COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS of agricultural chemicals
is now big business in Oregon. Total bill for pesticide applications (not including cost of chemicals) is estimated at more
than one million dollars annually. This study summarizes
2,780 individual lobs on 195,630 acres utilizing 44 separate
chemicals and 36 combinations of chemicals. Pests attacked
by commercial applicators included 36 separate types of insects, 27 types of weeds, and 9 distinct diseases. Even mice
and rabbits appeared in the combat lineup. For each of
these many pests the bulletin summarizes custom charges
both by "ground" and "air" applicators. The economic significance of important applications is shown in terms of increased product necessary to cover combined costs of chemical and application.
Pesticide App lica 1k
s
Commercial Charges
D. Curtis Mumford
Station Bulletin 571
Agricultural Experiment Station
September 1959
Oregon State College
Corvallis
Pesticide ApplicationsCommercial Charges
Contents
Page
INTRODUCTION
3
FINDINGS
3
PEST CONTROL
6
Crops and Land Uses Treated
6
Pests Attacked
6
Chemicals Used
6
CONSIDERATION OF INDIVIDUAL CROPS
Wheat
14
IRyegrass
15
Vetch
15
Clover
16
Cherries
17
Filberts
17
Strawberries
18
Snap Beans
19
Canning Peas
19
Potatoes
20
APPLICATIONS
20
Seeding
20
Other Jobs
20
Size of the Industry
20
ECONOMIC Aspic's OF PESTICIDE APPLICATION
Net Economic Advantage of Pest Control
APPENDIX
2
14
22
23
23
D. Curtis Mumford
Agricultural Economist
Each dot represents 250 acres of chemical applications studied.
Introduction
This report presents a summary of more than one quarter million dollars worth of commercial applications (not
counting cost of materials applied). It includes 2,780 chemical application jobs performed by commercial applicators
on 195,630 acres of farm, ranch, and forest lands in Oregon during 1957. It brings up to date material summarized
and published in Station Bulletin 566, issued in January,
Objectives of this study were to find out (1) acreages
of specific crops treated by commercial applicators, (2)
pests attacked, (3) kinds and amounts of chemicals used,
and (4) customary charges for different methods of application. Results are presented from three standpoints
crops treated, pests attacked, and chemicals used. "Air"
and "ground" applications are considered separately.
1958.
Findings
Data were obtained through cooperation of 13 commercial applicators who sent copies of their daily job
sheets to Oregon State College to be tabulated and an-
acres compared with 13.4 acres for ground jobs. As a
alyzed.
charge per acre in this study was $2.60 compared with an
average charge of $1.35 per acre for jobs done from the
Table 1 presents a summarized picture of all work
done by cooperating applicators in this study: From an
acreage standpoint, air applications accounted for 95%
of total work done. From standpoint of number of jobs,
however, air applications accounted for only 73% of the
total. This is because average size of air jobs was 88.3
rule, smaller jobs are more expensive per acre than larger
jobs. Perhaps largely for this rason, average ground
air. (See Table 1.) As a sideline to their regular operations, the chemical applicators did some fertilizing, seeding, and combinations of other operations, but these ac-
tivities were not too important from the overall standpoint. (See Table 1.)
3
Summary of Work
Table 1.
No. of
jobs
Type of operation
Air application
Dusting
Spraying
Fertilizing
Other
Total
Ground application
Dusting
Spraying
Fertilizing
Other
Dusting
Spraying
Fertilizing
Other
Grand total
Total application charges*
per job
730
1,111
212
46
23,207
123,273
14,635
24,204
31.8
111.0
69.0
526.2
$2.01
$ 46,635
1.21
1.58
1.33
148,646
23,093
32,271
2,099
185,319
88.3
$1.35
$250,645
178
1
12
7.4
15.2
8.7
12.2
$1.74
2.72
2.96
4.92
$
3
1,315
8,957
26
771
10,310
13.4
$2.60
$ 26,812
908
1,700
215
47
24,523
132,230
14,661
24,216
27.0
77.8
68.2
515.2
$1.99
$ 48,918
1.31
1.58
1.34
173,038
23,170
32,331
2,870
195,630
68.2
$1.42
$277,457
589
Total
Total ground and air applications
Charge*
Area
Total
area
Acres
per acre
Acres
2,283
24,392
77
60
* Application charge does not include cost of chemical.
Table 2.
Summary of All Chemical Work Done by Crop and Land Use
Air application
Ground application
Crop or
land use
No. of
jobs
Total
area
Acres
Av. appl.
Av. area charge
per job per acre
Acres
Dusting
Alfalfa
Barley
Clover
Other tree fruits
6.0
135
2,272.5
3
165.0
16.0
10.0
1
52.0
26.0
35.5
7.4
3.7
5.9
1
1.0
157
1,201.0
1.0
7.6
7
6
$1.60
2.12
1.77
5.00
1.73
1
1
16
1
3
7
18
Other small fruit
Beans
Beets
Onions
Peas
4
1
152
4
Walnuts
Blackberries
Red raspberries
Strawberries
Potatoes
Nursery crops
Other speciality horticultural crops
Combinations of different crops
Dust
Total
3
4
123
7
1
7.0
7,342.0
209.0
Acres
32.0
48.0
34.8
27.3
35.6
27.8
8.0
88.3
6.0
16.8
55.0
16.0
10.0
21.7
30.0
7.0
11.4
40.6
7.0
45.6
19.0
3.0
34.0
$1.50
2.75
1.27
1.78
1.77
1.88
1.50
2.06
3.00
2.98
5.00
2.00
2.00
2.93
1.50
3.48
3.50
2.61
3.29
1.64
1
730
23,207.5
31.8
$2.01
3
4
$1.74
per job per acre
17,0
16.5
219.0
28
7.4
Av. appl.
charge
738.0
51.0
66.0
219.0
45
1,315.5
Av. area
1.48
5.00
2.41
2.64
4.02
3.39
2.37
1
178
347.0
30.0
21.0
79.5
730.0
161
11
-
Total
area
Acres
32.0
48.0
139.0
3,354.0
5,408.5
111.0
8.0
265.0
1
Vetch
Other legumes
Filberts and hazelnuts
jobs
1
Field peas
Root crops
Peppermint
Sugar beets
Cherries
Peaches
Prunes and plums
No. of
3.0
1,530.0
26.4
Table 2.
Summary of All Chemical Work Done by Crop and Land Use (Continued)
Air application
Ground application
Crop or
land use
Spraying
Barley
Corn
Oats
Rye
Wheat
Grain or mixture
No. of
jobs
34
12
13
Beans
Beets
Cabbage
Cucumbers
Peas
Potatoes
Other vegetables
Permanent pasture
Rangeland
Timber
Other uses
Combinations of different crops
Spray
Total
Dust and Spray
Grand total
jobs
3
152.0
50.7
1.85
93.0
2
19.7
23.3
9.9
2.00
2.18
173.5
6.2
3.53
7
197.3
28.2
2.14
2
3.5
3.0
3.3
14.9
62.5
11.8
16.0
692.6
50.5
225.4
1.8
3.0
4.29
6.67
8.79
3.89
4.14
5.42
5.00
6.09
2.02
2.65
1
2
4
6
2
1
80
4
12
3
19.0
332.5
11.0
1.7
3.7
10.4
5.9
16.0
8.7
12.6
18.8
24.2
24.9
46.5
75.3
353.0
22.4
63.8
66.5
1.91
150.5
1
3
353.0
628.0
702.0
2,060.0
1,060.5
193.0
1,884.5
121.0
42.0
102.0
1
4.0
4.0
4
104.0
26.0
2.88
10
9
119.5
12.0
221.0
24.6
1
3.0
3.0
3.15
1.67
1.33
25
56.2
35.8
320
28
8
11
31
10
7
28
$1.04
2
4
28
4
115.3
42.5
67.6
325.0
260.9
107.3
57.5
11.8
21
106
54
168
4
1
24
area
Av. appi.
Av. area charge
per job per acre
Acres
4,035.5
170.0
270.5
325.0
83,487.8
3,005.5
460.0
248.5
2,566.0
1,344.0
7,815.0
1.41
20.6
19.9
16.2
18.5
Total
Acres
35
1.78
1.74
0.70
2.02
2.20
3.52
5
Filberts and hazelnuts
Blackberries
Red raspberries
Strawberries
Asparagus
No. of
$0.79
2.53
15.4
21.8
6
Other tree fruits
29.3
24.0
13.1
1,432.0
1,593.3
111.0
103.0
476.5
16.2
93
73
Alfalfa
Clover
Field peas
Vetch
Other legumes
Bentgrass
Bluegrass
Fescue
Ryegrass
Peppermint
Sugar beets
Other specialty field and drug crops
Apples
Peaches
Prunes and plums
996.4
288.5
170.0
Av. appi.
Av. area charge
per job per acre
Acres
1
Other grains
Other grasses
Root crops
Idle land
Total
area
Acres
18
3
2
6.3
1.53
66.5
3.7
2.14
3.64
146
3.82
2
3
106.1
27.6
104.7
40.3
21.0
34.0
1.41
1.23
1.00
1.08
1.22
1.22
1.88
1.53
1.47
1.61
1.00
1.48
1.28
1.28
1.05
1.48
1.12
1.49
1.50
2.51
2.45
147
4
-
1,577.9
58.2
10.7
14.6
4.87
4.73
26
11
1,405.0
5,232.5
9.0
35.5
2,672.0
392.0
1,749.0
302.5
589
8,956.6
15.2
$2.72
1,111
123,273.3
111.0
$1.21
767
10,272.1
13.4
$2.60
1,841
146,480.8
80.0
$1.33
5
3
8
52.1
6.5
2
6
4.5
11.8
1.98
1.00
1.41
65.3
67.3
27.5
0.73
5.73
0.67
1.64
Pest Control
Chemicals were applied for pest control on 162,619
acres, comprising 2,629 jobs. Seventy-four individual
pests and 88 combinations were treatedsome from the
air and some from the ground. These included 36 indi-
treated, and name of the chemical or chemicals used. Num-
ber of jobs done and acreage covered by "air" have been
kept separate from ground jobs.
vidual insects and 21 combinations of insects; 27 individual weeds and 58 combinations; 9 individual diseases and
9 combinations; and two kinds of rodentsmice and rab-
Insects: Some pests are attacked over a much longer
period than others. For example, aphids, first insects
bits. These two latter pests were attacked from the air.
Pest control in this publication is summarized under
three headings: (1) Crops and land uses treated, (2)
to September 15a period of four monthswhile the
pests attacked, and (3) chemicals used.
Crops and land uses treated
Almost every crop has at least one pest capable of reducing total production and/or impairing quality. To combat these many pests, farmers are turning to application of
more and more chemicals.
Tabulations in Tabl 2 show that 50 crops or land uses
received some type of chemical treatment by commercial
applicators in this study. Principal crops to which chemical
dusts and sprays were applied commercially for the purpose
of controlling pests were in the following order: wheat,
vetch, pole snap beans, potatoes, barley, field peas, canning peas, clover, cherries, ryegrass, and filberts.
Data are presented in Table 2 to show all dusting jobs
separately from spraying jobs. "Ground" jobs have been
kept separate from "air" jobs. In each case, number of
jobs, total area, average area per job, and average commercial charge per acre for the application (not including
charge for the chemical itself) are shown.
All dusting jobs done by ground rigs were in orchards.
Other dusting jobs, including also many orchard dusting
jobs, were done from the air (Table 2). Spraying, in this
study, was far more popular than dusting, in fact, over
five times as many acres were sprayed as were dusted. A
glance at Table 2 will show that application of spray from
the air has been many times more popular than application
from the ground. Most probably the chief reason for this
was the relative cost of each. Average charge per acre for
"ground" application was $2.72 compared to only $1.21
for "air" application. Perhaps the main reason for less
costly "air" application was that air jobs averaged 111
acres each, whereas the ground jobs averaged only 15
acres. Usually larger jobs can be done for less cost per
acre than smaller jobs.
Pests attacked
Table 3 has been constructed to show each group of
pests separately. Insects are listed first, then weeds in alphabetical order, and finally various diseases. Table 3 de-
scribes a specific pest, when it was treated, and what
chemical was used. Shown for each pest separately are
time range of treatment, number of jobs done, area
6
listed in Table 3, are attacked or combatted from May 16
Colorado potato beetle was attacked only during June. A
longer time span is required for aphids because they attack several different crops. Note different chemicals used:
DDT, malathion, methoxyclor, parathion, sulfur, systox,
and TEPP.
Mice and rabbits were listed with insects for convenience. They both were attacked from the air. Mice were
combatted over an 8-month period.
Weeds:
Under weeds (Table 3) the more important
ones treated were tarweed, sagebrush, mustard, and morn-
ing glory. The chemical 2,4-D played a big part in this
attack which was made chiefly from airplanes. Approximately 116,000 acres were treated for weeds in this study.
Disease:
Blight, brown rot, and rust were most im-
portant diseases attacked. Note the several kinds of chemi-
cals used (Table 3). Control of blight started in early
April and extended through early October.
Chemicals used
A total of 44 individual chemicals and 36 combinations
of 2, 3, and 4 chemicals were reported applied by commercial applicators (Table 4).
Chemicals used for pest control are called pesticides.
The term includes all insecticides, fungicides, herbicides,
and defoliants applied to agricultural crops. Table 4 sum-
marizes pesticide materials applied to agricultural crops
and land uses. The chemical 2,4-D, a weed killer, was most
important. In this study alone it was used to treat 102,802
acres in 750 jobsmostly from the air and in spray form
(Table 4). DDT- was next with 22,343 acres divided almost equally between spray and dust. Malathion was third
in importance with 6,080 acres treated mostly in form of
dtist and from the air.
Charges for chemical materials varied with kinds used,
methods of application, and with individual operators.
Most chemicals were supplied by farmers, especially with
"air" jobs. Shown for each chemical and each combination
of chemicals in Table 4 are number of jobs, method of application (whether ground or air), whether spray or dust,
acreage treated, average amount of chemical applied per
acre, its cost when known, and per acre charge for its applicati on.
Table 3.
Pest
Time range
- Insect
Aphids
Colorado Potato Beetle
Flea Beetle
Mint Flea Beetle
Syneta Beetle
Diabrotica
Beetles (unidentified)
Clover Root Borer
Peach and Prune Root Borer
Lygus Bug
Meadow Spittle Bug
Bugs (unidentified)
Tent Caterpillar
Cherry Fruitfly
Filbert Moth
Mineola Moth
Nitidulids
Slugs
Spiders
Symphyllids
Filbert Leaf Roller
Tier, Omniverous Leaf
Thrips
Clover Leaf Weevil
Pea Weevil
Strawberry Root Weevil
Vetch Weevil
Cutworms
Lesser Apple Worm
Wireworms
Alfalfa Looper
Army Worm
Worms (unidentified)
Number of jobs
ground
air
May 16-Sept. 15
149
June 1-June 30
June 1-Aug. 31
July 16-July 31
Apr. 16-Apr. 30
May 1-Sept. 15
July 1-Oct. 15
Apr. 1-Apr. 15
July 16-Aug. 31
15
Apr. 16-Aug. 15
Apr. 16-May 31
June 16-June 30
May 16-June 15
23
May 1-July 15
June 16-June 30
June 1-Sept. 15
July 1-Aug.15
Apr. 1-Apr, 15
July 16-Aug. 15
Oct. 16-Nov. 15
June 16-June 30
May 1-May 31
Apr. 1-June 30
May 1-June 30
July 16-July 31
June 16-June 30
May 1-July 15
Apr. 16-Apr. 30
June 1-July 15
May 16-July 31
June 16-June 30
Apr. 16-June 15
June 1-June 15
June 1-June 15
Flies
Mosquitoes
Summary of All Pests Treated
12
Mice
Rabbits
1
Acres
A cres
7,063.0
72.5
576.5
325.0
70.0
153.5
213.0
106.0
2
3
4
1
1
4
1
94
1
18
9
6
2
2
449.0
42.0
200.0
52.0
1,538.5
2
5.0
7
46
11
2
1
214
120.0
596.0
3
2
3
757.0
120.0
600.0
June 16-Aug. 31
93
Aphids-Nitidulids
Aphids-Thrips
July 16-Aug. 15
July 16-July 31
2
1
2
22.0
883.8
115
146.5
935.5
129.0
1,869.5
504.5
2,694.0
66.0
3.0
Chemicals used
DDT, Malathion, Methoxyclor, Parathion,
Sulfur, Systox, TEPP
DDT
DDT, Aldrin, Malathion
DDT
Kolokill, Niatox
DDT, Copper, Methoxyclor, Sulfur
DDT, Toxaphene
Aldrin
DDT
DDT, BHC Gamma, Systox, Toxaphene
DDT, Malathion, Methoxyclor
DDT
DDD, DDT, Malathion
DDT, Kolokill, Lead Arsenate, Malathion,
Methoxyclor, Parathion, Rotenone
Lindane, Malathion
DDT, Pyrenone
DDT, Lead Arsenate
DDT
Perthane, Phosdrin, Toxaphene
Metag (slug bait pellets)
Lime Sulfur
Aldrin, Parathion
DDD, DDT, Lead Arsenate
DDT, Lead Arsenate, Methoxyclor, Ziram
TEPP
3.0
1
17
14.0
13,180.5
109.0
5
47
361.4
57.0
14
317
July 1-Aug. 15
10.3
20.0
24.0
6,168.0
1
8
.5
3.0
1.8
17.0
1
4
52
5.3
3.3
111.0
12.2
98.0
2
11
5.0
30.0
1,475.0
237.0
108.0
1
Two Insects
Aphids-Diabrotica
Aphids-Potato Beetle
Aphids-Lygus Bug
-
ground
1
Apr. 16-June 30
Apr. 1-Nov. 30
Mar. 16-June 30
June i-June 30
2
10
6
3
Apr. 1-Aug. 31
Insects (unnamed)
S
Area treated
air
19.4
DDT
2,4-D, DDT, Malathion, Parathion, TEPP
Aldrin
DDT, Parathion
DDT, Toxaphene
Ferbam, Lead Arsenate
Aldrin, Heptachlor
DDT
Toxaphene
DDT, Ferbam, Lead Arsenate, Malathion,
Sulfur
DDT, Aldrin, Malathion, Parathion
Poison Bait, Toxaphene
Toxaphene
DDT, Malathion, Methoxyclor, Sulfur, TEPP
DDT, Malathion
60.0
DDT, 2,4-D, Aidrin, Malathion, Parathion,
Systox, Toxaphene
Malathion
Parathion
Table 3.
oo
Time range
Pest
Summary of All Pests Treated (Continued)
Number of jobs
air
ground
Area treated
ground
air
A cres
Aphids-Alfalfa Weevil
Aphids-Clover Leaf Weevil
Aphids-Pea Weevil
Aphids-Mice
Caterpillars-Diabrotica
Lygus Bug-Midge
Lygus Bug-Alfalfa Weevil
Lygus Bug-Clover Leaf Weevil
Lygus Bug-Clover Seed Weevil
Lygus Bug-Pea Weevil
Lygus Bug-"Weevils"
Lygus Bug-Mice
Clover Leaf Weevil-Vetch Weevil
Clover Leaf Weevil-Mice
Pea Weevil-Vetch Weevil
Spiders-Thrips
July 16-Aug. 15
July 16-July 31
May 16-July 15
July 16-July 31
June 1-June 15
June 16-June 30
July 1-July 31
July 1-Aug. 31.
June 16-June 30
July 1-July 15
Apr. 30-July 15
July 1-July 15
June 16-June 30
July 16-July 31
June 1-June 15
July 1-July 15
Insects-subtotal
Apr. 16-Sept. 15
Apr. 16-Nov. 15
Mar. 1-Sept. 15
Apr. 1-July 31
May 1-May 15
June 1-June 30
Mar. 16-Apr. 30
July 1-July 15
Aug. 16-Aug. 31
Feb. 1-Nov. 15
Canada Thistle
Clover
Dandelion or Daisy
Fanweed
Garlic or Onion
German Alfalfa
Gorse
Grass
Tansy Ragwort
Tarweed
Tussock
Vetch
Weeds (unnamed)
Apr. 1-Aug. 31
May 1-May 15
May 16-Nov. 15
Apr. 16-June 30
Apr. 1-July 31
Feb. 15-Feb. 28
June 1-June 15
May 1-May 15
Oct. 16-Oct. 31
May 16-June 15
Apr. 16-Apr. 30
June 16-Aug. 15
Mar. 1-Dec. 31
Sept. 16-Sept. 30
Jan. 1-Dec. 15
Jan. 1-Nov. 30
Wild Blackberry
Defoliation
June 16-Sept. 30
June 16-Oct. 15
Lambs Quarter
Lupine
Morning Glory
Mustard
Pigweed
Quackgrass
Radish
Russian Thistle
Ryegrass
Sagebrush
Sunflower
3
4
1
1
2
7
18
1
3
2
1
1
1
4
1
.
DDT, Malathion, Toxaphene
Toxaphene
DDT, Parathion
Toxaphene
DDT
DDT, Toxaphene
DDT, Kolokill, Malathion, Toxaphene
DDT, Kolokill, Malathion, Toxaphene
DDT, Malathion
DDT, Malathion, Parathion
Toxaphene
Toxaphene
DDT
Toxaphene
DDT
TEPP
206
41,977.0
1,662.5
3
3
7
27
43
27.0
407.0
357.0
249.5
72.0
1,040.2
421.5
1,209
Weeds
Alfalfa
Brush
Acres
41.0
68.0
73.0
26.0
23.0
21.0
105.0
425.0
30.0
87.0
50.0
5.0
80.0
24.0
109.0
26.0
4
4
14
2
4
1
1
3
8
67.0
2
9
20.0
10.0
1,375.5
2,491.0
57.0
60.0
1
10
12
1
10
3
11
1
50.2
20.0
243.0
2,682.0
1
105.0
4
59
92.5
30.0
1
3
1
1.0
119.1
9.0
9.0
1
1
1
21,942.0
1
12.0
11.3
30.0
1.5
559.7
271
25
239
410.0
40,387.3
3,215.6
37
18
5
1,251.0
42.5
56.5
13
2,4-D
2,4-D, 2,4-5TP, Brush Killer
2,4-D, 2,4-5T, ATA, Brush Killer
2,4-D, 2,4-ST, Brush Killer
2,4-D
2,4-D
2,4-D
2,4-D
10.0
197.0
106.0
33.0
1
Chemicals used
Brush Killer
2,4-D, 2,4-DB, ATA, Chloro IPC, Dalapon,
DCMU (Karmex DW), IPC
2,4-D
2,4-D
2,4-D, Dinitro P.R.
2,4-D
2,4-D, Dinitro P.R.
ATA
2,4-D
2,4-D
IPC
2,4-D
2,4-D
Brush Killer
2,4-D
Brush Killer
2,4-D, MCP
2,4-D, 2,4-5T, Aldrin, ATA, Brush Killer,
Chlorea, Chloro IPC
2,4-ST, Brush Killer
2,4-D, Arsenic Compounds, Atlas A, Dinitro
General
Table 3.
Pest
Two weeds
Alfalfa-Canada Thistle
Alfalfa-Lambs Quarter
Alfalfa-Pigweed
Barley-Pigweed
Brush-Alder
Brush-Tansy Ragwort
Brush-Inhibit Sprouting
Canada Thistle-Brush
Canada Thistle-Morning Glory
Canada Thistle-Mustard
Canada Thistle-Nettles
Canada Thistle-Pigweed
Canada Thistle-Radish
Canada Thistle-Sunflower
Canada Thistle-Tansy Ragwort
Canada Thistle-Vetch
Canada Thistle-Weeds
Canada Thistle-Wild Blackberry
Chinese Lettuce-Mustard
Chinese Lettuce-Pigweed
Chinese Lettuce-Weeds
Clover-Weeds
Lambs Quarter-Dock
Lambs Quarter-Garlic
Lambs Quarter-Morning Glory
Lambs Quarter-Mustard
Lambs Quarter-Pigweed
Lambs Quarter-Salt Bush
Lambs Quarter-Sunflower
Lambs Quarter-Weeds
Morning Glory-Pigweed
Morning Glory-Weeds
Mustard-Fanweed
Mustard-Filaree
Mustard-Grass
Mustard-Pigweed
Mustard-Tarweed
Mustard-Russian Thistle
Mustard-Weeds
Pigweed-Weeds
Radish-Vetch
Radish-Weeds
Russian Thistle-Weeds
Tarweed-Dandelion
Tarweed-Filaree
Tarweed-Grass
Time range
Apr. 16-Apr. 30
May 16-May 31
Apr. 16-Apr. 30
May 1-May 15
Aug. 16-Aug. 31
May 16-May 31
July 16-July 31
May 16-Aug. 31
June 16-Sept. 15
Apr. 16-June 15
May 16-May 30
June 1-June 30
Apr. 16-June 15
May 1-May 15
May 16-July 15
Apr. 16-May 31
Apr. 16-Aug. 31
Aug. 1-Aug. 15
Apr. 1-Apr. 30
Apr. 1-June 15
Apr. 1-Apr. 30
Apr. 16-Apr. 30
Apr. 16-Apr. 30
May 1-May 15
May 16-June 30
May 1-May 31
Apr. 1-July 15
Apr. 1-May 15
May 16-May 31
May 16-July 31
May 16-June 30
May 16-May 31
May 1-May 15
Apr. 16-Apr. 30
Mar. 1-Apr. 30
May 16-May 31
Mar. 1-May 31
May 16-May 31
Feb. 1-May 31
Apr. 1-June 15
Apr. 16-Apr. 30
May 1-May 15
May 16-May 31
Mar. 16-Mar. 31
Mar. 1-Apr. 15
Apr. 1-Apr. 15
Summary of All Pests Treated (Continued)
Number of jobs
air
ground
1
1
Area treated
ground
air
.4 cres
A cres
35.0
56.0
46.0
8.0
27.0
5.0
4.6
2.5
3
1
1
1
1
1
.1
1
1
6
2
2
169.0
760.0
1
2
4
1
11
1
12
4
13
2
2
4
2
2
150.0
1.8
405.0
1
1
1
1
32.0
4
2
23
40.0
2
2
5
1
1
28.0
1
1
12
3
3
1
1
1
24,090.0
400.0
75.0
1
1
1
1
6
3
390.0
70.0
2,755.0
777.0
2,4-D, Brush Killer
2,4-D, Brush Killer
2,4-D, Brush Killer
2,4-5T, ATA
2,4-D
2,4-D
2,4-D
2,4-D, Brush Killer
2,4-D, ATA
2,4-D
2,4-D, ATA, Brush Killer
2,4-D
2,4-D, ATA, Brush Killer
2,4-5T, Brush Killer
2,4-D
2,4-D
2,4-D
2,4-D
2,4-D
2,4-D
2,4-D
2,4-D
10.0
45.0
2,4-D
2,4-D
84.0
130.0
15.0
29.0
200.0
7.0
80.0
15.0
33.0
4
2,4-D
2,4-D
2,4-D
2,4-D
23.0
87.0
51.0
24.0
21.0
3.0
40.0
45.7
418.2
120.0
64.0
3,789.0
1
58
45.7
108.0
6.3
117.0
70.0
75.0
44.0
84.0
220.3
Chemicals used
2,4-D, MCP
2,4-D, MCP
2,4-D, MCP
2,4-D
2,4-D
2,4-D
2,4-D
2,4-D
2,4-D
2,4-D
2,4-D, MCP
2,4-D
2,4-D
2,4-D
2,4-D
2,4-D
2,4-D
2,4-D
Table 3.
Pest
Time range
Tarweed-Lupine
Tarweed-Weeds
Weeds-Brush
Weeds-Garlic
Weeds-Grass
May 16-May 31
Mar. 16-Apr. 30
Weeds-Rattail Fescue
May 16-May 31
May 1-May 15
Apr. 16-Apr. 30
June 16-June 30
Aug. 16-Sept. 30
July 16-Sept. 30
Weeds-Ryegrass
Weeds-Vetch
Weeds-Wild Blackberry
Wild Blackberry-Brush
Wild Blackberry-Poison Oak
July 1-July 15
Apr. 1-Apr. 30
Feb. 1-Oct. 31
Weeds-subtotal
Summary of All Pests Treated (Continued)
Number of jobs
air
ground
Area treated
air
ground
A cres
A cres
2,4-D
2,4-D
120.0
1,169.0
1
3
3.4
2
5
186.6
16.0
1
2,4-D, Dalapon
10.0
1.0
1
1
4.0
1.0
2
1
544
107,996.3
8,524.8
31
2
30.0
940.0
22.0
19
14
448.5
72.5
567
Disease
Bacterial Canker
Blight
Brown Rot
Leaf Curl
Leaf Spot
Mildew
Mold
Rust
Silver Tip
Sept. 1-Sept. 15
Apr. 1-Oct. 15
May 1-Sept, 15
May 15-May 31
May 1-May 15
Sept. 1-Sept. 15
June 1-Aug. 15
May 1-July 15
May 1-May 31
Disease-subtotal
Miscellaneous
Flea Beetle-Blight
Diabrotica-Mold
Syneta Beetle-Brown Rot
Cherry Fruitfly-Brown Rot
Fruit Worm-Brown Rot
Fruit Worm-Mold
Thrip-Blight
"Worms"-Leaf Spot
Lygus Bug-Weeds
Mice-Weeds
Miscellaneous-subtotal
Grand total
Grand total (air and ground)
1
4.0
28.0
16.0
42.0
204.5
195.0
1
6
8
4
16
72
July 16-July 31
June 16-June 30
Apr. 16-Apr. 30
June 1-June 15
May 16-May 31
May 16-May 31
Apr. 1-Apr. 15
Apr. 1-Apr. 15
May 16-May 31
May 1-May 31
1
2.0
1
3.0
87.0
14.0
1
1
1
.5
1
81.0
25.0
3
2
13
2
453.0
2.5
1,861
768
152,334.3
10,284.3
2,629
2,4-D
ATA
Brush Killer
Brush Killer
Polybor
Copper, Copper Sulfate, Culperin, DDT, Kolokill, Sulfur, Zineb, Ziram
Kolokill, Sulfur
Captan
Kolokill
Sulfur
Sulfur, Terrachlor, Ziram
Kolokill, Dichlone
DDT
94.5
1,908.0
45.0
184.0
14.0
1
3
2,4-D, ATA, Captan, Chloro, IPC, CMU, Dinitro General, IPC
2,4-D
55.0
10.0
1
2,4-D, 2,4-5T, ATA, Brush Killer
2,4-D
233.0
3
2
Chemicals used
162,618.6
DDT, Copper
DDT, Copper, Malathion, Sulfur
Kolokill
Kolokill
Malathion, Ziram
DDT, Ziram
Kolokill
Lead Arsenate, Lime, Sulfur
2,4-D, Toxaphene
2,4-D, Toxaphene
Table 4.
Chemical
Summary of All Chemicals Applied by Air and Ground
Air
No. of
method*
jobs
Area
treated
Acres
2,4-D
2,4-D, Aldrin
2,4-D, Chloro IPC
2,4-D, Dalapon
2,4-D, Toxaphene
2,4-D, 2,4-5T
2,4-5T, 2,4-5TP
Aldrin
Amino Triozole, ATA
Arsenic Compounds
Atlas A
Bait
Brush Killer (2,4-D, 2,4-5T) comb.
Captan
(All DDT, Malathion)
DDT, Malathion, Sulfur
DDT, Parathion
DDT, Pyrenone
DDT, Sulfur
DDT, TEPP
DDT, Toxaphene
DDT, Zineb
DDT, Ziram
Demeton (Systox)
Dichlone
Dinitro General
Dinitro IPC
Dinitro PE
IPC
Kolokill
Lead Arsenate
Lindane, Malathion
Malathion
Malathion
(All Malathion)
Malathion, Methoxyclor
Malathion, Methoxyclor, Sulfur
Malathion, TEPP
Malathion, Toxaphene
Malathion, Ziram
MCP
Metag (slug bait)
Methoxyclor
Methoxyclor, Sulfur
Methoxyclor, TEPP
1
13
1
D
2
14
9
6
D
D
D
D
D
DDT, Malathion
DDT, Malathion
4
5
Copper
(All DDT)
DDT, Kolokill
5
S
S
Dalapon
DCMU
DDD
DDT
DDT
1
352
276
15.0
57,0
131.0
10,125.0
11,893.5
628)
( 22,018.5)
S
1
S
1
D
D
7
S
(
D
D
2
10
S
76
(
D
86)
S
S
D
S
5
D
D
S
1
1
3
4
3
27
1
25
1
S
S
1
3
80
46
D
D
S
1
D
129
S
7
(
136)
D
D
D
5
S
2
1
1
D
1
S
8
2
9
S
1
2
(
1.09
1.75
1.25
1.00
1.75
1.49
7.73
2.21
3.00
33.3
4.0
2.0
2.0
.9
1.0
1.81
.84
.64
(
1.59)
830.0
2,381.5
2.74
1.77
88.0
30.0
16.0
32.0
3.0
451.0
98.0
301.0
4.0
17.0
)
(
l.4**
24.0**
2.0
43.0
45.2
.9
1.8
.9)
.5
8.2
2.3
4.00
2.02)
(
(
1.40)
.72)
2.48
(
2.24
1.57
.50
2.25
1.73
1.77
2.81
2.96
2.00
2.75
2.85
2.50
2.23
1.53
3.03
2.88
2.50
1.39
2.08
.2
.5
(
.75
1.60
5.40
1.51
6,068.5)
6.00
1.40
.9)
(
.67
1.03
2.73
2.75
2.00
1.50
2.76
1.47
2.00
3.14
57.0
3,211.5)
$
1.49
2.7
4.2
504.0
178.0
300.0
75.0
15.0
31.0
150.0
209.0
876.0
125.0
591.0
8.0
26.0
159.0
1,256.5
884.0
30.0
5,985.0
83.5
2
D
5
5
D
D
D
(
5
7
per acre
4.06
3.00
1.9
(
Chemical
charges
2.50
2.75
6.3
3.3
249.0
30.0
90.0
2
$
4.1
189.5
174.0
12.0
1,795.0
205.0
105.0
1
per acre
2.4
6.4
5.3
458.0
202.0
3
Application
charges
0.9
120.0
10.0
106.0
138.0
110.0
824.0
60.0
1
D
Chloro IPC
Copper, DDT
Copper, DDT, Sulfur
Copper, Sulfate
Culperin, DDT
2
2
10
10
per acre
Pounds
98,044.3
60.0
477
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Chemical
applied
2.48)
1.33
2.39
2.60
1.78
3.13
6.00
8.38
5.43
(
7.11)
3.41
3.00
3.38
1.75
5.00
1.47
1.00
2.47
3.75
3.53
11
Table 4.
Summary of All Chemicals Applied by Air and Ground (Continued)
Chemical
Area
treated
No. of
jobs
Air
method*
Chemical
applied
per acre
Methoxyclor, Ziram
Niatox
Parathion
Parathion
(All Parathion)
PCP (Terrachior)
Perthane
Polybor
Phosdrin
Rotenone
Sulfur
TEPP
TEPP
TOTAL-dust
TOTAL-spray
Air subtotal-dust and spray
2,4-D
2,4-D, ATA
2,4-D, Brush Killer
2,4-D, CMU
2,4-D, 2,4-5T
2,4-5T
2,4-5T, ATA
Aldrin
ATA
ATA, Brush Killer
ATA, CMU
ATA, Dalapon
Brush Killer
Chlorea
Chloro IPC
CMU
DCMU
DDD
DDT
DDT
(All DDT)
DDT, Systox
Demeton (Systox)
Demeton, Toxaphene
Dinitro General
Dinitro General, IPC
Dinitro PE
Ferbam, Lead Arsenate
44)
1
14.0
4.0
30.0
S
D
1
1.0
4
D
D
17
10
322.0
388.5
302.0
13.5
1
S
1
(
D
11)
(
87)
1.0
.5
(
(
2,120.0)
.5)
(
2.76
3.94
4.09
3.48
(
3.2)
4.06)
(
1.66)
279.0
1.7
2
7.0
3.0
D
739
1,111
23,351.0
123,273.3
2.00
1,850
146,624.3
1.33
S
S
273
4,757.9
2
5
1
5
S
S
1
1
18.0
2.5
.5
15.0
6
9.8
S
.5
5
2
21
S
20
S
1
5.0
4.8
5.9
1
.1
5
5
5
5
3
21.6
1,357.2
4.4
145.0
4.0
693.6
2.4
D
4
4
42
10.5
84.0
17.0
324.4
S
7
60.9
S
S
D
(
S
S
S
49)
(
1
9
2
IPC
5
Kolokill
D
D
S
8
3
1
1
108
1
(
109)
1.4
1.5
1.9
2.2
1.7
(
4.0
123.0
12.0
117.0
525.8
454.8
8.0
80.0
6.0
164.8
1
4
20
385.3)
(
2.1)
(
(
1.97)
1.3**
1.0
16.0
847.1
20.0
42.4
4.2
(
41.5)
1.04
2.67
15.20
82.00
2.53
13.37
112.00
12.81
19.32
19.50
300.00
14.35
5.63
132.72
4.40
6.95
2.35
5.00
3.46
2.94
2.20)
(
(
1.75)
3.40)
6.00
3.93
2.00
2.00
2.00
4.41
6.38
2.65
3.62
2.00
2.50
2.29
1.69
1.72
2.90
.3
.5
2.0
3.5
50.0
867.1)
1.97
1.65
1.00
12.40
20.00
.73
10.10
42.00
3.52
4.86
7.83
100.00
2.18
4.79
122.95
1.83
2.57
2.93
2.18
1.70
4.84
.9
S
15
3
3
4.44)
1.21
91.6
50.0
6.0
92
(
2.34
4.71
3
S
2.07)
4.44
2.50
1.65
2.2
3.2
(
(
2.50
.6
.4)
2.07
2.14
5.7
8.8
10.0
2.0
.3
57.7
.4
(
2.34)
D
D
5
S
S
12
315.5)
per acre
2.30
3.40
3.46
2.34
50.0
16.0
2,104.0
1
5
(All Lead Arsenate)
(
86
S
55
Lead Arsenate
Lead Arsenate
1,892.0)
2
S
S
Gamma BHC
Heptachlor
(
D
D
5
(All Toxaphene)
Zineb
Ziram
42
(
(All TEPP)
Toxaphene
Toxaphene
227.0
26.5
13.0
1,879.0
2
2
2
per acre
Chemical
charges
Pounds
Acres
D
D
D
S
Application
charges
5.68
13.27
2.83
1.12
1.09
9.48
6.88
7.27
1.75
(
7.14)
Summary of All Chemicals Applied by Air and Ground (Continued)
Table 4.
Air
method*
Chemical
Lead Arsenate, Lime Sulfur
Lead Arsenate, Sulfur
Lime Sulfur
Malathion
Malathion
(All Malathion)
MCP (Methoxones)
Parathion
Sulfur
Toxaphene
S
1
D
3
S
1
D
5
3
4)
5
23
5
D
2
15
5
2
-
Chemical
applied
Acres
Pounds
per acre
.5
19.5
1.8
(
11.0)
778.1
12.0
83.5
10.3
1,315.5
8,956.6
767
2,617
10,272.1
156,896.4
Application
charges
per acre
44***
1.0
(
23.4)
.3
5.0
51.5
1.0
Chemical
charges
per acre
6.00
10.77
10.00
1.74
7.78
2.88
3.33
31.8
8.0
3.0
589
178
Ground total-dust and spray
Grand total-air and ground
Area
treated
1
(
Total-dust
Total-spray
S-Spraying
No. of
jobs
(
3.00)
2.17
5.00
1.82
2.23
8.75
3.33
(
7.27)
.81
3.45
1.55
1.74
2.72
2.60
1.42
D-Dusting
Indicates number of quarts
** Indicates number of gallons
I Chemical charges are included only when the applicator furnished them.
Average charges per acre for ground rigs were determined for spraying apples, peaches, prunes, and other tree fruits and nut crops.
Consideration of Individual Crops
Ten representative crops, namely wheat, ryegrass,
vetch, clover, cherries, filberts, strawberries, snap beans,
canning peas, and potatoes, were selected for more detailed analysis.
Work done on each crop is summarized according to
purpose of application. Shown within each pest group
are: pest or operation, chemical or fertilizer, area treated,
number of jobs, amount of chemical applied per acre, and
average charge per acre in dollars and cents for work of
Wheat
In this study, more commercial work was done on
wheat than on any other crop. In fact, almost one-half of
the total acreage was wheat. Data presented in Table 5
summarize fertilizing, weeding, insect and rodent control
work done on almost 96,000 acres of wheat at an average
cost of only $1.12 per acre for work of applying fertilizers and chemicals to this crop.
applying the chemical.
Wheat-Summary of All Commercial Work Done
Table 5.
Pest
Chemical
or
or
operation
Fertilizer
Fertilizer-Weeds
Alfalfa
Alfalfa (combination)
Canada Thistle
Canada Thistle-Radish
Canada Thistle-Vetch
Canada Thistle-Weeds
Clover
Dandelion
Fanweed
Lambs Quarter
Lambs Quarter (combination)
Morning Glory
Mustard
Mustard (combination)
Pigweed
Pigweed (combination)
Russian Thistle
fertilizer
Ammonium Nitrate
I
Ammonium Sulfate
Calcium Nitrate
Nitrogen Solutions
I Urea
Uran-2,4-D
2,4-D
2,4-D
2,4-D
2,4-D-Amino Triozole
2,4-D
{iih
Killer
2,4-D
2,4-D
2,4-D
2,4-D
2,4-D
Dinitro P.E.
2,4-D
2,4-D
2,4-D
2,4-D
2,4-D
2,4-D
2,4-D
2,4-D
2,4-D
2,4-D
2,4-D
Sunflower
Tarweed
Tarweed-Mustard
Tarweed (combination)
Vetch
Weeds
Weeds-Rye Grass
Weeds (combination)
Aphids
Aphids-Lygus Bug
Mice
Rabbits
2,4-D-Dalapon
2,4-D
DDT-Malathion
Parathion
Toxaphene
IPoison Bait
lT0xaph
Toxaphene
I
Total
1
2
14
Application charge does not include cost of chemical.
Denotes quarts.
Area
treated
Acres
1,238.0
168.0
65.0
3,233.0
99.0
5,455.0
9.0
109.0
58.0
15.0
84.0
10.0
20.0
32.0
10.0
197.0
99.5
160.0
13.0
1,240.0
5,182.7
41.0
106.0
9.0
117.0
21,024.0
23,080.0
4,403.0
288.1
28,905.5
10.0
26.0
26.0
18.0
41.0
37.0
108.0
33.0
95,769.8
No. of
jobs
Chemical
applied
per acre
Av. charge'
for appl.
per acre
Pounds
19
6
2
9
8
87.9
109.5
107.7
79.6
110.1
$1.37
4
.8
.8
5
1.0
1.57
1.52
1.00
1.38
1.46
1.78
1.51
1.12
.6
.73
2.00
1.0
1.1
1.9
1.00
.60
1.50
11
1
1
4
1
1
1
2
.9
.8
9
14
.8
.8
1
1
6
24
5
6
1
2
56
57
11
15
173
3.2'
.8
.7
.7
.7
.8
.8
.9
.8
.8
.9
1.0
1
2
.9
1
1
2
2
5
1
471
.4
3.0
4.1
3.7
2.9
1.00
1.72
1.72
2.46
1.04
1.04
1.73
1.75
1.78
1.08
1.03
1.05
1.01
2.32
1.18
1.00
1.15
1.77
1.50
1.76
1.76
1.74
1.76
$1.12
Table 6.
Ryegrass-Summary of All Commercial Work Done
Pest
Chemical
or
or
Area
fertilizer
operation
treated
Acres
Ammonium Nitrate
Ammonium Phosphate
Ammonium Phosphate
Ammonium PhosphateAmmonium Nitrate
Ammonium Sulfate
Ammonium Sulfate-Urea
I Land Plaster
Superphosphate
Urea
Fertilizer
Clover
1,901.0
28.0
85.0
2,4-D
2,4-D
2,4-D
12,4-D
Garlic or Onion
Vetch
Weeds (unnamed)
Chloro IPC
Weeds (unnamed)-Grass
Weeds (combination)
Chioro IPC
Mice
Toxaphene
MCP
2,4-D
Pea Weevil
2,4-D
Total
1
No. of
jobs
Chemical
applied
per acre
Av. charge1
for appl.
per acre
Pounds
29
1
3
160.3
108.6
112.9
$1.88
1.32
1.36
251.4
170.8
149.6
148.3
223.1
133.7
2.76
1.94
1.75
42.0
1
2,600.5
1,552.0
45
120.0
90.0
515.0
6.0
106.0
50.0
1,056.7
280.0
122.0
15.0
296.0
8.0
140.0
1
14
1.1
3
2.0
9,013.2
141
24
1
3
-
1.73
2.48
1.84
1
.5
300
4
2.0
1
.6
1.56
1.36
1.23
1.00
1.42
2.20
1.48
2.25
1.25
2
.3
1
2.0
5
1.2
1
3.0
1
.7
$1.74
Application charge does not include cost of chemical.
Ryegrass
Vetch
The commercial work done on ryegrass is presented
Almost all commercial applications to the 13,317 acres
in Table 6. Two-thirds of the work involved application of
fertilizer. The other third was devoted to control of vetch
and other weeds in ryegrass.
of vetch in this study were made to control the vetch
weevil. Chief chemical used was DDT in an average
amount of 0.9 pound per acre (Table 7).
Vetch-Summary of All Commercial Work Done
Table 7.
Pest
or
operation
Chemical
or
fertilizer
Area
treated
No. of
jobs
Fertilizer
Defoliation
Leaf Tier
Vetch Weevil
1
Total
per acre
Av. charge'
for appl.
per acre
Pounds
A cres
lAmmonium Sulfate
Land Plaster
Dinitro General
Methoxyclor
I Parathion
DDT
Chemical
applied
64.0
30.0
29.0
14.0
109.0
13,071.5
315
13,317.5
322
1
1
2
1
2
156.3
100.0
1.5'
1.7
.5
.9
$1.81
1.50
2.76
2.71
1.50
1.59
$1.60
Application charge does not include cost of chemical.
Denotes quarts.
15
Clover
Data in Table 8 indicate most important jobs performed on clover crop were defoliation (to assist in har-
Table 8.
vest of seed), control of vetch, and extermination of mice.
Principal chemicals applied were Dinitro General, MCP,
and Toxaphene, respectively.
Clover-Summary of All Commercial Work Done
Pest
Chemical
or
or
operation
fertilizer
Area
treated
No. of
jobs
Fertilizer
Defoliation
Grass
Vetch
Weeds (unnamed)
Weeds-Mustard
Aphids-Clover Leaf Weevil
Aphids-Lygus Bug
Aphids-Mice
Beetles (unidentified)
Cucumber Beetle
Clover Leaf Weevil
Clover Root Borer
Lygus Bug
Land Plaster
JAtlas A (Sodium Arsenate)
Dinitro General
JChloro IPC
'IPC
MCP
12,4-D
Chloro IPC
MCP
MCP
Toxaphene
Malathion
Toxaphene
Toxaphene
Toxaphene
DDT
DDT
Aldrin
JDDT
LToxaphene
IDDT
Lygus Bug-Clover Leaf Weevil
Lygus Bug-Clover Seed Midge
Lygus Bug-Clover Seed Weevil
Lygus Bug-Weeds
Lygus Bug-Weevil
Mice
Mice-Clover Leaf Weevil
Nitidulids
Slugs
Rabbits
Weeds-Mice
I DDT-Kolokill
DDT-Malathion
DDT-Toxaphene
LToxaphene
DDT-Toxaphene
DDT-Malathion
2,4-D-Toxaphene
Toxaphene
Toxaphene
Toxaphene
Toxaphene
Metag (slug bait pellets)
Toxaphene
2,4-D-Toxaphene
Total
Application charge does not include cost of chemical.
Denotes quarts.
16
per acre
7
.3
.5
1
4.0
1.00
1
1
.7
.8
3
4.0
1
1.1
1
5.0
4.0
2.2
1.34
1.49
1.75
1.76
2.00
1.73
2.50
1.52
1.50
2.26
1.77
1
600.4
52.0
26
2
3.4
10.5
598.0
168.0
34.0
58.0
75.0
68.0
33.0
8.0
26.0
16.0
23.0
24.0
5.3
48.0
14.0
1
5.2
10.0
for appi.
per acre
$1.47
1.64
3.00
2.79
2.02
2.19
1.98
1.52
100.0
109.1
4.0
1.3-
19.0
11.0
10.0
45.0
25.0
50.0
Av. charge1
Pounds
Acres
1Ammonium Sulfate
Chemical
applied
1
1
20
1
1
1
1.0
1.0
1
2.1
3
2.0
3.0
2.2
1
1
1
1
1
1
295.0
21.0
30.0
81.0
26.0
480.0
24.0
10.3
98.0
90.0
25,0
22
3,211.5
136
14
3.8
2
1
3
1
1
2
2
6
2
4.0
3.9
3.3
1.0
8.2
2.7
1.71
1.76
1.52
1.76
1.80
1.84
1.76
1.73
1.74
1.77
1.66
1.75
2.23
1.00
1.22
1.76
$1.92
Table 9.
Cherries-Summary of All Commercial Work Done
Pest
Chemical
or
or
operation
Area
fertilizer
treated
No. of
jobs
Calcium Nitrate
----(with helicopter)
Kolokill
Sulfur
{
Kolokill
Kolokill
Sulfur
{
Kolokill
Kolokill
Kolokill
DDT
Kolokill
Lead Arsenate
Malathion
Methoxyclor
Parathion
Rotenone
Kolokill
Niatox
DDT
Lead Arsenate
Blight
Blight-Thrip
Brown Rot
Brown Rot-Fruit Fly
Brown Rot-Syneta Beetle
Leaf Spot
Cherry Fruit Fly
Syneta Beetle
Mineola Moth
Leaf Tier
11.0
367.0
87.0
22.0
14.0
115.0
179.5
2.0
14.0
28.0
20.5
806.0
657.0
20.0
10.0
10.0
18.0
127.0
26.5
108.0
14.0
Total
2,656.5
per acre
Av. charge1
for appl.
per acre
Pounds
A cres
Fertilizer
Moisture Control
Chemical
applied
1
11
5
2
2
8
9
1
2
51
38
200.0
39.0
52.3
50.0
60.0
47.1
62.5
40.0
50.0
2.4
41.7
49.5
$2.45
3.10
2.66
1.55
3.00
3.19
3.23
2.50
3.00
3.25
1.71
2.00
2.90
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
2.24
3.40
2.84
1.57
1.6
2.5
1
1.0
1
.4
8
2
6
2
30.0
50.0
2.3
50.0
154
$2.97
Application charge does not include cost of chemical.
C berries
off excess moisture. This work was done for an average
Principal commercial jobs done on cherries (Table 9)
were to combat the cherry fruit fly, control brown rot, and
eliminate excess moisttlre on fruit due to rain, The latter,
which involved 11 jobs and 367 acres of cherries, was accomplished with a helicopter flying low over trees to blow
of $3.10 per acre of orchard.
Table 10.
Filberts
Most important jobs done on filberts were to control
worms, filbert leaf rollei-, and filbert moth (Table 10).
DDT and lead arsenate were chief chemicals used.
Filberts-Summary of All Commercial Work Done
Pest
or
operation
Chemical
or
fertilizer
Area
treated
No. of
jobs
Morning Glory
Weeds-Inhibit Sprouting
Aphids
Tent Caterpillar
Filbert Leaf Roller
Filbert Moth
Worms (unnamed)
2,4-D
2,4-D
2,4-D-Brush Killer
IDDT
Malathion
Malathion
DDD
Malathion
IDDD
IDDT
Lead Arsenate
DDT
Lead Arsenate
DDT
Lead Arsenate
Lead Arsenate-Ferbam
LLead Arsenate-Sulfur
F
Total
10.0
3.0
1
2.5
1
14.0
6.5
4.0
41.0
.5
42.0
358.4
per acre
Av. charge'
for appl.
per acre
Pounds
A cres
Brush
Chemical
applied
1
1.6
3.0
2.5
1.9
2.0
$1.90
3,67
12.40
3.29
2.00
26.0
211.0
2.0
853.1
107
5.0
19.5
3
3.05
10.00
2.67
1.98
3.00
3.27
2.82
2.50
1.75
3.80
1.74
1,614.5
180
$2.08
2
1
6
43
16.0
2
7
1
1
1.8
4.0
2.3
2.2
40.6
2.5
32.2
2.5
41.4
Application charge does not include cost of chemical.
17
Chemicals were applied to 6,152 acres of potatoes in this study. The above rig is boom spraying of potatoes to control insect pests.
Strawberries
Table 11 lists a variety of control jobs which strawberry growers had done by commercial applicators. The
103 jobs included weed control, defoliation, and several
types of disease and insect control, both above and below
Table 11.
Strawberries-Summary of All Commercial Work Done
Pest
or
operation
Chemical
or
fertilizer
Aldrin
Weeds (unnamed)
Defoliation
Leaf Curl
Mold
Meadow Spittle Bug'
Symphyllids
Leaf Tier
Root Weevil
Wireworms
Insects (unnamed)
Weeds and Grass
Leaf Tier-Mold
Leaf Tier-Brown Rot
Brush Killer
Dinitro General
IPC
LDinitro General-IPC
Dinitro General
Captan
Ziram
- DDT-Nitrogen
Methoxyclor
DDT-Malathion
Aldrin
Parathion
DDT
I
Methoxyclor
Ziram
DDT-Ziram
Methoxyclor-Ziram
Aldrin
Aldrin
DDT
I Captan
Dinitro General-IPC
DDT-Ziram
Malathion-Ziram
Total
Application charge does not include cost of chemical.
2 Denotes quarts.
With fertilizer.
18
ground surface. Some newer chemicals appear in the list
of materials used to combat strawberry pests. Average
charge for application of these chemicals was $4.21 per
acre (not including cost of material).
Area
No. of
jobs
1.3
2.5
60.5
14.0
525.8
8.1
4.0
4.0
12.2
16.0
26.0
7.0
10.0
10.0
255.0
3.0
87.0
227.0
57.0
85.0
17.4
8.0
8.0
87.0
3.0
1
treated
Acres
1,538.8
1
4
2
Chemical
applied
per acre
Pounds
4.6
4.8
1.52
2.6
55
1
1.02
1
1.3
1
2.8
Av. charge'
for appl.
per acre
$ 3.85
10.00
6.35
8.00
6.38
3.21
4.50
1
4.50
4.92
2.88
3.46
5.00
5.00
3.00
2.40
5.00
3.00
2.30
3.95
2.25
5.00
2.25
2.50
3.00
5.00
103
$ 4.21
1
2
12.5
1
1
6.0
1
5.0
2
4
21.0
1
3.3
1.8
1
2
14
2
1
1
1
1
5.8
6.0
2.0
2.3
Table 12.
Snap Beans-Summary of All Commercial Work Done
Pest
or
operation
Chemical
or
fertilizer
Area
No. of
treated
jobs
Ammonium Nitrate
Terrachior
IDDT-Malathion-Sulfur
Mold
Mold-Diabrottca
DDTCopperSulfur
Morning Glory
Pigweed
Weeds (unnamed)
2,4-D
Dinitro P.E.
Dinitro P.E.
1DDT-Malathion-Sulfur
Malathion
Malathion-Methoxyclor-Sulfur
Parathion
LTEPP
1DDT-Malathion
DDT-Malathion-Sulfur
Malathion
Malathion-Methoxyclor
I
Malathion-TEPP
Methoxyclor-TEPP
Aphids
Aphids-Diabrotica
TEPP
Aphids-Nitidulids
Diabrotica (cucumber beetle)
Diabrotica-Caterpillars
Nitidulids
Malathion
IDDT-Copper-Sulfur
DDT-Sulfur
1 Methoxyclor
Methoxyclor-Sulfur
DDT
Perthane
Phosdrin
Total
per acre
Av. charge'
for appi.
per acre
Pounds
A cres
Fertilizer
Chemical
applied
50.0
3
14.0
2
25.0
159.0
6.0
19.0
232.4
18.0
4,990.5
30.0
32.0
22.5
113.0
461.0
927.5
88.0
16.0
17.0
247.0
66.0
90.0
75.0
6.0
4.0
23.0
4.0
1
110.4
5.7
2
4.0
1
3.02
3.9'
12
1.56
1
.6
102
1
.9
.5
2
2
4
3
25
5
2.4
2
2
.4
2.5
1
1.3
7
1
1
1.5
1
8.8
2.0
1.0
1
7,736.9
186
$1.34
2.14
2.00
2.00
3.00
2.47
2.62
.98
3.00
3.41
3.60
3.50
2.28
3.44
3.41
3.38
3.53
4.09
3.52
2.00
2.25
3.00
3.75
2.74
$1.69
Application charge does not include cost of chemical.
2 Denotes quarts.
Snap Beans
Canning Peas
Most important type of chemical control applied commercially to the snap bean crop was the dusting operation
using malathion to control aphids (Table 12). There were
102 of these jobs and total area covered was approximately 5,000 acres. Average charge for application was
$0.98 per acre. Other operations included application of
fertilizer and chemical control of weeds, diseases, and
The principal custom applications of chemicals on can-
ning peas were to combat pea weevils and aphids (Table
13). Parathion was used to attack aphids, and DDT, malathion, and rotenone were all used to control the pea weevil.
The 3,267 acres were treated at an average application
charge of $2.40 per acre. Average amounts of different
chemicals applied are shown in Table 13.
other insects.
Table 13.
Canning Peas-Summary of All Commercial Work Done
Pest
Chemical
or
or
fertilizer
operation
Lambs Quarter-Pigweed
Morning Glory-Pigweed
Weeds (unnamed)
Aphids
Pea Weevil
MCP
MCP
MCP
Parathion
IDDT
DDT-Malathion
Parathion
Rotenone
Total
Area
treated
Acres
193.0
130.0
9.5
1,395.0
583.0
643.0
10.0
304.0
3,267.5
No. of
jobs
Chemical
applied
per acre
Av. charge'
for appi.
per acre
Pounds
3
1
1
24
38
4
.4
.3
.5
.5
1.3
1
.4
3
.3
75
$2.04
2.27
2.21
2.45
2.04
2.58
2.50
2.75
$2.40
Application charge does not include cost of chemical.
19
Potatoes
Custom applications of chemicals to the potato crop
were for fertilization, defoliation, and control of insects,
diseases, and rodents (Table 14). Aphids, Colorado potato beetles, and lygus bugs were most common insects
combatted. Chief chemicals used for control were demeton,
DDT, malathion, and parathion. Average charge for applying chemicals to 6,152 acres of potatoes was $2.04
per acre.
Potatoes-Summary of All Commercial Work Done
Table 14.
Pest
Chemical
or
or
operation
fertilizer
Area
treated
No. of
jobs
Alfalfa
Urea
I Arsenic Compounds
tAtlas A
2,4-D
iCopper
DDT-Copper
DDT-Culperin
DDT-Zineb
DDT-Ziram
I
Blight
LZineb
DDT-Copper
Demeton
DDT
DDT-Malathion
Aldrin-2,4-D
Blight-Flea Beetle
Aphids
Aphids-Colorado Potato Beetle
D emeton
Colorado Potato Beetle
Flea Beetle
Insects (unnamed)
DDT
DDT-Malathion
DDT-Parathion
Parathion
DDT
I Aldrin
DDT
Aldrin
Mice
JPoison Bait
Aphids-Lygus Bug
1
Wi reworms
Toxaphene
f Aldrin
Heptachlor
Total
1
per acre
Av. charge'
for appl.
per acre
Pounds
A cres
Fertilizer
Defoliation
Chemical
applied
33.0
458.0
192.0
10.0
205.0
60.0
90.0
150.0
35.0
60.0
45.0
285.0
35.0
469.5
60.0
562.0
182.5
1,523.5
16.0
129.0
576.5
5.0
45.0
52.5
137.5
57.0
672.0
6.0
16
2
6,152.0
185
2
9
1
9
99.4
5.3
4.1
2.0
4.2
5
2
4
1
2
1.6
1
5
1
20
7
.2
1.4
.2
1.3
48
1
6
15
2
1
1
7
6
9
1
.5
1.4
2.0
1.0
2.0
7.1
3.2
2.0
2.0
$1.52
2.50
2.74
1.50
2.73
2.75
2.76
2.81
2.74
2.25
2.76
2.02
1.74
1.77
1.75
2.00
1.73
1.79
2.00
2.00
1.75
5.00
2.76
1.73
1.39
1.61
2.25
2.50
$2.04
Application charge does not include cost of chemical.
Applications
As a sideline to commercial pesticide control, some
custom applicators made a practice of applying fertilizer.
Two crops most frequently fertilized were wheat and ryegrass, and both were done from the air (Table 15). Specific fertilizers applied and amounts per acre were dis-
cussed in another section of this report under "Wheat"
and "Ryegrass."
Other jobs
In addition to regular commercial pesticide jobs already discussed, more than 5,000 acres were fertilized
and sprayed at the same time (Table 15). Another interesting job was that of moisture control of the cherry crop.
This was done with helicopters and discussed under
"Cherries."
Size of the industry
Seeding
There were almost 18,000 acres seeded (Table 15).
Although some corn, rye, and permanent pasture were
sown, the big item was seeding of forest trees (16,630
acres of timber) at an average application charge of $1.26
per acre.
20
On the basis of this study and a similar study published in January, 1958, it appears that custom application
of agricultural chemicals in Oregon amounts to more than
a million dollar business annually. This covers only commercial charges made for application itself and does not
include cost of any chemicals.
Table 15.
Summary of All Fertilizer and "Other" Work Done by Crop and Land Use
No. of
Crop or
land use
jobs
Ground Application
Av. appl.
charge
Av. area
Total
area
per job per acre
Acres
Acres
Air Application
No. of
jobs
Total
area
Acres
Av. area
per job
Acres
Av. appi.
charge
per acre
Fertilizing
Barley
Oats
Wheat
114.5
33.0
119.1
37.9
6.0
15.0
24.0
47.0
87.8
37.6
64.2
18.8
51.0
$1.03
1.61
1.13
1.43
1.50
1.53
38.6
50.0
15.9
2
347.0
50.0
95.4
50.0
31.0
33.0
125.0
33.0
62.5
2.00
1.26
2.39
1.34
1.00
1.52
1.33
212
14,634.9
69.0
$1.58
2
6
73.0
600.0
30.0
540.0
16,630.0
36.5
600.0
30.0
180.0
2,771.7
$1.51
1.00
3.60
.58
1.29
13
17,873.0
1,374.8
$1.26
1
1
65.0
300.0
65.0
300.0
$1.95
1.17
2
365.0
182.5
$1.31
11
5,455.0
495.9
$1.46
11
5,455.0
495.9
$1.46
10
321.0
32.1
$3.12
10
321.0
32,1
$3.12
1
15.0
18.5
19.6
$1.73
7
15.0
37.0
137.5
10
189.5
19.0
$1.49
2
3
45
Grain mixtures
Alfalfa
1
7.0
7.0
$2.57
7
1
2
Clover
Field peas
Vetch
Bluegrass
Fescue
Ryegrass
Other grasses
Root crops
Cherries
Blackberries (tame)
Pastures
Idle land
Peppermint
Beans
Beets
Potatoes
Crops grown together as mixtures
Total
2
2
6
5
108
4
1
1
1
11.0
8.0
11.0
8.0
1
6
3
2
1
26.0
8.7
30.0
48.0
94.0
527.0
188.0
6,933.5
75.0
51.0
1.48
1.71
2.09
1.85
1.87
1.83
2.27
2.45
4.00
9
3
229.0
99.0
5,358.0
265.0
6.0
$2.96
16.7
15.5
Other-seeding
Corn
Rye
1
Other grasses
Permanent pasture
Timber
1
3
Total
Other-fertilizing and seeding
Permanent pasture
Other uses
Total
Other-fertilizing and spraying
Wheat
Strawberries
Total
1
12.2
12.2
$4.92
1
12.2
12.2
$4.92
Other-moisture control
Cherries
Total
Other-poison bait
Barley
Wheat
Potatoes
2
Total
"Other" Total
Fertilizer and "Other" Total
-
1.76
1.39
1
12.2
12.2
$4.92
46
24,203.5
526.2
$1.33
4
38.2
9.6
$3.59
258
38,838.4
150.5
$1.43
21
Economic Aspects of Pesticide Application
Some pests were easily controlled with light applications of relatively inexpensive chemicals, such as DDT
and 2,4-D. Other pests required heavier applications or
more expensive chemicals, or both, to get desired control.
For each of the 10 crops just discussed, total costs of
typical control measures are shown in Table 16. These
costs are 'once-over" costs and include not only commercial charges made for application but also cost of chemi-
Total charges for chemical applications varied f rpm $1.56
to $19.42 per acre once-over (Table 16).
Some pests, such as the cherry fruit fly, required successive chemical applications within a single season, while
others could be controlled by one application during life
cals used. Representative pests were chosen, and total
charges were expressed in each case in terms of quantity
of salable product necessary to pay for chemical treatment on one acre, once-over (see last column in Table 16).
The average price used for each crop is the 5-year
(1954-1958) average price received by Oregon farmers.
Prices have been calculated on a per pound basis to meastire exact amount of product necessary to pay for chemi-
of the crop. Tofigure total yearly cost per acre of controlling various pests, therefore, take once-over figures
shown in Table 16 and multiply them by number of ap-
cal pest control on a once-over basis.
plications administered during the year.
Table 16.
Crop and pest
Chemical
used
Economic Aspects of Pesticide Applications
Total chemical and application
charge per acre
(per application)
Total
Appl.
Chem.
Dollars
Dollars
Dollars
Average farm
price for crop
(5-year average)
(1954-58)
Amount of
salable product
needed to pay
for control
on one acre
Pounds
Wheat
1.05
1.04
.60
.52
1.65
1.56
$0.034 per pound or
$2.02 per bushel
48.5
45.9
1.00
1.23
4.00
.82
5.00
2.05
$0.088 per pound
2,4-D
56.8
23.3
DDT
1.59
.72
2.31
$0.06 per pound
38.5
Toxaphene
MCP
1.84
2.17
2.34
.81
4.18
2.98
$0247 per pound
16.9
12.1
Sulfur
Kolokill
3.23
2.00
3.16
3.04
6.39
5.04
$0.139 per pound
46.0
36.3
Lead Arsenate
DDT
2.82
1.98
5.54
3.46
8.36
5.44
$0194 per pound
43.1
28.0
Strawberries
Root Weevil
Weeds
Aldrin
3.95
8.00
15.47
7.04
19.42
15.04
$0.133 per pound
146.0
113.1
Beans
Aphids
Weeds (unnamed)
Malathion
.98
Dinitro PE
2.62
4.76
5.41
5.74
8.03
$0.065 per pound or
$129.30 per ton
88.3
123.5
Canning Peas
Weevil
Aphids
DDT
Parathion
2.04
2.45
1.04
2.07
3.08
4.52
$84.20 per ton or
$0.042 per pound
73.3
107.6
Demeton
Toxaphene
2.00
2.63
1.61
1.97
4.63
3.58
$1.70 per cwt. or
$0.017 per pound
272.4
210.6
2,4-D
Tarweed-Mustard
Mustard-Combination ....2,4-D
Ryegrass (Perennial)
Weeds (unnamed)
Weeds (unnamed)
Chioro IPC
Vetch
Weevil
Clover
Weevil, Lygus Bug
Vetch
Cherries
Brown Rot
Cherry Fruitfly
Filberts
Filbert Moth
Filbert Leaf Roller
Potatoes
Aphids, Lygus Bug
Mice
22
IPC
Since soil and climatic conditions vary widely in this
state, certain results shown in this publication may only
50 cherry trees per acre, only a little over 2 pounds of
have regional application.
application of Kolokill to control the fly and assure a
cherries per tree would be needed to pay for commercial
salable crop. Without this control, the crop could not be
Net economic advantage of pest control
marketed.
Another example is the killing of weeds in a small
Table 16 shows estimates of how much additional
product (or yield) is needed per acre to pay for control
of selected pests on each crop. Note how small these
amounts are (last column, Table 16). For example, control of the cherry fruit fly is necessary if the crop is to
grain crop like wheat. We know weeds compete with the
wheat crop for moisture and fertility, resulting in a decreased yield. Experimental results at the Pendleton and
Sherman Branch Experiment Stations of Oregon State
College show that over a 3-year period, average yield of
wheat was increased approximately 4 bushels per acre as
a result of weed control. Table 16 indicates cast of both
the chemical (2,4-D) and its application amounted to considerably less than the value of one bushel of wheat. The
be sold. Usually three applications of a chemical like Kolo-
kill will do the job. According to information presented
in Table 16, a fruit grower could hire a custom operator
to put on three applications of Kolokill on his cherry
orchard for a total charge of $15.12 per acre ($5.04 >< 3).
price of less than a bushel of wheat is not a very high
cost to pay for a probable increase in yield of 4 bushels
One hundred and nine pounds of cherries would he required to pay for control, if cherries sold for 13.9 cents
per pound (latest 5-year average farm price). Assuming
per acre.
Appendix
crators with help of the Oregon State College project
leader (Figure 1). These were made up in book form
All information for this study is based on data tabtialted from copies of daily worksheets sent by cooperating
custom applicators to Oregon State College for summarization. Each cooperator was furnished with a confidential
summary of his own operations for the year.
The worksheet form adopted consisted of a one-page
report developed cooperatively by "air" and "ground" op-
with three copies of each numbered worksheet. This arrangement provided one copy for the custom applicator,
one for the client, and one to be sent to the College for
analysis.
Worksheet used by both "air" and "ground" chemical applicators.
ORDER
NO.
Dusting
Spraying
[
Ground E
Air
Crop
Pest
(Give name of insect, dlaoase,
or weed)
Seeding
Fertilizing
(RefertoW 0 No
Name
Date
Date Promied
Map No
Phoae
PILOT OR
OPERATOR
SHIP OR
RIG NO
TIME
AM
P.M.
ACRES
USED
DONE. (get or lbs.)
)
No of FieldR
Strip
Address
Total Acree
RATES PER ACRE
MATERIAL
DATE
Material
fl Furnished by:
E Applicator .... []
E Farmer
EJ
OIL
CHEMICAL
WIND
DIR VEL TEMP. ACT. INGREDIENT
LBS.
GAL.
H20 WET AGENT
GAL.
YES
NO
Notes:
APPLICATION: Date
CHEMICAL: Brand
Signature
Acreq
Amount
per acre
@$
gal
$
Oil or
lbs.
$
;WetAgent
gal.
$
TOTAL AMOUNT DUE
$
23