Welcome to
D-Lab: Energy
1
WORLD DEVELOPMENT
INDICATORS:
ENERGY
[all numbers from the World Bank WDI website]
2
1400
Population (millions)
1200
1000
surface area (sq km 10000)
1,000 people/100 sq km
800
600
400
200
0
Nica
Haiti
UAE
USA
3
China
D.R. Congo
GNI per capita, Atlas method, US$
50000
45000
41853
40000
35000
30000
25000
19270
20000
15000
10000
5000
_
4346
900
517
Nica
Haiti
0
117
UAE
4
USA
China
D.R. Congo
GNI per capita, Atlas method, US$
50000
45000
41853
40000
35000
30000
25000
19270
20000
15000
10000
5000
4346
900
517
Nica
Haiti
0
117
UAE
5
USA
China
D.R. Congo
100
Improved water source (% access)
100
99
.
90
.
80
77
80
.
70
.
60 .
56
50
.
40
.
30
.
20
.
10
.
0
.
45
Nica
Haiti
UAE
USA
6
China
D.R. Congo
Improved water source (% access)
100
99
100
90
80
80
77
70
60
56
50
45
40
30
20
10
0
Nica
Haiti
UAE
USA
7
China
D.R. Congo
improved sanitation (% urban access)
100
98
100
90
80
69
70
60
57
50
45
38
40
30
20
10
0
Nica
Haiti
UAE
USA
8
China
D.R. Congo
improved sanitation (% urban access)
100
98
100
90
80
69
70
60
57
50
45
38
40
30
20
10
0
Nica
Haiti
UAE
USA
9
China
D.R. Congo
Energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita)
12000
11000
10000
8000
8000
6000
4000
2000
600
1000
290
240
0
Nica
Haiti
UAE
10
USA
China
D.R. Congo
Energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita)
12000
11000
10000
8000
8000
6000
4000
2000
600
1000
290
240
0
Nica
Haiti
UAE
11
USA
China
D.R. Congo
CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita)
35
30.0
30
25
20.0
20
15
10
4.0
5
0.7
0.2
Nica
Haiti
0
0.0
UAE
USA
12
China
D.R. Congo
CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita)
35
30.0
30
25
20.0
20
15
10
4.0
5
0.7
0.2
Nica
Haiti
0
0.0
UAE
USA
13
China
D.R. Congo
Electric power consumption (kWh per capita)
16000
14000
14000
12000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
1500
2000
400
36
Nica
Haiti
0
90
UAE
14
USA
China
D.R. Congo
Electric power consumption (kWh per capita)
16000
14000
14000
12000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
1500
2000
400
36
Nica
Haiti
0
90
UAE
15
USA
China
D.R. Congo
mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 ppl)
250
2000
209
2005
200
2008
150
110
100
89
72
54
50
34
44
39
20
0
Nica
Haiti
30
7
1 5
2
48
UAE
16
USA
China
0 5
14
D.R. Congo
mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 ppl)
250
2000
209
2005
200
2008
150
110
100
89
72
54
50
34
44
39
20
0
Nica
Haiti
30
7
1 5
2
48
UAE
17
USA
China
0 5
14
D.R. Congo
internet users (per 100 ppl)
100
90
80
2000
86.1
2005
70 72
2008
70
60
50
44
40
32.2
30
23.6
22.5
20
10
0
1 2.6
Nica
8.6
6.5
0.2
Haiti
1.8
UAE
USA
18
China
0 0.20.5
D.R. Congo
internet users (per 100 ppl)
100
90
80
2000
86.1
2005
70 72
2008
70
60
50
44
40
32.2
30
23.6
22.5
20
10
0
1 2.6
Nica
8.6
6.5
0.2
Haiti
1.8
UAE
USA
19
China
0 0.20.5
D.R. Congo
TAKEAWAYS?
20
Public domain image (source: NASA).
[NASA]
21
renewable energy
sources:
wind (coast)
geothermal (volcanoes)
hydro (rivers)
solar (equator)
ethanol (sugarcane)
30-70%
2013: 3% oil
Public domain image (source: U.S. CIA).
22
ENERGY 101
[much content from Saul Griffith]
23
24
Courtesy of Saul Griffith. Used with permission.
25
Courtesy of Saul Griffith. Used with permission.
Courtesy of Prof. Cutler J. Cleveland. Used with permission.
26
UNITS CHECK-IN
pair up with someone you don’t know
27
WHAT IS ENERGY?
28
ENERGY
Courtesy of Saul Griffith. Used with permission.
29
WHAT IS POWER
30
POWER
Courtesy of Saul Griffith.
Used with permission.
31
60
Courtesy of Saul Griffith. Used with permission.
32
Courtesy of Saul Griffith. Used with permission.
33
V=IR
34
V=IR
P=VI
35
V=IR
P=VI
• Easy
book: Practical Electronics for Inventors, Paul Scherz
• Not
Easy But Comprehensive Book: Horowitz & Hill, Art of
Electronics
36
ESTIMATION
[much content from Ben Linder]
37
Estimate the energy stored in a new 9V battery
© Procter & Gamble. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative
Commons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.
38
WHY ESTIMATION?
• look, no
• gut
be, smart in technical meetings
check your own work and other’s
• save
time & money
39
WHY DOES ESTIMATION FEEL
SO HARD?
• used
to p-sets (right answer)
• used
to books and lectures and quizzes (defined realms)
• no
• in
resources beyond your brain
public, little warning, little time
• open-ended, ill-defined
• multiple
acceptable methods and answers
• significant
uncertainty
• balanced
knowledge of values, quantities, relationships, & things
(not just relationships)
40
EFFECTIVE ESTIMATION
ACTIONS
• identify
a problem system
• identify
a quantity with a system
• provide
a value for a quantity
• count
a set of things
• compare
two systems for a quantity
• identify
a relationship between quantities
• change
a system scope
• identify
a similar system
41
r
p
,
o
s
al
!
e
c
i
t
c
a
Public domain image (source: Wikimedia Commons).
Estimate the drag force on a bicycle and rider
traveling at 20 mph (9 m/s)
42
10 minute break!
43
in teams of 2:
how high can a D-cell lift you?
© Procter & Gamble. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative
Commons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.
44
ATLAS Devices
powered rope ascender
350 lbs 850 ft, up to 10 ft/sec
Courtesy of Nathan Ball. Used with permission.
45
Courtesy of Lemelson/MIT Program.
Used with permission.
FINALLY
D-LAB ENERGY
INTRO
46
47
BY 11AM T O MO RROW
1. com plet e online st udent pr ofile
2. D I Y L a nt er n
Using the g iven LED (3.6V, 20mAH) and 9V battery provided in class , a resistor from
the Edgerton Center Projects Lab, and found materials, construct a lantern.The lantern
should be able to turn on and off.
Tip for choosing the resistor: while picking an appropriate resistor in the right ballpark is
important, the exact value is not critical. If you can't find the exact value you need, find
something within 10-15%.
Gra ding cr iter ia :
functionality (lights, easy to “Figure out the switch)
aesthetics -- does it look good
creative use of materials
maximizing light
Results of lottery:
You’ll have an email
by 11:59 pm Thursday
Bring the lantern to Room E34-211 and place it on a desk on piece of paper with
your name, a very quick sketch of your device, and an explanation - including formula
- of how you chose the resistor and what value you used.
48
Homework
R eading
Poor People’s Energy O utlook, 2010 by Practical Action
http://www.practicalaction.org/energy-advocacy/ppeo-reportpoor-peoples-energy-outlook
read from start to top of p. 38, pp. 50-54, pp. 55-61
write a reaction piece
P SE T 1
1. Specific Energies of Fuels
2. Shower Estimation
49
Muddy Cards!
50
D-Lab: Energy
Friday Lab: Human Power
Next Class: Energy Storage &
Micro Grids and trip discussion
51
MIT OpenCourseWare
http://ocw.mit.edu
EC.711 D-Lab: Energy
Spring 2011
For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.