroeconomics,
Charles I.Jones
Copyright (l:)2008 W. W. Norton & Company
In,ternational Evidence on In,vestment
Rates and Incorn,e per Person
Income per
person in 1992
(logarithmic scale)
100,000
us.
I
Mexico
"
•II
Pakistan
I".
Ivory'
I
•
Coastl
Egypt
I
I
I
I
I
Cha
100
/
I
I
I
I I
.••••••.
••
I
I
India.
.1
••
Canada
Denma~Germany
I
I..
I:
•
Brazil
•
I·
I ,,"-
I~
Israel ~"
UK
Franc/taly
/
I Finland
Singapore
I II
I
I •
~-Peru
'\
I
I •••
Japan
•
I
'!:...doneSia.
\
I
I
Zimbabwe
Kenya
d Uganda
o
25
30
35
40
Investment as percentage of output
avera e 1960 -1992
Economic Gtowth I
FIGURE
3.3
Capital's Share of Income in
Iii
Cross-Section of Countries
capital's share of national income
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
Ecuador
0.6
••
0.5
/
•
• Botswana
-
0.4
0.3
0.2
••
0.1
Sri Lanka
\
Average = 0.35
••
._-
South·Korea/ _.
•
Greece
\
Spain
..'..\
••
•
I
• Canada
I
• United
States
0.0
o
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
GDP per capita in 2000
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