- --
Volume XVI
Oregon State University, April 1967
Number 2
Temperature Affects Lima Bean Emergence, Growth
Some interesting work on imbibition (absorption of
water) in lima beans under controlled temperature conditions was reported by Woodstock and Pollock in Sci-
Effect of Soil Insecticides
ence (150: 1301, 1965) and by Pollock and Toole in
on Bean Yields Tested
Certain soil-applied systemic insecticides that are
registered for use with vegetable crops have been effective in controlling aphids, leafhoppers, mites, and other
pests. The use of Di-Syston, for example, as a planting
time sidedress treatment is popular with many potato
growers as a means of suppressing the spread of aphidborne virus diseases during the first few weeks of plant
growth. Phorate (Thimet) is the first systemic insecticide which, when applied to seeds (cotton), gave satisfactory control of insects feeding on the plants grown
from those seeds. It is now registered for use as a soil
systemic pesticide for several vegetable crops, such as
beans, corn, and potatoes.
Plant stimulation studied
Plant Physiology (41: 221, 1966). Their work indicates
that lima bean seed can be injured during imbibition at
temperatures below 77° F, especially low vigor, bleached
seeds. The early imbibitional stage was found to be critical and imbibition at 77° followed by low temperature
exposure did not cause injury.
Effects of imbibition or pre-soaking of lima bean
seed at various temperatures on subsequent emergence
and growth were studied at Corvallis in greenhouse and
field experiments during 1966. In a greenhouse test,
Early Thorogreen and Fordhook 242 lima bean seeds
were placed in wet vermiculite for about 16 hours at
temperatures of 55, 60, 65, 70, and 75° F. These seid
lots were subsequently divided and planted in cans of a
farm soil mix in water-bath, controlled-temperature
tanks. Seeds were covered with sand, watered, and
germinated at the above temperatures. No color sortings
For the past several years there have been reports of
increased potato yields where Di-Syston, particularly,
had been appjied to the soil. The most interesting factor
in these reports is that the yield increases.were not cor(Continued page 4)
of seeds were made because the number of bleached
seed appeared to be negligible. Counts of the number of
seedlings that emerged were made about one week after
the first seedlings had emerged; then the plants were
thinned to five per can.
Temperatures of 70-75° F best
T,t7Tddae.
Highest percentages of emerged seedlings and best
growth of seedlings were obtained at germination temperatures of 70 and 75° F, as can be seen from data in
Tables 1 and 2. Percent emergence of Early Thorogreen
Temperature Affects Lima Bean
Emergence, Growth
was very low at 55° F; fresh weights of these plants
were not taken. Although there was a tendency for a
Effect of Soil Insecticides on
Bean Yields Tested
Sweet Corn Varieties Tested
5
higher percentage of seedlings to emerge at imbibition
temperatures of 70 and 75° F as compared to imbibition
(Continued next page)
Lima Beans.
in a 6-inch band over the row after seeding. Average
soil temperature at the 4-inch depth under bare ground
in an adjacent area was 70° F for a 10-day period following seeding. No soil temperature measurements
at 55 and 600, the higher imbibition temperatures did
not appear to offset the detrimental effects on germination at low temperatures.
The effects of lima bean seed imbibition treatments,
with and without petroleum mulch treatments (Table
3) were evaluated in a field experiment at the OSU
Vegetable Research Farm. Seeds were soaked in moist
vermiculite at 40 and 750 F prior to being planted with
a belt planter on June 7. Petroleum mulch was applied
were made under petroleum mulch.
Seedling counts, made about 10 days after first
emergence, indicated that on the average, a larger nuni-
ber of seedlings had emerged under petroleum mulch
than without mulch and that 40° F imbibition was detri-
Table 1. Effects of temperature on lima bean emergence and growth in greenhouse
Fresh weights2
Emergencet
Germination
temperature
Imbibition
temperature
°F
°F
55
55
11
60
65
70
75
9
55
31
60
65
70
22
38
75
38
55
38
56
33
60
65
60
65
70
75
70
75
20
67
78
73
71
73
60
73
84
69
84
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.6
1.6
71
91
2.3
2.6
2.6
84
84
93
69
96
87
91
89
98
84
73
93
91
71
91
73
91
80
96
Fordhook
242
Gns/j'lant
3.3
3.4
3.7
3.7
3.7
84
84
69
4
69
60
65
70
75
Early
Thorogreen
40
67
7
7
60
55
242
Gms/plant
55
65
70
75
Fordhook
Early
Thorogreen
3.1
2.9
6.0
7.0
7.1
6.5
6.9
7.8
8.8
8.7
8.6
8.9
3.6
3.6
3.8
3.7
4.2
8.1
3.8
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.9
8.2
8.7
8.8
8.3
9.3
8.6
9.2
8.8
9.4
'Percent emergence based on 3 cans-15 seeds per can. Number of days from planting to emergence for Fordhook was:
clays; 600 -.14 days; 65° - 10 days; 70° - 7.5 days; and 75° - 6.5 days.
2
Fresh weights of plants were taken approximately two weeks after emergence.
550
- 21
Oregon Vegetable Digest is published four times a year by the Agricultural Experiment Station, Oregon
State University, Corvallis, G. Burton Wood, Director. Address correspondence to the author concerned or
to the Department of Horticulture.
Material may be reprinted providing no endorsement of a commercial product is stated or implied. Please credit Oregon State University. To simplify technical terminology, trade names of products or equipment sometimes will be
used. No endorsement of products named is intended nor is criticism implied of products not mentioned.
2
Lima Beans..
bibition at 40° F caused reductions in yields. Overall
increases in yield from use of petroleum mulch were
mental to emergence of seedlings. Number of plants per
foot or row was not increased by imbibition at 750 F as
compared to check treatments, except for Early Thorogreen soaked at 75° for three days (Table 3). Seedlings
7% for the check treatment, and 33% and 14% for
40° F imbibition for one and three days, respectively.
There was no increase in yield from the use of petroleum mulch when seeds had been soaked at 75° F prior
to planting. Yields of Fordhook 242 were not obtained.
were thinned to an average of four plants per foot of
row where numbers were higher than this amount. First
emergence of seedlings was about one-half to one day
sooner under mulch treatments and at 75° imbibition
Further field work appears to be justified to ex-
when compared to the check and to 40° F imbibition.
Yields of shelled Early Thorogreen lima beans, obtained in late September from four replications, each of
plore potential treatments to increase rate and amount
of emergence as well as to decrease the time to reach
maturity of jima beans in western Oregon.
10-foot plot length, are shown in Table 4. Highest
-H. J. MACK
Horticulture Department
yields were obtained from the treatment in which seeds
were soaked at 75° F for one day prior to planting. In"-
Table 2. Effects
f temperature on lima bean emergence and growth in greenhouse
Fresh weight
Emergence
means
Early
Thorogreen
Fordhook
varieties
Early
Thorogreen
Fordhook
Mean of
varieties
°F
%
%
%
Gms/piant
Gms/plant
Gms/plan.t
8
30
52
69
74
73
92
92
38
52
69
82
84
1.7
2.7
3.8
3.8
3.6
6.7
8.6
8.8
8.7
Temperature
Mean of
Germination
55
60
65
70
75
76
85
Imbibition
55
60
65
70
75
47
48
44
48
52
72
82
87
84
88
59
65.
66
66
70
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.0
3.2
4.2
5.6
6.3
6.2
6.7
4.8
7.3
7.5
7.2
7.6
5.1
5.2
5.1
5.4
Table 3. Effects of preplanting imbibition temperature and petroleum mulch treatments on emergence of
lima beans
Petroleum mulch
No mulch
Seed treatments
(Imbibition temp.)
Early
Thorogreen
Early
Thorogreen
Fordhook
4.8
2.7
4.6
2.7
6.7
4.3
4.8
0.7
3.9
4.7
3.6
1.2
3.9
3.0
6.5
4.5
242
Fordhook
242
Means
Number of plants per foot of row
1. Check-no imbibition
2. 40° F-i day imbibition
3. 75° F-i day imbibition
4. 40° F-3 days imbibition
5. 75° F-3 days imbibition
Means
2.9
(Continued page 4)
.3
4.5
4.9
1.0
4.5
1.0
4.4
3.2
4.8
2.0
4.4
2.0
5.4
Lima Beans.
Table 4.
Effects of preplanting imbibition temperature and petroleum mulch treatments on yields of Early
Thorogreen lima beans
Yields (shelled)
Seed treatments
(Imbibition temp.)
I. Checkno imbibition
2. 40° FI day imbibition
3. 75° Fi clay imbibition
4. 400 F-3 days irnbibition
5. 750 F-3 days imbibition
Means
No mulch
Petrol, mulch
Means
Lbs./A
Lbs/A
Lbs./A
3,370
2,720
3,820
2,650
3,130
3,140
3,610
3,610
3,610
3,025
2,990
3,370
3,490
3,165
3,715
2,840
3,060
AAA
Effect of Insecticides
(Continued from page 1)
related directly with insect control. Plant stimulation
has been suggested. More recently, reports of increased
bean yields have been added to reports on potatoes. In
cooperation with the Chemagro Corporation, a smallscale bush bean experiment was set up on the Vegetable
Research Farm at Corvallis in 1966 to explore the possibility of plant stimulation.
The experiment consisted of single-row plots, 25
feet long, replicated six times. Tendercrop variety of
green bush bean was planted at 36-inch row spacing.
The 10 treatments tested included Di-Syston impregnated fertilizer (8-24-8) applied as sidedressing to both
sides of the rows at 1, 2, and 4 pounds active ingredient
per acre; half of the applications were made at planting
time (May 20) and half of them at post-emergence
(June 8). Two experimental soil systemic insecticides,
Temik and NIA 10242 (both carbamate-type insecticides), also were included in the test; 2 pounds of active ingredient was used per acre, applied as post-emergence sidedressings of 10% granules. All plots received
the same amount of 8-24-8 fertilizer and were sprinkler
irrigated when needed.
On June 20 the plant stands in all plots were thinned
Results
The mean bean weights ranged from 14.6 pounds
per 25 feet of row (for Di-Syston at 4 pounds per acre
at planting time) to 18.2 pounds (Di-Syston at 2 pounds,
post-emergence). Mean weights from the two untreated
checks were 15.6 and 17.0 pounds per plot. Variation
between treatments was not considered significant in
light of much greater variation between replications.
The fact that the experiment did not show increased
bean yields does not necessarily prove or disprove the
existence of the so-called "stimulation" from certain
soil systemic insecticides. Several field trials with DiSyston sidedressed on bush beans on private land (conducted by the Chemagro Corporation in cooperation
with county agents) showed substantial increases in
yield; others did not. One line of thinking is that chemicals like Di-Syston may act as fungicides against certain
parasitic soil fungi, thus allowing for better plant growth
when used in areas containing these fungi. If this were
so; no yield increases would be expected (other factors
being equal) if the crop and systemic insecticide were in
soil not infested with these fungi. Additional research is
obviously needed before the true picture of plant "stim-
to approximately four plants per foot. A careful in-
ulation" from soil systemic insecticides can be deter-
spection of the planting was made July 18 for the pres-
mined.
ence of significant numbers of aphids or other insect
pests. The results were negative. On August 2 the plots
were hand harvested and the bean yields graded and
recorded.
H. H. CROWELL,
Entomology Department
H. J. MACK,
Horticulture Department
Sweet Corn Varieties Tested
15. Tenderness: average of 10 readings per plot on
a spring-loaded puncture tester. Better-quality processing varieties usually have most readings in the 100 to
110 range at optimum maturity.
Commercial and experimental sweet corn hybrids
were observed in 1966 at the OSU Vegetable Research
Farm. This is done every other year to assist breeders in
the development of better hybrids for Western Oregon.
Each of about 50 hybrids was planted May 11, in
two 33-foot plots in rows 38 inches apart. Plants were
later thinned to 30 per plot. Approximately 600 pounds
per acre of 8-24-8 fertilizer was banded prior to planting and a sidedress application of 150 pounds per acre
of ammonium nitrate was made when the plants were
about 3 feet in height. Water was applied about every 10
days, as needed, after the early growth stages.
Harvests of the two replications for a variety were
made, when possible, two or three days apart in order to
see each variety at the most favorable time and facilitate
better interpretation of yield and tenderness readings.
The most important observations made for both replications are shown in Table 1, but space limitation permits
inclusion of only those hybrids yielding 5 tons or more
of husked good ears and certain others for comparisons.
Complete data for all hybrids can be obtained from the
authors if needed.
Processing tests
Based on yield and appearance, six new hybrids were
selected for processing, along with Golden Cross Bantarn, Jubilee, and NK 199. The variety Gold Trophy
was included, even though field notes suggested excessive pericarp toughness, which was confirmed by processing tests. Hybrids XP 2116 and NK 199 were also
somewhat high in pericarp toughness as noted by shear
press, percent pericarp, and sensory tests. Processing
tests of SRX 207 were favorable with respect to pencarp except for slight toughness noted in the sensory
evaluation of canned samples. It was fair to good in
other respects, with the best cutoff percent of the group.
Experimental hybrid 5 M000 was acceptable for pencarp tenderness, had a cutoff percent equal to Jubilee,
and was rated fair by the sensory panel. Hybrid 62-2463
was slightly high in toughness, rated low in the sensory
tests of the canned sample, but received the best sensory
rating of the frozen samples, Experimental hybrid 6093 was under Golden Cross Bantam in cutoff percent,
but was acceptable in toughness measurements and received the highest sensory score for the canned samples.
It was considered the best of the experimental hybrids
for overall quality. The successful commercial variety
Jubilee received poor color ratings in both canned an(l
Explanation of table headings
1. Source--numbers in this column refer to the following:
1Robson Seed Farms, Hall, New York.
2Harris Seed Co., Moreton Farm, Rochester
11, New York.
3Corneli Seed Co.,. 101 Chateau Avenue, St.
frozen samples, but was probably harvested before it
reached its optimum maturity. Several other varieties
not processed should be mentioned. No. 58-1804-C
yielded over 6 tons of good ears per acre and may have
possibilities for whole-ear pack; 64-2160 was similar,
though lower in yield and having shallow kernels. The
Louis 2, Missouri.
4Northrup King & Co., 1500 Jackson St. N.E.,
Minneapolis 13, Minn.
5Asgrow Seed Co., New Haven 2, Conn.
6Crookham Seed Co., P. 0. Box 651, Caldwell, Idaho.
yield of XP 2041 was good, but this hybrid was rough in
appearance, as were a number of others. Silver Queen
should be mentioned because it is a very high-quality
white corn similar to Tokay Sugar, though later in ma-
7Seed Research Specialists, P. 0. Box 3190,
Modesto, Calif.
8Rogers Brothers Seed Co., Box 2188, IdahQ
Falls, Idaho.
4. Gross weight of unhusked ears.
5,6,7. Refer to weights and numbers of husked ears
usable for processing.
12,13. Row straightness and tip fill: 1 = poorest,
turity, but rather low yielding for processing. It is excellent for home gardens.
-J. R. Baggett
Horticulture Department
3 = best.
George Varseveld
14. Taper: 1 = best, 3 = poorest, or greatest taper.
(Continued page 6)
5
Food Science and Technology Department
Sweet Corn Variety Trial, 1966
3
6
7
Good
Good
ears
T/A
4
3
1
8
9
10
good
Ear
Ear
ears
ear
length
dia.
Kernel
depth
T/A
No./A
Lbs.
In.
In.
In.
Ii
Per
Variety
Days to Gross
Source Height harvest wt.
Ft.
Golden Queen __..
Exp. Hyb. 5M000
NK 199
_._..____.
MK 100 - Seneca
Seneca Explorer.
8
3
4
1
1
_.
Exp. Hyb. 60-93..
XP 2116 ..__
Sunchief A ..__
Silver Queen
Northern Belle 131
SR X 207 .._......
2
3
5
6
8
2
7
__.
8
62 2463 ._.... ......
8
Jubilee
-
Gold Trophy L 116
2
64-2160 -- . ....
.
5
Average
tenderTaper ness
Notes
SI. curved; good general appearance; late; tough.
Possibly misjudged maturity; colored silk.
2
2
126
114
Excellent kernel type; a few blanks; variable maturity;
3
3
99
135
Colored silk.
2
2
2
2
1-2
3
2
115
140
12
12
3
2
3
2
2
2
133
16-18
16-18
3
3
2
3/8
3
2
2
1.8
1.83
5/16
3/8
16
18
3
3
2
2
3
7.4
7.3
22
1/2
9/16
20-22
22-24
2
2.3
3
._.
.70
8.
7.8
2.
2.1
7/16
1/2
18-22
16-20
15,840
17,600
.45
.45
7.6
7.6
1.75
1.8
3/8
3/8
19,800
19,360
.51
.51
....
7.6
....
1.8
..
5.0
16
9.3
7.3
5.0
4.5
19,800
16,720
.51
7.8
7.8
1.9
1.9
3/8
3/8
16
10.,
105
103
61
.52
.53
19
1.9
3/8
5.8
23 320
22,000
79
10.7
108
110
103
92
53
6.1
18 040
20,240
.60
8.4
99
103
10.6
6.0
7.9
102
66
28,600
28 160
.42
90
46
76
9.0
9.0
107
105
9.4
7.7
5.4
5.6
18,920
21,120
.57
.53
7.5
107
107
6.7
3.7
14,960
.49
18040
-.
.60
8.1
1.9
.61
82
1.9
7/16
7/16
14-16
14-16
9.5
9.0
105
107
9.1
11.1
4.8
18,040
23,760
.53
.54
7.5
7.2
1.9
1.9
5/16
7/16
18-22
6.5
8.5
104
9.0
105
6.8
6.9
4.7
4.4
15,400
13,200
.60
.66
7.6
7.4
22
22
1/2
1/2
8.5
8.0
106
10.1
22,000
18,480
.53
7.6
7.6
1.85
10.0
5.0
5.0
.45
107
1.8
5.5
86
89
5.0
2.4
2.6
12,320
12,760
.39
.43
7.0
7.6
1.5
107
105
92
8.5
5.6
4.6
23,760
20,680
.47
.44
8.5
8.5
107
107
10.1
6.0
8.9
4.1
22,440
15,400
8.0
8.5
110
111
8.6
10.3
5.8
6.6
7.0
7.0
94
98
7.8
8.4
._
9.5
9.5
111
110
7.9
6.5
7.5
2
2
3
2
3
3
3
18
18-22
20
2
2
7/16
5/16
16
18
1.7
5/16
5/16
7.
1.8
7/16
7.6
1.8
.53
.53
8.1
7.8
16,280
18,040
.71
.72
5.1
14,520
14,520
9.4
3.6
4.0
99
98
7.9
5.0
8.8
8.0
9.0
107
105
85
7.5
80
85
75
7.0
XP 2041 ... ....
hit
15
160
140
16,280
15,840
70
8
ness
14
2
I
5.4
4.8
5.1
8.9
.53
90
8.0
98
98
104
103
.
3
3
.
colored silk.
Some tip constriction and center breaks; generally
smooth; uneven lengtk
Tough; yield very low; colored silk.
144
149
Slight curve; somewhat tough pericarp.
2
111
131
Uneven size; sonic blanks and rough tips; uneven maturity; colored silk.
3
3
105
3
2-3
101
Bad center break; some very short; somewhat bumpy;
large diameter.
1
2
3
1
3
3
135
152
14
2
3
3
3
2
1-2
83
101.5
Excellent quality; uneven maturity; poor one-harvest
14-16
-
.
-
3
2
163
132
Somewhat rough; some blanks; bad earworm damage;
2
3
2
3
2
2
116
Slight curve; some bad taper; colored silk.
16-18
16-18
16-20
3
3
2
1
3
2 end
104
125
Some tips slightly rough generally uniform
7/16
19
1.9
7/16
7/16
16-18
16-18
3
2
2
1
1
89
120
Slight curve
1
1.7
1 7.,
3/8
3/8
16-18
14-16
2
2
2
2
107
105
Some bumpy; tips slightly rough; slight tassel in ear
7.9
7.8
1.9
1/2
7/16
16-18
16-18
3
3
3
Variable length; too tough; variable maturity; slight
3
2
2
155
1.85
155
variable color; colored silk.
8.5
1.7
3/8
14-16
3
3
1
-
.
126
126
Some blanks; some row break; slight variable color.
2
2
2
1
122
1
96
Shallow kernels low row number slight variable color
variable maturity.
2
2
2-3
87
109
7.4
86
7/16
Golden Cross
Bantam _....
no.
112
9.4
7.0
8
Row
119
119
8.0
38-1804-C
13
Row straight- Tip
9.0
5.5
Harris' Gold Cup
12
-
77
53
24200
44
80
20
5.1
22,440
.45
8.1
1.7
5/16
5/16
12-14
8.4
84
52
16,280
7.6
5.1
13,641)
63
.74
8
7.6
20
2.0
7/16
7/16
16-20
16-20
1
3
3
3
3
2
2
1
Quite rough; poor fill; maturity gradient on ear.
yield; some bumpy; sweet; colored silk.
colored silk.
92
some center row break
tips slightl
ragged.
tip possibly whole-ear pack
colored silk.
some long pointed ears
Split maturit) slightl) coarse uneven length
curves; colored silk.
Soflit