RESPONSE OF ALFALFA UNDER GREENHOUSE
CONDITIONS IN RELATION TO FERTILITY
AWl) CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF TWO
UPLAND
SOILS OF'
OREGON
by
Joseph Edward Yahner
A THESIS
ubrnitted
t..
OREGON STATE COLLEGE
in partial fuiflilmetit of
the requirement5 for the
degree
of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
June 1963
APPR OVED
Redacted for privacy
A aaociat4
Professor
In
Charge
of Soils
of
Major
Redacted for privacy
/
/7
-
Head
of Soilß
Departrneá(
Redacted for privacy
ChaIrinoSr-Iuate
Committee
Redacted for privacy
Dean
Date theIa
Is
of
Graduate School
presented
Typed by Margaret smith
May
14
1960
A Ci(NOWLEDGE.MENTS
The writer is indebted in a measure he cannot express
to the following;
To Dr. H. B. Cheney and the Department of Soils for
the opportunity to pursue this study;
To Dr. M. E. Harward for unfailing patience, help,
and good advice;
To Dr. T. L, Jackson for his time, information, and
consideration; and
To my wife
for her continued encouragement and for
her help In typing and proofreading.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
i
R E1.rlE
O
J_d 'r.
B..14.
T Uit.
............
.
.
.
.
.
.............
...........................................
... .,
...........
Phosphorus ..........................................
Magneciurn .......
Sulfur ..............................................
TraceElements .....................................
kSoron
.......ø
Molyixienurn ......................................
Multiple Nutrient Effect ..............................
Ca- - k. .....................................
1.41r1e-Boron
......
Lirne-?4oiybdenurn ................
.....
................
SuJfur-Molybdenuxr
ResponseSurfaces ......................
Ion Ratios ìn i.quilibrium oii Solutions ...... ........
I_ixrie
. . .
Pot.assiu.rxi
......... .
. . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
3
3
5
6
8
9
1)
13
10
14
15
16
16
16
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS, MATERIALS, AND
............
SiteCharacterizatiozi ..... ........... ..... ..........
Soil Physical and Chemical Measurements ...........
Clay Mineral Ana1yis
X-Ray Diffraction .........
C }{.A.RACTERIZ_ATION
.
. . . . . . .. .
.....
. .
. . . . .
.
.
by
.
Experimental DeEign and Treatment Level Combinations
F ield Experiirients .......
Greenhouse Experiments . . .
22.
¿Z
23
¿4
. .
30
.
.
30
. . .
36
ChemicalAnalysisofSollSamples............ ........ ..
43
..............
.....................
.
.
. .
.
. .
.
.
.......4443
...................
.
. ........ 46
Exchangeable and Available Plant Nutrients
IonRatiosinEqu.ilibriumSolution
Chemical Analysis of Plant Tissue
. . . .
.
. . . . .
. . . . . . .
Page
RLSULT&ANL)DISCUSSX()N
F Leid
.
.
4o
Ecpertntenta ............
General Aaalysis of Feipooe iTat
4o
.
.
.....
YleidhesponsesandSurfaces..... .
A.
Uoyd L,ocatíon
ot&usium z Magnesium Composite . . .
Pho.phoru Factorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. Linie x Molybdenum Factorial . .
52
70
70
..
71
. .
/7
. . .
77
i. Lirnc
X
:Lime
<
2.
D.
Mutherbaugh Lccttioti
i.
2.
LiL
,
POt.1Q3iUlfl
X
Magnesium Composite.
Lime x Phosphorus Factorial
x
3.
. . . . .
. .
Molybdenai Factorial
. .
.
Relatiou,hip of Yi1d and Soil Chemical Analy8ss
. . .
.L4loyd 1.ocation
.
L. Muthersbaugh Location
A.
C.
t(.fl
Ratio ;tudy
.......
............
.
.
. .
.
.
.
Re1ationshi of Yield and Plant
.
naiyi
C at1onEquiva1ets
.
..
.
. . . . . .
.
.
.
..
..............4.
.........................
of
Yield fleponaee and Surfaces
.
.
.
..
......
...............
1. Lin-te x Phosphorus x P.tassiun z Moly.........
bdez..ixxi Cornpoiite .........
Z. Sulfur x Molybdenum Factorial . .. . .....
3. Potassium z Magnesium Factorial .........
.
''L.loyd Soil."
. . . .
.
. . .
.
4.
Lime x Boron Factorial
. .
. .
. . . ..
95
.7
98
98
99
. 100
.
. .
74
74
....
GreniouseLperinieiit. ........... .
A
.
71
.
Data
L(.cation
,
Ii;. Muthcrsbaugh Liocation
C. Cation Balance, Ratìo, and Sum
.
.
.
.
.
.
L.].yc1
4L
52
. .
.
52
.
103
. . . . . . 110
____
.'tthrFbatghSoi1"
.110
. .
Composite..
Lime < Phosphorus x Potassuirn x Moiyì1i
.
bdenuzn
113
. Sulfur x Molybdenum Factorial
113
Pota5siuni x Magnesii.un
3.
4. 1.rìe xBöro Factorial. ............ ...... ¡13
1.
.....
.
.....
114
...............................
'Lìóvdoil''
MutersbaugbSoiih1
11.4
.........
119
!elationsbip of Yield and Soll Chemical Analyses
A.
B.
f Yieid and
Relationahlp
¡.
''Lloyd Soit''
1.
Plant
ìrtalyis Data
Caluu, Pvassium,
.....,
'Muthersb.ugh £oii'
:t.
Magzic8i;im, arid
.. ......
S'.Lm
of
... ........
.......... .........
.
.
12.
.
ii!
Cation-equivalents and Catic'n-
Fuiva1cnt Ratios ........................
Co;pariscn
119
141
Magnesium, and
z. Mr1ybdcnuirandSulfux
C.
........
....................
.........................
Caici.um, P'tasittrn,
p h.o&p1.oru
115
............................... 119
Phosphoris
Z. MolybdcaurnandSuifur
B.
.
of Fich
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
132
and Greerihoosi' Rsu.Lta ............ 133
SUM.MA.RYANDCONCLUSIONS.......
.............
BIB.........................................
I4 7
-
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table
L
Results of Physical and Chemical Analyses
of Horizon Samples from the Lloyd and Muthersbaugh Locations.
II.
Bea'ilts of Moisture Tension Measurements made
oti 3rl ?roflle Samples from the Lloyd and
Muthersbaugh Locations.
Kind and Relative Amounts of Clay Minerals
Found In Clay Fractions of Soils from Lloyd and
III.
Muthersbaugh Locations,
26
28
IV.
Treatment Levels,
Treatment Level
Lloyd Location.
Elements,
and Source of Fertilizer
34
V.
Treatment Level Combinationa, Treatment Levels,
and Source of Fertilizer Elements, Muthersbaugh
Location.
35
Treatment Levels and Sources of Fertilizer
Elements Used in the Greenhouse Study on Soils
from Lloyd and Muthersbaugh Locations.
39
Combinations1
VI .
vn
.
Treatment Level Combinations Used in Greenhouse Experiments. Lloyd and Mutherebaugh
Soils.
vm .
Observed and Predicted Yields of Alfalfa (Pounds
of Dry Matter per acre) on the Lloyd Location.
Composite Design. Means of Three Replications.
1957.
Ix.
X.
Observed and Predicted Yields of Alfalfa (Pounds
of Dry Matter per acre) on the Lloyd Location.
Composite Design. Means of three Replications.
40
53
1958.
54
Observed and Predicted Yields of Alfalfa (Pounds
of Dry Matter per acre) on the Muthersbaugh
Location. Composite Design. Means of Three
Replications. 1957.
55
List of Tables - Continued
Page
Table
XL
Observed and Predicted Yields of Alfalfa
(Pounds of Dry Matter per AcrQ) on the Muthersbaugh Location. Composite Design. Means of
Three Replications. 1958.
XII.
Anaiymi8 of Variance and Regressi3n Coefficients
in Terms of Pounds Dry Matter per Acre for the
Composite Design. Lloyd Location, ist and 2nd
Cuttings. 1957.
57
XIII.
Analysis of Variance and Regression Coefficients
in Terms of Pounds Dry Matter per Acre for the
Composite Design. Lloyd and Mutheribaugh Locationa. Total Yield of Alfalfa. 1957.
XIV.
Analysis of Variance and Regression Coefficients
in Terms of Pounds of Dry Matter per Plot for
the Composite Design. Lloyd and Muthersbaugh
Locations. Total Yield of Alfalfa. 1958.
59
Yields and Analysis of Variance for Lime x
Phosphorus and Lime z Molybdenum Factorials
Lloyd and Mutherebaugh Locations. 1957.
75
Yields for Lime x Phosphorus and Lime
Molybdenum Factorials and Analysis of Variance
for Lime x Molybdenum Factorials. Lloyd and
Mutherebaugh Locations. 1958.
76
Response of Varìous Soil Test Values to Lime
Application. Lloyd and Mutherebaugh Locations,
1957 and 1958. Means of Three Beplications.
7
XV.
XVI.
XVII.
xvm.
XIX.
Response of Soil Test Values to Rates of Potassium
and Magnesium Applications. Lloyd and Muthersbaugh Locations. 1957 and 1958. Average of
Three Replications.
¿Z
Chemical Composition of Alfalfa in Terma of
Percentage and Millequivalents per 130 grains
Dry Matter. 1957. ist and 2nd Cuttings. Lloyd
Location.
¿9
L1t
of Tables - Continued
Ta bi e
XX.
XXI.
XXII.
Page
Chemical Composition of Alfalfa In Terms of
Percentage and Millequivalent. per 100 grams
Dry Matter. 1957. ist and 2nd Cuttings.
Muthersbaugh Location.
90
Effect of Lime and Molybdenum Treatments on
the Molybdenum Content of Alfalfa Tops. Lloyd
and Muthersbaugh Locations. 1957 and 1958.
92
Observed and Predicted Yields of Lime x
Phosphorus x Potassium x Molybdenum Modified
Composite Design Used In the Greenhouse. "Lloyd
and Muthersbaugh Soils". Yields in Grams Dry
Matter per Pot. Means of 2 Replications and Sum
of 4 Cuttings.
102
XXIII.
Analysis of Variance and Regression Coefficients
for the Lime z Phosphorus x Potassium z Molybdenum Modified Composite Design in the Greenhouse.
"Lloyd and Mutheribaugh Soils".
103
XXIV.
Observed Yields from Molybdenum z Sulfur,
Potassium x Mg, and Lime x Boron Factorials
Included in the Greenhouse Experimental Design.
"Lloyd and Mutherebaugh Soils". Yields in Grams
Dry Matter per Plot. Means of 2 ReplIcations and
Sum of 4 Cittings.
104
XXV.
Analysis of Variance from the Sulfur x Molybdenum,
Potassium x Mg, and Lime z Boron Factorials
Included in the Greenhouse Experimental Design.
"Lloyd and Muthersbaugh Soils".
105
XXVI.
Response of Varioi.s Soil Teat Values to Lime
Application in the Greenhouse. "Lloyd and
Mutherabaugh Soils". Means of 2 Replications
X_XVII.
.
Chemical Composition of Alfalfa in Terms of
Percentage and Millequivalents per 100 grame of
Dry Matter. Greenhouse Study of Soil from the
Lloyd Location. Means of 2 Replications.
116
122
List of Table a - Continued
Table
XXVIII.
XXIX.
Page
Chemical Composition of Alfalfa in Terms of
Percentage and Millequivalents per loo grams of
Dry Matter. Greenhouse Study of Soil from
Mutherbaugh Location. Means of 2 Replications.
123
Molybdenum and Sulfur Composition of Alfalfa
from Greenhouse Experiment. "Lloyd and
Mutherabaugh Soils". Means of Z Replications.
126
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
1.
dimensional model of the composite design
experiments at the L1cyd and
víuthezhaugh Locations.
.A
3
used in the field
2.
3.
Deviation of observed minus predicted yield as
yield in relation to levels of
perc2nt of
lime. Lloyd and Muthersbaugh field experimente.
mn
1957 and 195t.
50
Response surf.ce for yield as a function of lime
and potassium application. Lloyd location. Field
experiment.
cutting, 1957.
60
it
4.
Response surface for yield a a function of lime
and potassium application.
Lloyd location.
Field experiment. 2nd cutting, 1957.
5.
61
Response surface for yield as a function of lime
and pota8iuin application. Lloyd location.
Field experiment.
6.
31
Total yield,
1957.
Response eur.ace for yield as a function oí lime
and potassium application. Mutherebaugh locati(in. Field experiment. Total yield, 1957.
62
63
7.
Response eurfac* for yield as a function of lime
and potassium application. Lloyd location.
Field experiment. Total yield, 195S.
8.
Response surface for yield as a function of lime
and potassium application. Muthersbaugh location.
Field experiment. Total yield, 195o.
65
Relationship '3f yield to exchangeable Ca in the
soil. Lloyd and Mutherebaugh locations. 1957
and 1953. Means of 3 replications of plots receivin.g different rates of lime.
79
Re1ationshi of yield co exchangeable K in the
soil. Lloyd arid Mutherebaugh locations. i957
and 1953. Means of 3 replicationi of plots receiving different raLes of K.
83
9.
10.
List of Figuree
-
Continued
Fjgure
U.
1.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Relationship of yield to percentage in plant
tops. Lloyd an Muthersbaugh locatiùne. 1957.
Plotted 'alues are for each replication 1 plota
receiving different rates of K.
91
!epone surface for yield a a function of lime
and potassium application in the greeniwu2e.
5oii from Lloyd location.
106
Response eui-face for yield aa a function of lime
ana potasiucn application in he greenhouse.
Soil. from Muthersbaugb locatIon.
107
Response surface for yield as a function of lime
and phosphorus application in the greenhouse.
soil from Muthcrubaugh location.
108
Deviation of observed miaus prtdlcted yield a
percent of niean yield in relation to levels of
lime and potaesi'.uri in the greenhouse. So1
Lloyd location.
109
.
Relationship of yield
to
echangeb1e
Ca in the
soil. Greenhouse. Soils from Lloyd and Muthersbaugh locations. Means of Z replications of
treatmeati receiving diíCereat iate of lime.
117
17.
Relatwru1up of yield to perctnage K in plant
tops. Greenhouse. Soili from Lloyd and Muthersbaugh locations. Means of 2 replications of
tratrzmentS receiving (llffertnt rates of K.
124
18.
Re1ationhip of yield
19.
to
percentage P
in plant
G.enhouse. Soils from Lloyd and Mutliershaugh locations. Means of Z rep1ìcation of
treatments receiving different rates of P.
125
Relationship of yield to percentage S in plant tops.
Greenhcuse. Soils frm iìyd and Muthersbaugh
1ocitions. MeanB of Z replications of treaiments
receiving different rates of S.
127
RESPONSE OF ALFALFA UNDER GREENHOUSE AND FIELD
CONDITIONS IN RELATION TO FERTILITY AND CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES OF TWO UPLAND SOILS OF OREGON
INTRODUCTION
Columbia County Oregon is located near the extreme north-
west corner of the state and borders the Columbia River. Portions
of Its
area were cleared
of
timber and are now used for agriculture.
These areas are in the hills which rise from the Columbia River and
form part of the Coast Range.
Alfalfa, as a high yielding forage crop, would seem to
have a place in the cropping systems of this area. If it Is to be
grown in this area, the nutrient elements affecting its yield should
be determined and the response that may be obtained from
fertiliza-
tion should be found. Alfalfa Ii recognized as a heavy utilizer of
mineral elements and, for maximum growth, needs large amounts
of available potassium, phosphorus, calcium, sulfur, and mag-
nesium (10, p. 31).
Since the hill soils and the soils of the north Willamette
Valley are almost universally acid, lime would be expected to be
necessary for growth and increased yield of legumes. The potaseium supplying power of these aoila is known to be low and low
values for exchangeable potassium are frequently found (50). For
these reasons fertility research workers are to find properties of a
somewhat basic nature which will enable them to better understand
the phenomena they observe. It is, of course, important to observe
2
these phenomena themselves; but even Lm)re important Irorn a
practical standpoint is the study of the more basic aspects of the
problem in order to gain prcììctive icisight.
Simply stated then, the purpose of this study was threefold:
(1)
To determine the
response of alfalfa in terms
of limiting nutrient factors, alone and in varioua
combinations, applied to these soils under field
and greenhouse conditions.
(2)
To evaluate the use of greenhouse techniques
in delineating
by
fertilizer response information
comparing responie functions obtained in the
greenhouse and in the field.
(3)
To
relate chemical properties
of these soils to
response and plant composition.
3
LITERATURE REVIEW
A 5
ton crop of alfalfa hay would remove from the soll
approximately 200 iba, of calcium,
iba, of nitrogen,
30
150
lbs. of potassium, 250
iba, of phosphorous,
30
lb..
of magnesium,
and 25 lbs. of sulfur. These figures give a general indication of
what the soil is expected to supply to assure satisfactory growth.
If the soil cannot supply them, they must be added. Boron and
several other elements must also be available to the plant. Since
legumes obtain the greater portion of their nitrogen requirements
by fixation, optimum conditions
for this fixation should be present.
Linie
Many workers have reported the effectiveness of lime
in increasing the yield of alfalfa and other legumes. Lime has long
been recommended for legumes on western Oregon soils and, in
particular, on the hill soils surrounding the Willamette Valley
(34)
(67). Dunn, (23, p. 313) in greenhouse experiments, showed that
several western Washington soils (the Olympic, Melbourne, Salkum,
Everett and Puget serles) required lime for the growth of alfalfa
and clover. The amount of lime required to raise the soil pH to
6. 5 for the Olympic and Melbourne soils was 2 and 2.
8
tons respect-
ively.
The reasons for the effectiveness of lime in increasing
4
1egu.mt ye1d
hav
&ei
th
bct of rxcL deb.c.
Lr1y
ixi-
veatigatorB believed the beneficiai effect of lime wai due to a
reduction in H ion concrtratioct.
(1) who,
T1Lì
wa3
criticized by Albrecht
wordn with soybeanø in sand-clay
that the greatest benefit came from calcium
cu1ture1
a* a
indicated
plant nutrient.
However, the concentrations of Ca used in the cultures were nuch
lower than even those found in acid soils.
Schmehi, Peech, and Braduield (60, p. 406-407) in-
vestigated the reasons for poor growth of alfalfa on an acid soil in
the greenhouse.
They found that it was not due to low exchangeable
Ca content of the soil or to low Ca saturation as the Ca content of
the alfalfa was not correlated with yield. The application of gypsum
increased Ca content but not yield. Mn tcxicity at low soil pHts was
found not to be sufficient to account for the greatly reduced growth.
Their conclusion vas that the growth of alfalfa
ori
unlimed soils was
due to an excessive concentration of Al tri the eoil solution.
In contrast to this, Baker and Brady (7), in studies of
alfalfa on acid soils, found a better relationship between Mn content
and yield than that of any other element studied. Thus, they concluded that increased yields resulting from lime application may be due
on these soils to the effect of lime In reducing
rianganese uptake.
In general, the reasons for the effectiveness of liming
acid poila are many arid complex. They may include (a) the effect
of pH on the availability of Fe,
Al,
Mn,
P, K,
N, and Mo.
(b)
The
3
rern:'nJ
rj a
Ct deficiency and (c) the cffoct
down of oi1 organic
cf pli o
the break-
matter.
Potassium
In an
eperirnent designed
to study the nutrient
require-
ments of alfalfa In New L'er!ey, Bear and Wallace (10, p. 31) came
to the conclusion that a lack of K was the moat serious factor
limiting yield. DeficIency symptorn appeared early In the e:.periment even though 145 lbs. nf KO per acre had been applied prior to
establishment. The heaviest ratee of K20 applicatton Z20 lbs. per
acre) gave the hlg)eat yie1d.
Over a three year period, -n Plainfield fine sand and
Cincinnati
.ilt loam in Indiana, Stivers
and Ohirogge (69) noted
largo yield increases. The difference between the check ( no !Z )
and the highest rate of aplicat!nn became greater each year of
cropping.
Nelson and MacGregor (44) in a three year expeririaent
using alfalfa un an aeu!Ian soil of eastern Minnesota, found highly
significant yield increases only when K wae included in their ferti-
lizer. Their highest rate of application was
iU5
ZOO
lbs. KO per acre
40 lbs. every other year.
:Frorn a survey of alfalfa fields n New York (15), U was
concluded that when the K content of the whole alfalfa topa was less
than 1.25 percent the majority oI stands showed a yield response
E;
greater thn Z) prr.ent.
c'nteit i-t abve !.2 ;crcent
Y!bea the
the yield reaponses obtai'ted were generally lees than 20 percent.
The plant samples viere aien at the
te
first and second
of the
cuttings.
Nelson an(! MacGregor (44)
!ncreasee were aEociate with high
found that a K
et al (32),
fOUflf
K
that stgnif1cat
yeJd
content ùf the forage. Jackson,
content of l.Z5 to
2
range for higheet irields and gno snrvival of
percent is the optimum
alfalfa
whei
liroe
i
adequ2te.
Stiver and Ohiregge (9) foin! no consistent relationship
betvreen K content and yield. However, they noted a positive corre-
lation between stand and veld. Other workers
percentage
o.
9
to
L
Carolina
.
i
K
in the plant necessary for
percent.
sr''ival
Woodhc'se and Hort-
reported that
tandq thin
out
(0)
,
fmnd that the
was approximately
.
10)
.n
North
rathe sharply on soils low in
Low K levels reduced root growth more than top growth.
Ohlrogge, Jackson.
;ind
Webb
(45,
p.
31)
relat
that, as ,ates
application increased, heaving and the incidence of crown rot
',f
K
de-
crea s ed.
Phophoris
increases in the yield of leg'.me crops due to phosphorus
fertilization have been noted for at least 40 "care. Stivera and
Ohlrogge (69) obtainec' large yield
increae
v.ith aLfalfa over two
7
cropping years due to P fertilization.
200 lbs. of P205
Of the two
The rates used were
O
to
per acre applied as 20 percent superphosphate.
soils
studied1
a Cincinnati silt loam showed significant
response. This was associated with a very low soil teat value for
available P.
The responses obtained on this soil were
the first 50 lbs. of P205 applied.
increased by these treatments, but
largest for
The P content of the alfalfa was
no
relationship was found between
P fertilization and stand maintenance.
Though P is an element readily fixed by the soil under
many conditions and, consequently, does not move through the soil
readily, P is topdressed on established alfa-ifa. Stanford, McAuliffe,
and Bradfield (64) applied rates of 36 and 180 lbs. of P205 per acre
as isotope labeled ordinary superphosphate to alfalfa growing on
several New York soils. They measured the fraction of P in the
plant derived from the fertilizer. These amounts were high. being
20
percent in the case of the
lb. rate.
36
lb. rate and
50
percent for the
180
Thus, even though very little of the P applied moved into
the soil more
than a
few inches, large responses in uptake were
obtained. Another advantage of P fertilization is illustrated by the
fact that P fertilizers applied to deficient voila will usually cause
an appreciable Increase in the protein content of alfalfa hay
(4, p. 567).
The availability of soil P is intimately concerned with
the pH of the
Boil
and many of the postulated mechanisms of fixation
r
o
involve iron and aluminum hydroua oxides.
These compounds are
more soluble at low pH values and, consequently, fixation of P
is greater on soils of low pH than on those of high pH. Parker
nd
Tidniore (48, p. 440) studied soils from field experiments in
Alabama, Illinois, Ohio, and Kentucky and found that lime increased
the P content of the soil solution of unfertilized plots and Increased
the solubility of acid fertilizer phosphates added.
Magnesium
Magnesium is an element quite significant in plant
nutrition. Though it is usually preseut in the plant in smaller
amounts than Ca, it is relatively more abundant in plant parts con-
cerned with vital processes. It is part of the chlorophyll molecule
and
several enzyme prosthetic groups.
Moat soils contain a sufficient supply of Mg for most of
the crops commonly grown. However, Cooper, et al, (19) suggest
that Mg may be a limiting factor in crop yields
on.
many soils of
lighter texture in humid areas.
Truog, et al, (74) suggest that increased attention be
given to the supplies of available Mg in soils. Their work indicates
that soils may respond to Mg indirectly through a higher utilization
of soil phosphorus.
As their Mg levels were increased both the Mg
and P contents of the plant tissue were increased.
In a study of the Mg supplying power of 20 New
Jersey
9
soila (52) ranging in texture from sand to i1ty clay loam, no
correlation was found between the total
Mg in the
soils and their
crop producing ability. Responsee to Mg fertilizatiöri v'ere obtained however. The atthors, Prince, Zimmerman and Bear,
state that the response to Mg
governed to
i
a
large extent by it
ratio to the other cations on the exchange complex, particularly
K and Ca.
They indicate that 80 lbs. of available MgO per ton of
fertilizer is probably not adequate when fertilizers high in
K
are
used. lt was estimated that the ideal amount of Mg was about
10
percent of the total exchange capacity of the soil, an if this
level fell below
6
percent marked responses were likely to be found.
Sulfur
Alfalfa hae been shown to respond to applications of
eulfur fertilizer in many areas notably Montana, North Dakota,
Minnesota, Iowa, Washington and Oregon. In Oregon, on the Red
Hill soils, topdressing of 50 - 80 lbs. of CaSO4 per acre has given
profitable responses (57, p.
le).
These soils were low in sulfur
originally and little or none had been 4dded in the &ystetn of farming
used, either in manure or as impurities in fertUiera.
As much as 100 lbs. of sulfur per acre may be added to
the soil from the atmcbphre In the vicinity of industrial or urban
areas. Aiway and co-workers
(3) obtained
responses to sulfur
applications with alfalfa on a belt of Minnesota soils which received
le
little sulfur from the atmosphere.
Soils developed from parent material
are
often, very low
In sulfur.
Thus,
if
o.f
volcanic oregin
lcaching is heavy and little
uMur is adcec from the atmosphere, responses may 2e expected.
Trace Elementi
ron:
Experiments with many western Oregon soils have shown
large responses to boron. This ii especially true of lighter textured
soils, acid peats, or the older, more strongly leached soils (37).
Response of alfalfa to boron has been invebtlgated in
several other states. The resulta of these studies were generally
not conclusive, emaIl yield responses being obtained in some cases
and no responses in others (76) (64). However, application of borax
has been found to both increase the boron content
of
the plant and
alleviate boron deficiency symptoms.
Molybdenum:
Though needed in extremely small amounts, deficiencies
of molybdenum have been noted in New Zealand, Australia, and the
United States, especially on
deuiciencie8
crucifers
and legimes.
Most of these
have been noted on acid sandy soils, but many instances
have been foimd on
Liner
textured soils Including some from cal-
careous parent materials,
11
ieienauer
(5-) on e:çerilnents with a imilybdenum
re8pou5ive soil in wrtliastern
Vtahingtm. related plant content
í molybdenum to response to fertilization with this element.
Liciency symptonlE aoted in the field were
nitrogen,
indicatiig the role of
ships.
level of
A
O. 5
thcuht
Le-
to be those of
rnolybdernirn in plant-nitrogen relation-
ppm or more of leaí-xio1ybdnt.m was establi-
shed as adequate for alfalfa. In field studies on soil of New Jersey,
alfalfa responded to i lb. of sodium inolybdate per acre on four of
six soila studied (24). These increases were correlated inversely
with
the molybdenum content
of the untreated plants.
In a study of the response of alfalfa to molybdeau.in ou
lE
Indiana
Toy and Barber (26) obtained significant yield
Boii,
increases on
significance.
soils with
A
these soils with
7
others giviag responses approaching
significant response to Mo was obtained on two of
(
others ¿pproaching significance when lime and
molybdenum were added
tgether.
This is illustrative of the import-
ant lime-molybdenum nteractlon.
tavies,
(21) iii a review
of
factors affecting molybdenum
availability, lists the £ollowin types of soil as prone to be nulybdenuxn deficient:
(1)
3.ils deficient in total molybdenum.
(2)
SoiLs of high anion exchange
capacity or
high in hydrous oddes of irû and
and low pH.
aluxninnm
¡ L.
SoUe depleted by exhaustive cropping.
(3)
Multiple Nutrient Effecta
In the preceding review of
literature cncernng the
espon8e of alfalfa to the various n'2triertts, interactions between
these nutrients were generally
riot
cosidered.
A
picture of the
relationehip of these elenents to the growth of alfalfa ii not complete
by a consideration of these elements singly, aa in many cases,
actions tend to overshadow direct effects. The mechanisrne
of
inter-
these
interactions are by no means always clearly understood.
general areas may be recognized in many of these
Twr
multiple element effects: first, stidies involving plant composition
or uptake, and second, studies concerning the soll or exchange
relationships
'f the se
elements.
Ca-Mg-K:
In 1901 Lnew (40, p. 52) postulated the
necessity of a
ratio in the soil tor proper growth of plants. Since
then much work has been done on this hypothesis, some results
specific
Ca:Mg
refuting and some supporting it. Moser (43, p. 375), employIng
ratios of
1:1 to 4. 5:1,
concluded that there was no best Ca:Mg
ratio for the growth of any crop. Hunter (29), found the yield
of
alfalfa not to be affected by Ca:Mg equivalent ratios of 1:4 to 32:1
In the soil. Hovíever, the percent Ca, Mg, and K in the plant was
highly affected by the ratio. Ai the Ca:Mg ratio increased, the
is
percent Ca increaßed
percent
K
axid
percent Mg decreased. The highest
in the tísEue was
aaociated with the [oweat Ca:Mg ratio.
lialatead, et al. (28).
work determining the effective-
in
ness of calcitic and dolomitic limestone on acid soils with alfaJía,
found no differences in yield due to the Ca:Mg
They found
ratio.
that MgCO3 reduced the Ca in the plants more than CaCO3 reduced
the Mg. Percentage reduction of magnesium in the plant was greater
than reduction of Ca in the plant upon additions of K.
In a study of Ca:K ratios
sear (30.
with
alfalfa, l'unter, Toth, and
p. 71) concluded that alfalfa could adjust to wide Ca:K
ratios In the soil
and
make normal growth. They did find, however,
that when the percentage Ca a the plant exceeded
percentage
K
fell below
I
percent or
Z
percent and the
when the Ca-K equivalent
ratio
in the plant bectxne greater than 4::i, yields dropped abruptly.
l3ear and Prince (9) and Hunter (29, p. 60) note that the
sum of Cit, Mg,
and K
In the plant tends to be constant under speci-
lied conditions. The cause of this is not nown, but Bear and Prince
believe that the evidence supports
his at least
the theory that each of these cations
two functions in the plant, one specific and the other, or
others, of the type that can
be
performed interchangeably by all
three of the cations. Once the supply of each cation is adequate to
meet the specific need for it. there can be a wide range of ratios
in th. remaining quantities that are absorbed by the plant in order
to meet its total cation iieeds.
Bear and Prince suggest that, since
alfalfa tends to accumulate K in excess of its critical need, difficulty
14
is experienced
tri
maintaining an adequate supply of this element in
the soil. Annual applications of K muat be sufficient to maintain the
K content of the
plant at riot less than a critical lower limit of
i
percent but should not be so large as to effect a substitution of
Ca and Mg in the functions that
K
for
are common to all three cations.
Lime -Boron.:
This interaction is apparently two-fold in its action. Both
the pli and calcium level of the soil have an affect on the boron
content of the plant.
Oleen and Berger (46) found that boron fixation in soils
was closely related to the clay content and soil reaction. The use
had little influence on
of either Ca or Na, added as the hydroxides
boron fixation, but the alkalinity produced by them resulted in
fixation. However, even at pH values of 9.
5
or higher, only 40
percent of the available boron was fixed.
Reeve and Shive (53 p. 7), working with nutrient solutions
found that as more Ca was added, more boron was required to
prevent boron deficiency
itt
the plant and that more boron could be
added without causing boron toxicity. Jones and Scarseth (36)
.ising a number of crops in the greenhouse. found that plants would
take up varying amounts of Ca and
boron1
but that normal growth
would occur only when a certain balance existed between them in the
plant. This ratio varied for different crops. Thus, not only is boron
temporarily fixed in soils of high pli, but more boron is required by
15
plinta growing in high calciiun
8Oil.
Lime -Molybdenum:
racUon i
soil
major ftctor
bi].ity of rnclybdexiuiu to plante
a,
iii controflin.g
in many inatence
the
avaiìa-
liming and
molybdenum application will bring about the same improvement in
yield. Davie8, Holmes, and Lynch. (22) noted a negatìve interiiction betweeu linie and molybdenum on pa8ture yielde in New
Zealand. hlíalfa from plots on
dernonatrated the effect of
1
Nixon loam in New Jeraey al3o
molybdenum availability
Boil reaction on
ALfalfa from plots that had been limed to a pH
(25, p. 124).
betwcen 6.
.
and 6.
and that from
5
contained between
alotE with a
pH
of
i). 7
6. 9 to 7.
6
and
1
1
vate
ppm molybdenum
contained between
1. 6
and 3.0 ppm molybdenwn.
Barshad
bdeuum
content
(S
p.
312) found thzt,
on
mo!t oi1ø, the
moly-
of plants tended to be related more to water soluble
molybdenum than to total molybdenum in the aoil. He also found
that the nolybdenum coneut of two legume species (Ladino clover
and
Lotuv corniculatus) generaUy
increased to
p} 7. 5 where a
lncreaed
a the pH of the soil
reduction of molybdenum content took
place. Though the :Qechanin1 is not
inerstod ae
yet, many workere
believe that molybdate, being a negative, divalent ion,
i
fixed in the
soll by an anion exchange niechaniem r by reaction with hydrous
oddes
of
iron or a1uminurr (70, p. ß5). In this way molybdenum may
1£
be tkicught of as being similar to photphorus.
Stout (70, p. 85) concluded that though rrxolybdates are
fixed more atrongly at acid reactiona, culture solution studies show
that th absorption of molybdette by pl4nts ¡s greater at acid pH's.
hen lime ia added to acid
SOilb,
the increase in available soil inoly-
bdenun overcomes the decrease in the ability of plants to absorb it.
Sulfur - Molybdenum:
The
reseace of aulial.e on aìsi 4pears to interfere with
uptake of mlybdate ion by the plant. Stout (70, p. 80) attributes
this effect
a competition by the plant for an ion of
aiid charge.
The dditioa of 196
lb.
of Ga3O42HU
similar elze
per acre de-
creased the mulyixienum content of pea from 12. S to
of tomatoes from 5. 25 t
3. 52 ppm.
acre decreased the molybdenum
3920 lbs. of CaSO4
in jeaE
from 16. 0 to
and
8. 05 ppm
Z. 75
H20
per
ppm.
Iartthad, 'orcin, with alkaline soils failed to find this. 1-lowever
be explained
huL4
results
by the
fact that at high pH values the availa-
bility of soil molybdenum is greatly enhanced
ad that this
ovrconie the suppressive effect
present.
uf the sulfate
may
Response Surfacea
Iti
arder to gain complete ififorAnation concerning the
effectì of several nutrient varitbles un the growth of a crop, these
variables should not
only be
studied singly, but in all combinations
1'
with each other.
h.i1d be done to evaluate the interaction or
TM
in response to the evera1 elements.
the gimu1taneou chang
usual way in which a problem f thi! nature is handled is
nf the complete factorial experiment.
-f treatment combirtations
it
a
by the
Howeer, siace the
The
use
nurrLbe
factorial is the :umbcr of levels used
raised to the power of the number of factors irxcluc.e, the xurnber of
treatment combinations necessary for
a
large factorial experiment
frequently becomes irpractical, espeia11y in field experimeiits.
Box arid Wilson (13, p. 16) have described
called a
ai experimental design
which aUows estimation of these effects
composites
iing
far fewer treatment c'mbination then vere previously necessary
In these
with corrp1ete factora1s.
designi, data from
a
smaller
number of treatrnent is artilyzed to obtain regression equtionE
which will describe a response surface.
ThUE, the
information
th&t
would be gained from a large factorial with the attendant large
nuniber
!)f
treatments
1g
obtained by the use of a smaller rnirnber of
treatment combinations. More total Information vovJd have been
btained using a complete fctoria1. However, total information
acriflced for
a
1*
sn-iUer and more efficient number of treatrnent8 in
the compo3ìte design. Though these designs were originated
fr use
in engineering, they have been adapted for agronomic use by several
workers (27), (6,
.
135).
18
Ion Ratios in Equilibrium Soil Solutions
Equations have been developed by Babcock, et al
,
(5)
which describe the activity of an ionic species in a force field, such
ao a soil system.
The activity of an adsorbed ion Is found to be the
same as that of the same ion in solution at equilibrium, and in an
infinitely dilute solution, provided the activities are defined in terms
of electro-chemical potentials. Babcock, et al, also suggest that
Individual ion activities are not au important in soll chemistry as
is the ratio of ions. This is because pairs of ions will be involved
in exchange reactiona. Exchange of one ion for another in cation
exchange reactions is governed by the change in free energy
accompanying the change. Marshall and Upchurch (42) developed
a means for determining these free energy changes.
They state
that it can be shown mathematically that for small exchanges the
activity of the cation.s in the extract are related to those in the
colloid by equations of the type
I
L
àB
j coiloid
F(aH)nl
J
L
solution
or
aH
[]co11oid
[n]
aH
solution
19
r, in the case of a Ca
- H
exchange
a..
colloid
L
L
aa
J
Woodruff (77) using the fornu1a
¿
:
.F
1364 log
aK
calculated the energy of replacement of Ca by K. Tne ratio of
the molar concentration of a monovalent cation to the square root
of the molar concentration of a divalent cation
of exchange which is an
reflecte the energy
important criteria in j'zdging the soil
solution. He also attempts to relate these energies of exchange to
plant nutrition.
Using the aforementioned equation, he found that
energies of exchange of Ca by
K of -Z, 500
cal to -3, 000 cal were
necessary for the balanced nutrition of plants. Energies
in
of exchange
excess of-3, 500 cal were associated with K deficiencies and those
below -2, 000 cal were as8ociated with an excess of
K.
in relation to Ca,
or a Ca deficiency.
Schofield (61) has developed a "ratio law' which attempt.
to define the relationship between adsorbed cations and those in
solution at equilibrium. Schofield and Taylor
(ÓZ)
later determined
the activities of several basee (Ca, Al, K and Na) in terms of their
hydroxides in soil suspensions. The constancy of the ratio of the
activity of the metal chloride to the activity of
11Cl
was shown to hold
over a given c3nentration
:an.
veloped the function pH - lIZp(Ca
3clofLcld and Taylor alao de-
+
Mg)
or the "lime potential".
This function, expreesed non-logarithmicdlly, i the ratio
aH
fa + Mg
These authors have ahown the importancia
o
this type of ratio
expression in attempts to accurately defirte Ion distribution in a
system such as the
In a oi1
80i1.
systen where potassium
and calcium ioni
ae
present the function
+
Mg
becomes appropriate. The igthficance of tiüs function has already
been referred to by Woodruff, who zhows its relation to the partial
molar free energy
of
these cations in the soil and Its passible m-
portance in determining the
K
status of the soil.
Pia nt Analysi s
The usefulness of the chemical analysis of plant material
lies in the ability of this analysis to yield information concerning
the nutrient content of crops and the nutrient eipplying power of the
soll. However, the information gained
and
its interpretation arc
subject to qualification. According to Steenbjerg (65),
4
groups of
factors are capable of influencing the nutrient content of the plant.
1
They are: (a) oi1
s2pp1y water),
factr
(b) the
the ability of the !oil
(including
nature
1
thv
tc
crop, (c) climatic conditiona'
and (d) the age of the crop when the p1ant are amp1ed i.
e.,
the atage of development of the crop. In using plant analy.is data
it
i. important
to know a much a poesible concerning the effect
of the above-mentioned
factors on the yield vs percentage nutrient
content curve. Ulrich (75, p. 110) emphasizes that the concentra-
tion of a nutrient in the whole plant or any plant part le a function
of soil,
climate, pLant, time, management and other factor..
Chemical analy.i. of plant tiiaue gives an integrated picture of the
effects of all the factors operating on the plant up to the time of
sampling. The sensitivity of these analyses depends on several
factors, (a) the part of the plant analyzed,
(b)
the particnlar
fraction of the nutrient determined, an4 (c) the positirn on the
plant from which the sample is
taken.
Plant
analysis also offers
a valuable tool in understanding nutrient Interrelationships within
the plant.
ÌXP1RIMLNT4L MITHOLS, MATER1IS
AND CHARACTERIZATION
Site Characterization
Field experiment3 wore e8tabliched in
Lloyd and Muthersbaugh
farrn.
1956 on the
The sites were cho6en
o
the
baai tMt they are partially roprescritative of the scils of the
region and that the owners of the farms would be good cooperatorB.
It was felt
deirabie
to characterize the experirnentai
Locations. Characterization should previde a means for projecting
the rescarch information and also provide a better
lasis for
understanding the responae obtained to the various plant nutrients
applied.
With
this in mind pits were du adjacent to the field
p1ot, profile deßcriptions were ebtaiaed1, and ample vere
taken for soil physical rneaau.resnents aad clay ilneral analysis.
In the U.S.D.A. soil survey for Columbia County, the
soil at both the Lloyd and Muthersoaugh locations was m&pped ae
the Cascade series. The Ca8cade series, as defined here, is
residual soil. over basic igneous rocks. More recently, the soil
serieL of this area have been redefined and. new series established.
The Muthersbaugh location has now been
ciaai1ied as Cascade
intergradin.g to a series tentatively naned D3.
The Lloyd location
has been classified as Cascade. This Cascade series, however, is not
I
writer is indebted to Mr. Arthur Theisen for the profile
descriptions of these locations.
The
23
to be confused with the Cascade f the orIginal survey. In general,
the redefined Cascade series is an imperfectly drained soil de-
veloped from loess overlaying residuai material. The D3 series
is a moderately well drained member of this drainage catena. The
residual material at the Lloyd location is water c1eposted dt
while that at the Muthersbaugh location is basaltic or sedimentary
rocks.
The profiles of soils in the Cascade series have been
complicated by nonconformities caused by differing layers of
de-
posited silts or loess. Thus, the materiale from which these horizons
have developed may vary within the profile. Fvidence for
Eomne
of
these discontinuities is shown by the results of the clay mineral
analysis.
Soil Physical ana Chemical Measurements:
Both disturbed and core soil samples were taken from
profile horizons. It was ímposeible, however, to get core sa.nples
or Mutherebaugh B3 horizons due to the massive
of the Lloyd
structure
The core samples were used for bulk density
of the soil.
measurements and soil moisture tenSion measurements at i atinosphere tension and below (56). The bulk soil samples were air dried
and ground to pass a
2
mm sieve. These were used for mechanical
analysis (12), soil moisture tension measurements of
2
atmospheres
tension and above (57), analysis for pH. exchangeable cations. and
24
cation exchange capacity, and for the clay mineral analysis. Soil
mechanical analyses,
buLc
density, and moisture tension measure-
ments were i'un by the Oregon state Goliec Soil Physics Labora-
tory. Analy&e
capacity
£Q1'
exchangcable cation& and cation exchange
re run by the Oregon State Cllegc
tory (47). The results of theo anaiys
soil
Testing Labora-
are given in Tables I and
n.
Clay Mineral Analy8i by X-Ray Diffraction:
Prior to the separation
of the clay
fraction of the soil
samples, the iron oxides were removed using the
sulfite method E cf MacKinzle
(4 1)
sodium hydro-
Alter completion of this
.
treatment the clay fraction was removed and uparated into two
size fractions, one Z - O. 2 u in size and the other O. Z u. The
separation procedure used was that of Jackson, Whittig and
Pennington (33) and Tanner and Jackson (71). Calgon was used as
the diepering agent.
The clay fractions thus separated were then
either calcium or potassium ßaturated and mounted on ceramic
tilea using an oriented aggregate technique (39). The X-Ray
diffraction analysie was performed on
Appratus with a Brown recorder.
A
a Philhip3
X-Ray Diffraction
copper target was used with
a divergence slit of 1/4 degree, a receiving slit of 0.006 inch,
and a scatter slit of 1/4 degree.
The beam was filtered with nickel
foil so that CuK0, radiation was used for diffraction aialysis.
TABLE
I
ResultB of Physical a
Chemical .1nalyses of Horizon.
Muthers baugh Locations.
Samples from the Lloyd and
Slowly
Available
Lloyd Location
Horizon
£0_
%
Sand %
8" 23,6
Silt
%
Clay
pH
P
ppm
Exch.
K
Ca
m.e./I
Mg
K!
CEC
m.e. /1Q
/1tJ
51.6
24. 8
6.2* 28.5
0.19
6.9
0.95
0.72
13.50
14.5
0.10
2.6
0.95
0.57
9.15
13.2
0. h)
3.2
2.65
0.68
11.60
5.3
0.12
7.4
6.70
1.03
14.20
A3
8-18"
18. 6
60. 7
20. 7
5.8
l-27"
4(7
62. 7
20. 6
5.
lo. 9
57. 0
24.
5.9
B1
B1
27-32+'
A p0_l2,,
1
75
Mutherabaugh Location
lß.Z
50.8
31.0
6.3*
12-27"
13. 5
48. 6
37. 9
27-43'
13.2
52.1
3.
25.0
0.34
7.5
0.95
0.93
14.00
6. 1
6. 0
0. 19
5.0
1.45
0.63
11.20
34.7
5.8
11,7
0.19
3.1
1.60
0.72
11.60
56. 0
5.
4
3. 8
3.
¿.20
0.42
13.50
A3
B1
B3M
43-521-"
5. 3
!
7
0.
2k
1
Samples taken from limed area adjacent to plOt8.
Analytical re8ults courtesy of Hugh Gardner.
'7*
TABLE
El.
Resulte of Moisture Tension Measurements made on Soil Profile Samples from the
Lloyd and Mutherebaugh Locations.
Horizon
Moisture equivalent
O. 30 atm
Moisture in percent of dry weight held at tensions
listed below
50 atm 1. 0 atm 2. 0 atm 5. 0 atm 15. 0 atm
10 atm
.
.
Lloyd
Ap O-8"
39.80
31.46
28.66
¿0.22
15.75
11.09
A3 8-18"
34. 66
¿9.
26.
18
15. 84
12. 78
9.21
B1 18_271
¿8. 66
23. 48
26. 19
15. 75
13. 31
9. 86
15.86
12.94
10.08
B2
27-324
24.75
(1)
31
)
)
Muthe rebaugh
Ap
0-12'
32.56
29.72
27.01
21.32
16.32
11.42
A3
12-27'
28. 65
24. 72
23. 37
19.43
16. 31
12.99
Bi 27-43"
28. 24
24. 16
22. 10
18. 87
18. 14
12.25
(1)
(1)
27.43
27.43
23. 19
B3
31.49
43-52 1U
)f
1) Core samples could not be taken from this horizon.
?
p.,
C'
L.
Scale, multiplier, aad time constant settings varied from
&mp1e
to samplo. X-Ray patterns were run on the calcium an.d potauium
saturated
tiÏe,
on o1vated ca1curn
atured tiles,
potaasium sa'uiated tiles keat. treated to 560'
)atterns or.anc3d
thee various
niierals peont.
under
to identify the clay
and on
and 700' C. The
C
cúndition were compared
The clay minerals present or probably present in the
samples are given in Table Ill. Several points houd be mentioned
the clay minerals identified and the proportion of each
concerning
in the soil amplc.
In general, diffraction patterns of the Ap, A3, and B1
horizons of thc Lloyd location and
all
the horizons of the Muthers-
baugh location show peaks at 14. Z4A , 7. 19A', 4. 74A, 3. 56A, and
3. 35
spacings on the Ca saturated tile. The first four peaks
mentioned may be the ist. 2nd, 3rd,
14A
The
material euch as vermiculite, chlorite,
peas at
peaks of a
7
7.e
clay
and 3.
material
be indicative of
the
ad 4th orde! peaks
5
nay
suc1 as
¿lo
be the
oi a
nontmoriI1onite.
or
lat anil 2nd order
Jaolinite. The
3. 35&
peak may
quartz or possibly the ceramic tile used to support
sample. Solvation of the Ca saturated tile with ethylez
glycol yielded no difference in peak location or
itsnsity thus
eliminating moatmorillor4ite.
Peak intensities and locations of the
K
saturated tile
were the .ame as thoae of the Ca saturated tile. Heat treatment of
2E
TbiE
Ill.
Kind and Relative Amounte of Clay Mineral. Found u
Clay Fraction3 of Soi1 from Lloyd and huthersbaugh Locations.
dLC;YD
u
u
Verxn. -
Horizon
culite
Ve rim Kaolinite
Chlorite
mite
Kaolinite
culite
Ap
o- s"
A3
8-18"
*
Tì
*
Tr
- --
**
Bi
l-Z7"
27-324"
----
*
MUTHERSBAUGH
Ap
Tr
A3
12-27"
B1
27-43"
43-2.(-"
-
4
4
*
Tr
Tr
-- - -
*
Tr
the K saturated îarnoles to 560' C for 30 minutes
f
broad dtffue
rtd a
IO A
eaks
zd
o
clitinct peak at
A
rge of 1Z. 6
1tter
a
t
A
euggesting the
relatively broad peak appeared
after he?.t treatment at
at 10. 26
The
abcvit 14 A, the
rbab1e pretence of ch1orit.
3S
appear in
caue
identification of vermiculite. It
700
C.
shtJd
This collapse
be
taken
i
mentioned however,
ii onewhat atypical. iuce orre of the
col!ap vtricu1ite is indicated. However, the
¿comp1isiic with diffic4dty. to h1fting of basal
that the vermiculite
aterig1 did
:uiïapse wa
spacing vas ob9erved on K saturation in the absence of heat. The
St,O°
heat treatmett
-.vould
reüted in only partìt1 ollape.
;he vermiculite lattice units.
ht the material
Rich and 3ben5hain (55), and otherE.
(31,}
No
peak wau )bserved after the heat treatments. Since the
riappearaz&ce of th
itd
It would appear
gi-ni1ar to the "chlorite ..like" material observed by
KIage8 anu W'iuie
7 A
caa
interlayer material was preEent between
suggest that
found here i
The
peak is often obseried with both chlorite
7
kaolin, a differentiation between chlorite and
Tflade
in a
tarJ.e
ontaithng both clay mineralí. Considering the
strotLg intensAty of the
weak inten1ity of th
kaolin cannot be
7
14
J
peak with Ca saturation and tb relztve1y
A peak after thiz heat treatment kaolin
was very probably present.
A
very weak
10
peak was recognized in Ca saturated
samples of certain of the horizona. This ndicates the pos3ible
30
presence
of
lute
in these horizonß.
The Ca saturated tile of the Lloyd B2 horizon gave no
14À peak, butpeaksat io.zl,
.
7.372, 5.042, 3.582,
and
1 vere observed. K saturation increased the intensity of the
10.2 2 peak
arLd
heat treatment destroyed the 7.47 A peak.
Solvation of the Ca saturated tile had no effect. From this
lute
and kaolinite were identified.
On the
basis of interpretations auch as the above the
clay minerals listed in Table III were identified. Asterisks are
used to indicate the relative amounts of each clay mineral In each
sample. These estimates were made on the basis of peak intensity
and, since these intensities will vary from sample to sample, only
comparisons of relaLive amounts within the same horizon are valid.
Expe r mental De sign and Treatment
Level Combinations
Field Experiments:
The experiment at the Lloyd and Muthersbaugh locations
consisted of a composite design with the three factors of lime,
potassium, and magnesium (treatments
Iv and V). Figure
1
1
through
15
in Tables
shows a three dimensional model of the compo-
site design containing the variables of lime, magnesium, and
potassium for the field experiments at the Lloyd and Mutherabaugh
locations. The numbers In the figure represent the treatment
31
353
444
244
35
24 2
H44
'I
1333
.-
-----»-----
133_
I
o,
w
z
0
4
z
-
833
/
-'j4-.
,, 2
2
1--'
/
//
424
t
331
I
-
I
.I
n
.-
222
I
,.
422
313
LINE
FlEure 1. A 3 d1iensona1 aiodel of' the composite doBlEn
used In the field experimento at the Lloyd and
MuthersbauEh loctlons,
3
level combinations actually used in the experiment.
Further treatments were added to the experiment which
would provide, in conjunction with certain treatmenta in the coznpo-
site portion, a
2
x
3
lime z phosphorus factorial and a ¿ z
molybdenum factorial (treatments
V).
through
lime z
¿lin Tables 1V
ar
The design at the Muthersbaugh location was the same as
noted
SOn
16
Z
above
of the
with the exception that plots were added for a compari-
presence or absence of boron and a comparison f the
effects of Ca(OH)2 versus agricultural limestone.
The model used for the analysis of variance for these
experiments is as follows:
Muthersbaugh
Lloyd
Source
Degrees of freedom
Source
Degrees of freedom
Replication
Z
Replication
2
Treatments
14
Treatments
14
Linear
3
Linear
3
Quadratic
3
Quadratic
3
Interaction
3
Interaction
3
Deviations
5
Deviations
S
Error2
40
Error2
44
Total
62
Total
71
Statistical analyses were done through the courtesy of R. G.
Petersen, Experiment Station Statistician, 'oregon State College,
Corvallis, Oregon.
Z. This is a combined error term obtained from a preliminary
analysis of the experiment as a whole including the composite and
the factorials.
1.
The n1y&is of variancc of thc factorials included in the
design is as followb:
Lime x PhosphoruE
2 x 3
Lloyd
source
Mutherabaugh
Degrees_of freedom
Degrees of freedom
Source
L
2
L
¿
p
2
p
2
LxP
4
LxP
4
Error1
2 x 2
Error1
40
44
Lime x Molybdenum
Lloyd
Source
L
Mo
LxMo
Error'
Mutherebaugh
eeof freedom
Source
Degrees of freedom
L
i
i
Mo
I
1
LxMo
i
i
Error'
40
44
At the time of establishment, the plot. were limed and
fertilized according to the treatments listed in Tables
The lime was broadcast and diaced into the upper
6
IV and V.
inches of soil.
The
fertilizer treatments were then applied and incorporated. The
1.
This is a cotribined
error tern obtaxed £rom a prelimiry
analysis of the experiment as
the factorials.
a whole including the
composite arid
2'rerLcx Leva Combinati,
IV.
Trea.tireLit Leve1s
aud Source of Fertilizer Elements. L1yd Location.
Treatiient Level
Tcai.ment
Combia.tions
Number
Trettrxient
t1umber
Liiìc
(1)
(2)
(3)
('i)
(5)
(6)
(7)
()
1
(ai)
3
3
i
3
1
3
5
3
1
Z
Z
2
3
1
Z
3
3
3
1
Z
i
Z
4
4
1
5
3
3
3
3
4
(9)
(10)
(11)
1
3
3
3
2
1
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
1
i
1
Treatment Coded Lime Mg
evc!
Level
K20
(TI.A) (1hz/A) (11a/..)
4
2
4
1
1
3
3
1
2431
2431
4431
443
3311
3321
3311
3321
3332
3332
PO
Mo
Ç!ffsfA) (1b
Na2Mo(DjA)
I
-Z
O
O
O
O
O
-1
2
44
0
4
4
#1
+2
6
8
88
175
60
120
5
3
50
100
150
350
200
AIL
plots received blanket applications of
lb.
of B per
acre.
60 1b
of S
per acre and
Source of Fertilizer Elements
Lime - Agricultural Lime.tone
Phosphorus - Sulfur Free Concentrated Superphosphate
Potassium - Muriate of Potash
Magnesium - 1psom Salts
Boron - Borax
sulfur - Gypsum
Molybdenum - Sodium Molybdate
2
l
Z
5
4
Lime'
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
3
1
3
5
3
3
3
3
Treatineu. Level
Combinations
Trttt
TABLE V.
J
YMveI C
hintin,
Treatment Levels, and
Source of Fertilizer Elemente. Muthersbugh Location.
Treatment
Treatment Level
Gornbinatou
Treatment
Nttmbr
Lirne'i?Mo
(1)
(2)
333312
33 12
313312
353312
331312
33 312
222312
422312
242312
224312
3
3
1
¿
()
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(21)
(12)
'
4
¿
3
1
2
¿44312
133112
133212
333112
333212
133322
333322
333311
313312
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
5
(4)
C on-ibination8
Ume?MQB
3
1
Treat-nent Level
3
¿
±
3
1
2
1
3
3
1
2
Treatment Coded
Lime
Level
(T/A)
-2
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
¿
5
0
4
4
3
+.1
6
8
50
100
150
60
120
4
5
30
60
120
240
1
2
+2
All plots received
Mg
(ibs/j
P20
K20
(1ba/A) (ibs/
Mo
B
Çb NaMoO/A) (lbs/A)
200
blanket application of
60
lbs of
S
per acre.
Source of Fertilizer Elements
Lime
Agricultural Limestone
Sulfur Free Concentrated Superphosphate
Potassium - Muriate of Potash
PìLuphorou8
-
MagtAesiurn - Epsom Salts
Boron - Borax
Sulfur - Gypsum
Molybdenum - Sodium Molybdate
:
Ca(O1T)2
used as lime source.
pbt
±ze va
3'?
:
et.
T' fln P'i1t
vret- nf n1f11a ''
eded
in the plotv. The f&r2t harvest was taken from the p1ot during May,
Jo-, ::1 the SCC')tU ir, .J%ly, 195?
r:
re 3,5 Lee: by Z et was
aarvestd from
center of eacn plat ìi a ampie oí
1000 gam was tacei Irom each plot harvt for the deernizatioa
of he moistir ccntei uf the aiiaifa. YisA1ì were then rcpoec
i
terms
of toLnd
i:.. were al
1ctions
of dry
matter per
¡ce.
Samples M plant
taken for chenicai ana1yss. Lue
were not irrigated, usufficient
te,
ia'er-
the fact that these
owth was
present to
warrant a 3rd harvest.
re-fertilized in the early
spring of 1953. Additions of all fertilizers, excepting urne a.rict
sodium rnolybdatc, were made. The 1951 harvests vcre made n
The plot3 at both locations were
the same manner as those of 1957.
Greenhouse Experiments:
Quantities of Soil sufficient for the establishment of the
greenhouse experiments were taken from the upper 6 Inches of
soU bordering the field plot ends and alleyways.
This soil was
taken In the spring of 1956 prior to addition of any lime or fertilizer.
The
soil
was then
air dried and screened through a 3/
inch
mesh screen to remove large roots and other extraneous material.
The greenhouse experimen. on both
ols consisted of
a
modified conLpoz.te design using the four factor a of lime, phosphorus,
potassium, and molybdenum. The basic composite was modified
ncìu4e
to
ãtioual levcis of lime and
bttr deiije tn
interactoa
addition, cher
3
of
3
rnc
wer
n the
treatment combinations were
molybdenum x suLfur factorial, a
and a
phosphorus in
x 3 Urne x b4tr1
3
x
of
o
tpp1icatin.
added to obtain a
potassium z
3
order
lu
3
factorial,
Mg
factorial. Th complete design or series
treatment combinations was replicated twice in a randomized
block design. The models used for the analyses of variance for
the greenhouse
e
erirneu.ts are given :eîow.
Modified Composite:
prees
Source
Replication
i
Treatment
30
Surface
Deviations
3
z
3
16
Error
30
Total
61
Factorial:
Molybdenum x Swíiir
Source
Rep
Mo
s
MoxS
Error
Total
d.f.
i
Z
Z
4
8
17
z
_____
Source
Rep
K
Mg
KxMg
Error
Toa1
X ¡4g
d.f.
i
Z
Z
8
17
Limez Boron
d.f.
Source
Rep
i
L
2
B
Z
LxB
Error
Total
4
8
i?
Tke treatrnen
applied
tu t±e
The trctricnt levet& and ferdllize
These rate3 '.ere c:dcuiated by
ii1
are listed in iah1e VI.
i.rcs a
liated
cied
fittìxu th
VII.
iz
1ev018 to the fullow-
ing equations in order to cover the range of responie, while maintainin
a linear reLtitaiiip òetwei
lev,
tion of the regreßsion coeíficicuta.
(1)
and to øirnpliy the caicula-
The eqi.tons are:
For phoBphorua, potassium,
sulfur, boron, and
(rt
power):
tütal neutra.Lizing
u
er acre)
y (iba.
b tan [17(x
Mg
+ ¿]
where x i the cc.,ded level.
(2)
for
molybdenum:
log
(3)
In order
y
(iba. per acre)
LAme waa on a
to sirnpliiy
the
direct liitea.
a
a + (x
Z)
IS)g
b
a cale.
wtatitica1 analy*ie of the dîta, the level of
eaci variable was assigned a coded value. These are given in the
tablei of
treanent c3mbìn.ation.
'ju
ztiou
in the
anded were
eliminate the effect of differir.
magnesium treatments,
decreased by the iurnbec
degrees
of neutrali-
the equivalents of calcium
equivalente oI magne8iu.ir
added.
Calcium hydroxide, niagnealuin
carbonate, and gypsum,
depending on the treatment, were mhed with
the
¡oua as the
solid materials prior to potting. All otier anaendnnt were
appLied in solution
after pott.t.
Six bs. of
aiI
w.s used in
Z
lIZ
TABLE VI. Treatment Levels arid Sources of Fertilizer Elements Used in the Greenhouse Study
on Soue from Lloyd and Mutherebaugh Locations.
Treatment
Level
Coded
Level
P205
(iba/A)
Lime
T/A
2
-1
2
0.0
44.5
3
0
4
98.1
4
5
+1
.2
1
+2
0
6
8
179.6
360.0
Lloyd
K20
(lbs/A)
Muthersbaugh
Mo
K20
(lbs/A)
(lbs/A)
S
Mg
(lbs/A)
B
(lbs)
0.0
0.0
0,04
0,0
0.0
0.0
0.15
0.60
19.8
43.6
9.60
79.8
160.0
1.5
3.3
6.0
12.0
0.8
272.5
498.9
1000.0
39.5
87.2
159.7
320.0
123.5
2.40
1.7
3.2
6.4
Sources of Fertilizer Elements
Lime - Ca(OH)2
Pho.phors
- CaN PO4 2
Potassium - K Ci
H0
Boron - Na2 B4 07 - 10 Ii0 (borax)
Molybdenum - Na, MoO4
Sulfur - Ca S0621i20
Magnesium - Mg CO3
1.
Percent of total neutralizing effect contributed
by Mg.
'o
40
TABLE VII. Treatment Level Combinations Used in Greenhouse
Experiments. Lloyd and Muthershaugh Soils.
T reatm e at
Number
Lime
P
K
Mo
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
3
3
1
3
3
3
1
3
1
3
3
3
2
4
3
1
3
1
I
i
i
z
3
i
Z
1
3
4
1
5
5
6
7
8
9
2
1
3
z
z
z
2
2
2
2
2
3
a
z
lo
Z
Z
11
12
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Z
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
4
z
26
27
28
29
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
30
31
32
33
34
35
5
1
36
37
38
39
40
Z
4
3
1
2
2
4
4
3
2
3
1
3
4
3
3
3
3
3
1
3
3
1
¿5
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
B
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
5
2
2
23
24
Mg
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
S
5
3
2
2
4
4
2
2
4
4
3
3
2
4
3
3
1
3
5
3
3
2
4
1
1
1
1
3
1
3
3
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
A
3
3
3
3
3
1
3
3
3
3
1
3
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
1
5
1
3
3
3
3
5
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
3
2
4
2
4
2
4
3
1
1
1
5
1
1
1
5
3
3
3
1
3
5
3
41
TABLE
VU. Continued:
T re&tm ent
Number
Lime
F
K
Mo
S
Mg
B
41
3
3
3
3
3
5
3
42
3
3
3
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
5
3
3
3
1
1
3
3
3
3
1
5
3
3
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
1
1
3
3
5
5
3
1
1
3
1
5
3
3
1
1
3
3
1
5
42
quart polyethylene pots.
A
1/8 inch hole wa drilled in the lower
outeide edge of each pot to facilitate drainage of the soil to field
capacity.
A
thin layer of Pyrex glas8 wool was laid ìn the bottom
of each pot before the soil \.;ras added to
facilitate drainage. The
excess water applied was caught in a small cup ard reapplied to the
pot to prevent leaching losses in che drainage water.
The Talent variety of alfalfa was vegetatively propogated
by making cuttings
mature plants and rooting them in Perlite.
of
The cuttings were treated with a rooting hormone and were inocu-
iMed to induce noduiation.
When the roots of the cuttings were i
inch long they were transplanted to the pots,
6
or
7
cutLing. to the
pot. After the planta wert established, the pots were thinned to
plants each. These were allowed to fully establish and were then
cut back before harvests taken for record.
An effort was made, through the use of thermostatically
controlled coolers and heat, to maintain the daytime temperature
at approximately
75
- SO
F and night temperatures at 55' - 60' F.
The lower limit was achieved but on several hot days the tempera-
titre rose to above
F.
O
Supplementary lighting was provided through the use of
40 watt daylight type
fluorescent bulbs spaced
6
inches apart. This
supplied a light intensity of approximately 400 foot candles. This
light was supplied for
13
hours during the day.
Deionized water was used for the irrigation of the pots.
43
To
upp1y
this, tap water was passed through Amberlito ion ex-
change resine. ¡R-120
catione
IRA400
V1Ofl,
and MB-1 monobed
exchange resin8 were used. The conductance of the water was
rnilllrnhoB. The pots were irrigated
maintained at
1e
when the
moisture tentlon reached apprcxlrnately 800 cm. This
80i1
than
S
x
tension was estimated by periodic weighing of evera1 randomiy
selected pots.
A
moisture-tension curve wac run for each soil
which enabled the calculation of the weight of a pot when soil
moisture had been depleted to this tension.
Four harvests were taken at approdmately 1/3 to 1/2
bloom stage. The plants were cut approximately one inch above
soil level. The harvest material was dried prior to weighing and
yields reported in grams of dry matter per pot.
Chemical Analysi. of Soll Sample.
Exchangeable and Available Plant Nutrients:
Surface soil samples were tasen
írm
&elected plots of
the field locationj in the fail of 1957 and 1958, after the last
harvest and prior to spring fertilization. Each replication was
sampled. A composite sample of the soil used in the gieerthouse
study was taken prior to potting and application of treatments.
Soil sample. were taken from selected treatments in thc green.house
after completion of the experiment. Soil analyses for exchangeable
calcium, magnesium, and potassium, available phosphorus, lime
eq.urcmeit, pH, and exchange capacity were ru by the Oregofl
State College Soil Te!ting Laboratory (47).
Ion Ratios in
Equilibrium S.lution:
Sample8 of surface soil from the plot areas were u8cd to
study the ratio of io:is in eqnilibrium sctut&on. The sarnple were
dried and ground to pass through a
Z
rn-n Lieve.
Preliminary work
was done to check the rnethod8 of analysis and ability to duplicate
r4sults.
20
gram zamplea of soil were plccd in a
erlenrneyer
125 n-d
flask, 40 ml of water added, and the nixture shaken for
i
hour to
establish eq'.ilibriurn. During the shaking. compressed air containing O. 0108 atn partial pressure of CO2 was bubbled through the
mixture. The apparatue used wai that described by Webster (77).
After an equilibrium wa established by shaking, the solution was
separated from the eoil by centrifugation on z Servall SS-i Superpecd Angle Centrifuge for 20 rninute at 13, 400 rpm. Organic
¡natter floating on top
of the
o1ution wa
removed
by
filtering through
filter paper. Potassium wa determined
a Wbatman No. 5
on the
equilibrium aolution with a Beckman Model DU Flame Spectrophoto-
meter set at
768
cn the solution
T a
mu. Calcium plus magnesium was determined
by
titration with verenae
Ißing
Erichrome Black
the indicator. Calcium alone was determined by a versenate
titration ulng ammonium purpurate (murezicie) az the tndicator.
Magnesium wa then determined by difference. The methods and
reagents for these titrations are described in U. S. Dept. of
-4.)
icu1ture Hndb.iok No. 60 (76).
Once the concentr.iticn of
activities
of
mation of
the
these ions
were
C.,
M.
and
K
are
known the
estirr.ated using the secoua approxi-
Debye Huckel equation
log f
=
ltl.5
T
where f is the activity coefficient,
z the
valence of the ion, and I
the ionic strength.
The va1u 1.5 in the denominator Is an arbi-
trary constant used
by Schofield who
duced by it use will be small (62).
stat
that the error intro-
This is particu.Larly so a the
activity c3efuicient ppear in both the aurnerator and deaorniator
uf
the ratio
ajç
The Ionic strength is calculated by the eqnation
I
where
£1, zZ
: 1/2 (c
z,
C2 Z
---------
c1
zZ
)
----Ca are the molar concentrations of the ions and
____Zn are the valences of the respective ions. Both
c1,
C2
cations and anon are included in this calculation. Bicarbonate
was assumed to be the predominate anion in the water - CO
equilibrium uulutIon and it concentration
ws
assumed to be the
saine as potassium ion and twice that of calcium ion. Knowing
.he
aivity ço
£iciit,
it
was
?oLbie
tu calculate the
acLiv.y
ratio
a..
Mg
from the dttermined concentrations.
Chemical An4ysis of
PlatTisue
At the time of the field harvest, sample. of plant tissue
were taken from each plot. The upper one-half of the plant was
sampled, The greenhouse harvetø were also saved and the
material of the 3rd harvest was used for analysis. The whole
plant tops from the greenhouse and the field samples were oven
dried at
sieve.
65
2
C
and ground with a steel 'Wiley miU to pass a
gram samples were placed in
125 n-d
Z
mm
erlenmeyer flasks
and wet ached with nitric and perchioric acids (73). Calcium plus
magnesium was determined by titration with versenate using
Erichrome blacic
T
as au indicator (16). Calcium alone was
determined with a verseaate titration using a screened rnurexide
indicator. The screening agent used was napthol green B, of
which
grame
1. 25
grame was added to
cso4
O. 5
grams murexide and
to give the proper indicator mixture
(1
1)
.
100
The
screened indicator gave a sharper, more easily seen endpoint
than murexide used alone. The heavy metals of copper, nickel,
and cobalt are preveuted from interfering by addition of a KCN
iX')iL
¿zd
rarganee
we
ot
fotn to be in ßuíficiet
ccnceatration to intcrfere. :úv/ever, ìf they are found to iiter-
cre, liey may be omp1cxd with diethyldithiocarbarnate and
extracted with an
iary1 alcohol-chloroform mixture
(17).
The
Interference of phosphate ion in the calcium titration was removed
by the additicrn of a 20
wa
percent sii:rcsc soltitlrn (66).
Magnesium
determined by difference. PotaEiurn w.s deterrruiaed
heted &airip1
at 76
riu
with a
n the
cc..nan Model t"J Flarrie
ectrcphotomcter with photomutlipli2r. Phsphorouc was deterr:ined by a reduced molybdophosphoric blue colcr uethod
(3,
p.
142.151).
Sulfur was dotrrriined by a turbiLetrlc
(1g) and molyhdenur
by the meti.od of
Jchson an Arkly
method
(35).
48
PESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Field Experiments
General Ana1ysi of Response Data and Response Function:
It was assumed, using the composite design, that the
yield responses would be approximated by the following equation:
Y
b0 .- b1 z1
xj
x2
4
+
f-
b13 x1
x +
b
b
z2
+ b3 x3-f
x3- b23
b33 x.
z2
x3+
b12
b11
where:
the predicted yield for a particular treatment
combination;
Y
the predicted yield at the center of the composite
design;
b0
b1,
1,,
b3 :
the estimated regression coefficients
describing the linear change in yield with respect to changes in applied lime, magnesium
and potassium respectively;
: the coded treatment leveis of lime,
magnesium, and potazsium re spectively;
xl, x2, and
X3
the estimated regreaeion
coefficients describing the lime x magnesium,
lime z potassium, and magnesium z potassium
b12, b13, and b23
interactions respectively;
the estimated regression coefficients describing the curvature in the yield
response to lime, magnesium, and potassium.
b11, b22, and b33
The
first three terms represent the generalization
of the
linear
response to the variables of lime, magnesium, and potassium.
49
The second three terms
repreent the generalization
of the
inter-
action between the varlablee. The last three terms are a generalization of the quadratic responle. The whole function (Y :
----
b0
-
b1
4) 1. an approximation defining a 'reiponie surface1'
in space, having the coordinates of xj, x2, x3 and Y. £.quations of
an order higher than quadratic are seldom considered necessary in
xj
b33
agronornic applications of this type of design (27). The observed
yield data were used to calculate the regression coefficients. These,
together with the coded values for the treatment levela, were uøed
to calculate the predicted yields for the treatment combinations.
Some general features of the responses obtained may be
seen by looking at the analysis of variance and regression coefficients for a particular set of data. The actual size of the
regression coefficient depends
on the units being used.
However,
the size of each may be taken as a measure of the relative effect
of each of the
A
variables.
comparison of the observed versus predicted yields
(Tables Vifi through Xl) shows considerable differences In some
cases. This lack
of
fit is indicated by the deviations term of the
analysis of variance (Tables XII and XIII). The deviations term
results from the contribution of five unmeasured degrees of
freedom. These degrees of freedom are those of the 2nd order
interaction
L
z Mg x K, and the Ist and nd order interactions
between L2, Mg2, and K2. Figure
2
shows the differences be-
twecn observed and predicted yields as a percentage of the mean
+20
+
Io
o
-Io
20
0
2
4
6
0
2
4
6
8
WO
>
V::
o
W
p]
LIME
Fleur
8
(TONS PER ACRE)
Deviation of observed minus predicted yield s
percent of mean yield in relation to levels of lime.
Lloyd and Muthersbauh field experiments. l97
2.
and 1958.
51
y-icld plotted
&\r( the rang
cif
ccntage
iiidicae that the predici3rL
erved
yield
ti
Ml.
ad
3ìtiv*
Ngati-ic per-
iir
quati
oversUrnate8 th
percentae& inthctc an Uncere8tirna-
The rep:)a&. eSiatioa aparez1y ovtretimtea
Z4 low
urne eve1a aid undere3tmaed at high lime 1evs1. The pr.dictive
ability cf the equatiix wa best near the 6T 1iuie rat:. Thiß
3ffect
anisa frcm tie .act that, for
tour treat eit*
at
tli
2
and
each replication, there were
6 ton linie 1avelG, Live
lime lve1, but cnIy ou treatment at the
The gratoi
anber
de.ign has the effect
at the
of obeerved yield
of
and
3
at the
tii lirn
4
ton
ratee.
;ointe in the center of the
overriding the inu1ence of the single points
eztrenea.
Figure
equation
2
aiuws that at the
overetini.ttd
O
and 4 ton lime ratea
the actual responiae. but at the
thc cquation undercetirnated the
obcrvcd yiclda.
The
Z
the
ti r..te
reversal
from overestimati.n to underestimation wae caused by the inability
of the equaticu to ol1ow the
of lime. In
the above,
in the
large re&ponse to the first increment
order to accurately predict abrupt changee snch a
morc observed
yield pointa
region where this large repons
Figure
Z
arid the
nust be added
i
to the
design
expected.
igthficincc of the deviations terms in
the analysea cf variance indicate that accuracy of
piedicicn was
better at the Mutheabugh location than at the Lloyd location.
)eviation were tmaller in 1953 thai in V,57. Errors in prediction
.ccurod mainly at lov' levels of the nutrients having
the greatest
52
effect on yield. Estimation was best near the center of the design
where the maximum yields were found. Though the errors wezc
as high as 20 percent at low lime rates, they were generally leis
than
5
to 10 percent elsewhere.
Thus even though the lack of
fit was poor, in.formation was gained as to the general trends and
orders of niagziitude of the yield responses.
Yield Rssponses and Surfaces:
A.
Lloyd Location
1.
Lime z Potassium z Magnesium Composite:
Observed and predicted yields for the treatments comprising the composite design are given in Tables VIII to IX. The
statistical analysis of this data
Figures
3, 4, 5 and 7 show the
s given in
Tables XII through XIV.
response surfaces
of
yield as a
function of lime and K application. The surfaces were ca1cthted
by solving for different combinations of lime and K, all at the 3rd
level of Mg. This level was chosen as it should be near the area
of optimum yield, and predicted yields at this level should be the
most accurate.
Significant responses to lime were found at the Lloyd
location for both cuttings in 1957 and 1958. Application of lime
was essential to yield. of any magnitude regardless of other
treatments added. In fact, the predicted yields plotted in the
response surface. at the
O
rate of lime are probably a 10-15
53
)bicvcd azd Prethctcd Ïie1d oI Altalfa (Pounds of
TAILk.. V1U.
Dry Matter per Acre) on th Lloyd Location. Composite Destin.
Means
of
¡st Cat
Trsafrnsnt
The« Rìiciúua.
195?.
Znd Cut
Total Yield
- M
K
I
3
3
2192
1566
3758
5546
3
3
3
4384
315d
8142
8977
5
3
i
5323
31!j4
9237
826
3
1
3
4697
4071
7ó
9c.30
3
5
3
5166
4277
9393
9967
3
3
I
3758
¿975
6733
7269
3
3
5
5323
3758
9381
932
2
2
2
4854
3601
8455
7295
4
2
2
4071
3601
7672
b03
2
4
2
4697
3601
8298
7130
4
4
2
4354
4227
9O,1
9134
2
2
4
5167
4071
9Z3
351
4
2
4
4554
3914
76
9095
Z
4
4
4697
4697
9394
6136
4
4
t
5323
4541
9tS64
10191
obs_2P..!L!
For regresstrn cofficientr used
e
table XIII.
to calculate predicted yieLd
TAL LX. Obterved aci ?relicted Yields of Alfalfa (Pounzitc of
Dry Matter p'r Acre) on th Lloyd Location. Compûsite Design.
Means of Three ieplication8. 1956.
Treatment
Ist Cut
L
Mg
Obeved
i
3
3
3O
3
3
3
5
3
3
i
Znd Cut
Observed
Total Yield
Observed
Prthcted*
O1l
5C)79
6241
4506
3636
8142
8602
3
4614
4043
p.657
7967
1
3
5313
2942
E260
836b
3
5
3
4468
4050
.51C
3
3
1
3664
¿594
6253
6648
3
3
5
4259
3079
7338
7407
2
2
2
4421
3955
8376
752.1
4
2
2
4302
397
7899
8033
2
4
2
4652
¿962
7614
7179
4
4
2
4746
3234
7930
8147
2
2
4
499e
3552
8550
791u
4
¿
4
5336
33e-2
871S
1366
2
4
4
46
3Z1)
7907
7303
4
4
4
4659
2911
7570
&232
*
For regression coefficients used to calculate predicted yielì
iee table XIV.
rALE
Obsrvid
.uìd ?rdicted Yi1ds of Alfaiía (Fxuid
of
Acre) on the Muthersbaugh Location. Conposite
1957.
Design.. Means I Three Replications.
X.
Dry Mzttc
pr
Treatment
1t Cut
Znd Cut
Mg
Observed
'bcervcd
L
:?:
Tutal Yield
ObcerviPdited*
i
3
3
l79
733
?6:
3701
3
3
3
4354
975
7829
7950
5
3
3
-1071
2662
6733
6423
3
1
3
4541
2662
7203
7134
3
5
3
54O
Z1
3Z9;3
519
3
3
1
3914
2191
6106
ÔSZ1
3
3
5
43j4
2662
7046
733
2
2
2
4071
2349
6420
5812
4
2
2
5O1
21S
7828
7494
z
4
a
4697
2349
7046
6203
4
4
2
4697
Z1B
7515
1629
z
z
4
4697
262
73i0
6398
4
2
4
4697
2818
7515
761Z
2
4
4
454
2505
7359
6946
4
4
4
4,354
:14Z
3003
,
For
rgreioi
sec Table XIII.
coe«lcIent
used
to calculate
predicte4 yields
56
TAL1
XX.
Obßerved
ant.
Predicted Yie!s of Aiía!fa (Pounc3 of
Dry Matter per Acre) on the
Deigu.
Treatment
Measa8
iBt
Cut
Mutherebah Location.
ihree
Znd Cut
Observed__Observed
l9c.
piicatiors.
oipoite
Total Yield
Obserrec
kredicted*
Ï_
Mg
K
i
3
3
3434
137
5271
599
3
3
3
4761
339i
SIS?
8506
s
3
3
55!7
3370
¿;7
8335
3
1
3
464e
3419
E367
&13Z
3
5
3
4468
3303
7771
31
3
3
1
4442
3099
T41
773S
3
3
5
4691
3248
7)39
8021
Z
2
2
4689
3307
7996
7460
4
2
2
4751
3621
u372
8440
2
4
Z
458
3116
77O
7066
4
4
2
4861
35fl
S442
841)
2
2
4
462C
3257
7335
740
4
2
4
4337
3487
8324
8430
2
4
4
4689
3221
7910
7338
4
4
4
5407
3371
77R
3743
For regreion coefficients ue1
gee Table
1f.
to calculate
predicted
yieldri
57
TABLE XII. Analysis of Variance and Regression Coefficienti
In Terms of Pounds Dry Matter per Acre for the Composite
Design. Lloyd Location. lit and 2nd Cuttings. 1957
Analyiia of Variance
Source
Treatment
Linear
QuadratIc
Interaction
Deviations
Error
Degrees of
Freedom
lit
F value
2nd Cutting
F value
3
5. 5O'*
1O.38**
1O.6l*
3
3
5
1.66
5.72**
473**
14
Cutting
6. 34**
4.02*
8.78**
0.80
40 (Lloyd)
44 (Mutheribaugh)
Regression Coefficients
ist Cutting
Effect
b1
b2
Lime
K
b3
Mg
b12
b13
b23
LK
b11
L2
b22
K2
Mg2
b1
b33
b0
**
*
37187**
¿93. 54**
97.54**
117.42
LMg
KMg
-
234.92
78.25
-202.12
- 6.44
91.31
4749.33
Significant at
Significant at
1%
5%
Standard
Error
2nd Cutting
b;
Standard
Error
86.71
313.14**
86. 71
234. 89*
73 51
136.98
86.71
73.51
122.62
122.62
-117.29
73.51
103.96
78.29
103.96
122. 62
78. 38
104.21
_313.09**
104.21
-150.40
39.17
4227.55
103.96
99.62
99.62
99.62
104.21
probability level.
probability level.
58
TABLE XIII. Analysis of Variance and Regression Coefficients
in Terms of Pounds Dry Matter per Acre for the Composite
Design. Lloyd and Muthersbaugh Locations. Total Yield
of Alfalfa. 1957.
A1alyl.
of
Variance
Source
Degrees of
Freedom
36'
5. 74**
11.65**
lì. 85**
Treatment
Linear
Quadratic
Interaction
14
Error
40 (Lloyd)
44 (Mutherebaugh)
10.
1943**
3
3
9.67**
1. 19
3
5
Deviation..
Muthersbaugh
F value
Lloyd
F value
NS
975**
3.03
Regression Coefficient!
Lloyd
lffect
b1
b2
b3
b12
b13
b23
b11
b22
b33
b0
b1
Lime
K
Mg
LX
LMg
1(Mg
L2
K2
Mg2
b85.01**
528.43*
234.77
0. 13
313.21
Standard
Error
117.39
117.39
117.39
166. 03
166.03
166.03
141.10
141.10
141.10
probability level.
Significant at 5% probability level.
** Significant at 1%
4'
0.13
515.20**
-162.90
130.56
8976.88
Mutìiersbaugh
b1
64.90**
¿15.25
195.71
-117.Z5
-39.08
39.17
_719.68**
-249.79
43.76
7950.32
Standard
Error
138.18
138.18
138.18
195.4Z
195.42
195.42
166.08
166.08
166.08
59
TABLE XIV. Analysis of Variance and egreasion Coefficients in
Terms of Pounds of Dry Matter per Plot for the Composite Design.
Lloyd and Muthersbaugh Locations.
Total Yield of Alfalfa 1958.
Analysis of Variance
d.f.
Source
Treatment
F value
5. 84**
(Lloyd)
23 (Muth.,)
ZO
Deviations
Error
Lloyd
4.Ol'C*
5
Mutherebaugh
F value
6.95**
2.43*
40 (Lloyd)
46 (Muth.)
Regression Coefficients
Lloyd
Effect
bi
Lime
b2
b3
b12
Mg
K
b13
b23
b11
b22
b33
LK
b0
LMg
MK
L'
M/
K
b'
O.9I*
-0.26
-0.40
0.09
-0.02
-0.29
Muthe rebaugh
1.18**
_O.83*
-0.05
0.14
0.18
0.03
0.16
0.65*
-0.21
-0.31
18. 14
16. 83
_0.79*
0.01
Pounds per acre dry matter
474. Z x pounds per plot at the Lloyd
Location.
Pounds per acre dry matter
505.4 x pounds per lot at the Muthersbaugh Location.
** Significant at 1% probability level.
* Significant at 5% probability level.
i
6000
5000
6000
I
000
ILl
5000
3000
w
Q-
-d
t-
4000
>-
Cl)
3000
o
a-
0
2
LtME
Figure
4
6
80
(TONS PER ACRE)
Response surfacé for yield as a function of lime and
potassium app1tctlon. Lloyd location. Field experiment.
ist cuttinE, 1957.
3.
C.C--
_..
4000
Lu
Q
4
tu
Q.
3000
o
-J
w
4
>.
2000
a,
o
z
o
Q.
1000
O-
-.-
O
LIME
Fiure
6
4
Z
80
(TONS PER ACRE)
Response surface for yield as a runctiori of liae and
potassium apolication. Lloyd location. Field experiment.
4.
2nd CUttiflE,
1957.
[,I.I.I.
8000
w
o
I000C
6000
w
Q.
800C
1S
w
-j'-
o
u,
o
z
o
Q.
4000
o
0
2
LIME
6
4
(TONS PER ACRE)
and
FlEure 5. Response surface for yield as a function of lime
experiment.
Field
locticn.
potassiun application. Lloyd
Total yield, 1957.
3000
000
8000
4000
w
Q
4
Lii
Q-
6000
a000
X
w
o'-j'->-
X 4000
o
u,
o
z
o
Q-
-
o0
2
LIME
4
6
80
(TONS PER ACRE)
FlEure 6. Response surface for yield as a function of lime
4uthersbauh location.
and potassium application.
Total yield, 1957.
Field experiment.
I.1.1'I']
8000
10000
6000
C)
w
a-
8000
w
4000
I-
i4
»»
6000
cl,
o
z
D
o
a.
4000
0t__
o
.-
2
LIME
4
(TONS PER
6
80
ACRE)
Figure 7. Response surface for yield as a function of liais and
potassium application. Lloyd location. fl.eld experiment.
Total yield, 1958.
"Ii
BO 00
10000
6000
C.,
4
w
Q-
8000
4000
I-
04
,-
>-
6000
Cl)
O
z
D
o
Q.
-
4000
T
LIME
Fi.gur
4
2
0
6
80
(TONS PER ACRE)
Response surface for yield as a function of lte and
apolicattcn. iutbersbauh 1oaticn. Field
Total yield, 1953.
experloent.
8.
ptassiu
percent verestiruation
of
since the starxl In the
lime
O
Ai,
th yields that weri3 ibserved.
plotb
wa
ras,
predominantly
actual yields of aUalfa would be lower than
¿VtA
the
he plot yields
indicate,
Applica.ion of
3
tons of lune was
ptrcertt iizcrsaòe iu total yield in
response surface (figure
reepnible
fur a 145
1957 at the Lloyd location.
The
also predicts a marked yield increase.
5)
The surface predicts responses to lime of 80 and 58 percent at
the
O
and
ZOO
lbs. rates of I(O respectively. The maximum pre-
dicted response to lime in terms of total yield occured between
the
4
and
6
ton lime
ratei.
The effectii of
t.iLe
Z
and
6
evtls are included
ton lim.
in the predicted ieids calculated from the reapc.ns equation.
compatison of the yields of the
(1eve1
Z
Z
versus the
and 4) in Table VIII ShOWS
6
A
ton lime ratui
tlat yield decreases occured
wheü the two lime rates were ppHe at
ìV1
Z of
Mg.
'hi
caused a bemling downward of the yield curves tn the response
surface.
Tb,.
quadratic
decreased as much as
y.1
effect
1000
was significant and predicted yields
lbs. at the highest lime rate. The
eid depression should be smallest in the presence
of
Large
applicatione of Mg and K.
Significant responses to K application were found on
the Lloyd location in 1957. 200 lbs. of
per acre increased
the total observed yield 35 percent (Table VU). FIgure
5
shows
that the predicted yields were increased from 4000 lbs. to 6000
'-'7
Ib..
íroixi
wtre
d:y
o
matti er ìcre
to
4OO
&11g14.Iy
37Çh)
Figure
to
ò
1úe
x-
at the
) ìLnh
eoponIea
t1
z-ate
A.
tìe 6 ton lune level th&a at tiro Z ton level.
repoase to Unie and the respon.ae to varied
at the Lloyd 1ocaioa
cuttia
3
abb. at the
appIcataona uf
Iaxgez at
The
between
by
a.0 iflu8trate& a
lme x
.
how& by 1iuie
a
3 ancA 4.
interaction. Thi. interaction
.tati.ticalìy significant. probably due to the large error
term at the kloyd location and the con.equent lo. of precision.
wa not
Li
extra treatn1eAt kad been included at low lime and K ratee, a
aignificant nteraction might have been meaeurea. The predicted
lime
r..pon.e
titan at
O
in the
1t
lbs. o'
lb.. of K20
reopoï.e to ii aown Lu
cutting waa larger at
a igbX
UiiLy
ZOO
tAie
ye.d increase of approzu.iatey 60 percent
Le pr6dicted at the b toii linie rate.
-puicaion of ¡ aùected the
poeltion of he niaximun predicted apone to lime. In the absence
abBence of Aime, but a
of
itt
the ¡naximum
ZU3
lb..
of K.O
repone tu
per
acree
preaicted at the
Lcne
the lime
toti rate.
iepoue mxim.un
chuíttd
to the 6 ton lAine level.
In the 2nd cuttiìi
(íigue
Lhe
iuteractioa efiect
cil
reponee to Lime is
the response to ¿ i ¡reatest in
the let cutting wa reversed. The predicted
greatest in the absence of i( and
the absence ot lime.
Thie wa probabiy
by he lowered
yields un the treatments cornbinin low linie and low
those combiniûg high
lime and high
.
TL
K, and on
duction £4
yields in
tw ratts wa proLabt, Jui' to th sna1ìer ariount '4
ras in the 2ic1 cting harvest. The yiì.i reduction at the high
the
;a
eat
4 time an1
cf
level. In the
allow
o.- nc.
¿(
wa
Lrobably
1e to
&
lo'vertd
lt cutting adcqu.t. soil n'ioistur
oi1
waa
avaiLbl
ax.iíruiri uti1izati..n f the nutrients available. Sincc
orecijtaton ocurd after
the l
to
lii
1iìrvEt and the experizncnt
irrigated, Rufficie1t soU moisture was not available for
lughcst yields. Thus he reepons. minum 3ccured at lower
rates f a?plic.tion ii the 2nd cutting.
'was not
FIgure
shows that the point of
3
niadrnm response
to
is somewhere beyond the highest rate of K20 applied. This
point cannot bt e'rnateci ai lìre is daag in extrapolating
K
bevor the lbrdta of
the
eerinient.
i{wever,
it
eeens tLt
alfalfa, on this location and in thia cutting, wonid have respc.ndcd
t
higher
X20
rat
than viere ap?lie&
The n'a imu.
yie.td
locati'n v.cre lavzer than those
obtaiAed during
I)f
1957.
A
195C
at the Lloyd
coiaparison of the
observed yield data frûm 1957 an 195S (Tablee VIII and
IX) show
that the largest dccrearie in --ield be:-veEn the two yetr occur in
the second cutting. These differences might be due to overal
factors.
Soil zzoisturo available to the second cutting might have
been more limitir. in 1?5 than in 1957. The time f harvest of
the
lt
cuttiri
was
not the
same each year.
Thie might :educe
nd cutting rjeid.
The
perceittae responses
to 1irre
nd
l v'ere al
the
raPer
trlelç-ls
in P)57 than in 198.
reasured
on the
prtlafly iue tr the Mrher
mw linie plotr (Tble IX). ¡4-wrv?r,
these yields were onmose
respone
woultc1
T1-Js
wa
alrnot
probnb1v have
ntirly
occurd
Grete
nf gr.ts.
only the yield if1fa1fa
if
'id been rneavuec.
The 'adirnrr rerrn,e
t
and K, both observed
14r-te
and predicted, occurec near the middle
rates of applicatlin.
This
may be due to the fact that nil moisture wa limiting or thtt a
level In the soil wa reached which allowed optimum
response.
The depression of yields at high rates of lime and K was significant.
Another factor which may have influenced the
obtained ic
L.loycm
1Q5F
z.
larqer
'iprer hoizonr (Tab'.
a1f)fa root
nf
amount
illite in the B, hnrizon at the
of slowly available
E
extents
than di! the
Field ohervations indirated that the
TU).
dd not :ienetP.t the
may have spread out over
response
while degraded to a certain
This lute,
location.
still cnntaiued
is the 'oree-ice
LC
the upper
bt they
treat e:ent,
to a
B
crface
of
th
horizon and
obtained W from this source.
No
195e.
1gn1ficant res-onnees to Mr were found In
However,
increainc
to 175 lbs. per acre (levels
of liroe (level 2)
1im
cave
little
the Mg
2
ad 4
aplied from
or no Increase In yield; at the E t)n
Mg
yield Increases of 1200 to 1400 lbs. of dry
at
per acre
respectively) at the 2 ton rate
rate (level 4), the above Increase In
would seem that
44 lbs.
l57 or
low lime rates,
M
was
leve! brought about
rrtter per
acre. It
not necessary, but
70
at high levels, additions of Mg were necessary for optimum yields.
1957
Z.
Lime x Phosphorus Factorial:
No
significant responses to P application occured in
or 1958 (Tables XV and XVI). However, in 1957 and 1958
yield increases of approximately
absence of lime.
No
10
percent were noted in the
P lesponse occured in the presence of lime.
Application of lime increased the total yield
O
P rate.
110
percent at the
This response was increased slightly by the presence
of P.
2. Lime z Molybdenum Factorial:
A
significant response to molybdenum was obtained for
the 2nd cuttIng at the Lloyd location in 1957 (Tables XV and XVI).
The total yield was increased 21 percent in the absence of lime
and 13 percent when lime had bean applied. The response to
molybdenum in the presence of lime is somewhat surprising.
Apparently the soil molybdenum level was low and liming did not
make enough available to the plant for optimum growth. Large
responses were obtained to lime, either in the presence or absence
of molybdenum in 1957.
Molybdenum increased the total yield of alfalfa 30 per-
cent in 1958 when no lime was applied. This response however,
was not large enough to be significant. in the presence of lime
71
no molybdenum
response was obtained. In 1958 there wa some
evidence of a lime z molybdenum interaction as lime increased the
total yield
60
percent when
percent in the absence of molybdenum, and only ¿4
5
lbs. of sodium molybdate was applied.
The response to molybdenum might have been increased
at the
O
lime rate if conditions on these plots would have allowed
a better establishment of aLfalfa.
Only a small number of alfalfa
plants were growing on these plots and this probably reduced the
response to the applied molybdenum.
B.
Mutherebaugh Location
1.
Lime z Potassium x Magnesium Composite:
The observed and predicted yield data for this location
are given in Tables
X
and XI. The statistical analysis of the
data is given in Tables XIII and XIV. Response surfaces were not
included for the ist and 2nd cuttings at the Mutherebaugh location.
There was no marked shift in response patterns between cuttings
and they were identical except for yield magnitudes.
Significant responses to lima were found in 1957 and
tons of lime increased the observed total yield 195 percent.
4
8
tons of lime gave a smaller yield response, 152 percent. In-
creases in yield were generally noted from the
Z
ton to the
6
ton
lime rates.
Figure
6
shows the predicted total yield as a function of
T
lime and
K
applications. At
0
lbs. of K2) a maximum response
to lime of 258 percent is predicted. At 200 lbs. of K20 the
maximum predicted response to lime is reduced to approximately
loo
percent.
This maximum response to lime is predicted to occur
between the 4 and
6
ton lime rates. After this maximuxn the
response equation predicts a depression of yields of as much a
2000 lbs. of dry
matter per acre. The
S
ton lime rate was expected
to result in some y-ield reduction since this rate was intended to
be past the optimum.
This was necessary in order to define where
the maximum response occured.
Application of
100
lbs.
of K20
per acre increased the
observed total yield from 6106 lbs. to 7829 lbs. of dry matter per
acre In 1957.
to 7046 lbs.
A
further
100
lb. application decreased the yield
This response to K application was not statistically
significant. The lime x K response surface (figure
that larger percentage responses to
K
6)
indicates
are predicted at the
O
lime
rate than when lime is applied. The maximum yield on this surface
is predicted for an application of approximately
150
6
tons of lime and
lbs. K20.
Percentage response to lime in 1958 was smaller than
that of 1957.
8
tons of lime increased the observed total yield
by 68 percent (Table XI).
per acre (the
120
2
Increasing the lime rate from
2
to
6
tons
and 4 levels) increased yields, especially at the
lb. Mg rate (level 4).
A
predicted lime response of approximately
73
49 percent occurs at the
O
K20 rate. The
response occurs betweei the
1957.
At 200
4
and
6
nadiruro predicted
ton Urne ratee as it did in
lbs. of K,O the predicted lime response la approxi-
mately 53 percent. Only a slight depression of yield at the
8
ton
lime rate i predicted.
Little or no response to
K
application was noted in 1958.
The alfalfa was presumably established better than In 1957 and the
larger root systeme were able
and slowly available
K
to make
better use
of
the available
in the soil. Little or no response to
K
Is
predicted by the response equation (figure 8).
The observed and predicted yields at the Mutherabaugh
location were higher in 1958 than in 1957. This was especially
true at the
O
and
8
ton lime levels.
This
i.
brought out because the
opposite was true at the Lloyd location where total yields decreased
from 1957 to 1958. Field observation indicated that the alfalfa on
the Muthersbaugh location In 1958 was better appearing than that
at the Lloyd location. Competition from grass was less and the
al.falía appeared better established.
Evidence of a Mg response was found at the Mutherabaugh
location in 1957. Application of 240 lbs. of Mg increased the total
observed yield by 1095 lbs. However thi3 response was not signi-
ficant.
No
response to
Mg was
observed in 1958 (Table XI).
2.
A
Lime x Phosphorus
possible
Factorial:
response to P in the presence of lime
clicated for the Muthersbaugh location in 1957 (Table XV).
yield was Increased approximately
i loo
inTotal
lbs. per acre by the
application of 120 lbs. of P2O. However, this response wa not
igthficant.
la
No
respne
1958 the
to P occured in the abeence f lime.
responses to P v,ere smaller in magnitude
than those of 1957, and, contrary to the 1957 results, occured in
the absence of lime (Table XVI). The response to lime i also
smaller. These decreases in response from
due to the high yields on the
3.
A
O
1957 were
possibly
lime treatments in 1958.
Lime z Molybdenum Factorial:
significant response to molybdenum occured at the
Muthersbaugh. location in 1957. Application of molybdenum in-
creased the total yield by approximately
of
lime (Table XV).
A
response of
38
100
percent in the absence
percent occured in 1958.
In the absence of lime uo responses occured.
This is in accord
with the observations of Barshad (8, p. 312) and Davies (21), who
found that lime applications increased the availability of soil
rxìolybdenum and reduced responses to this element. Response to
molybdenum was generally larger at the Muthersb.augh location
than at the Lloyd location.
7;
YieldE and Analysis of Variance for Lime z Pho8phorus
and Lime z Molybdenum Factorials.
Lluyd and Mutherebaugh Locations. 1957.
TABLE XV.
Yields (Pounds Dry Matter per Acrç
Muthe r ebag
klo yd
Treatment
P
I
lt
Cut
2192
2
3
2192
3
1
4384
3
2
3
5010
4384
L
I
1
1
3
1879
1
1
1
2
2192
2192
3
1
4384
2
4697
3
2nd Cut Total
lit Cut
2035
2nd Cut
Total
4854
1253
733
783
2662
26C2
2973
3288
2505
2662
6733
7046
7829
2662
5167
7829
7985
1252
1722
1566
3758
4071
3758
3444
3601
3758
8142
9081
8142
1566
2349
3758
4384
3758
4541
1879
3601
783
1566
8142
4854
4854
2975
9081
1722
1879
4071
4384
3131
Analysis of Variance
Muthers.baugh
Lloyd
Source of
Variation
let Cut 2nd
Ctit
d. f.
i
-L
1
78.Z5** 95.71**
P
2
Lx?
2
L
i
Mo
1
LxMo
Error
Error
i
value
.14
1.22
F
value
.90
.4
4p.35**T51.63*
574*
.20
.20
.37
40 (Lloyd)
46 (Muth.)
** Significant at 1% probabIlity level.
* Significant at 5% probabIlity level.
løt Cut
F
value
.5Z**
.46
.80
31.Zl**
5.18*
5.18*
2nd Cut
F value
(.il.31
.35
.95
43.Z4'
2.70
fr
Lime x Phosphorus and Lime x Molybdenum
TABLE XVI. Yields
f
Factorials and Analysis Variance for Lime x Molybdenum Factorialg.
Lloyd and Muthersbaugh Locations.
1958.
Yields (Pounds Dry Matter per Acre)
T r eatme ut
L P
1
1
1
2
1
3
3
1
3
2
3
3
1
1
i
Z
3
3
2
ist Cut
2746
1
2nd Cut
Total
ist Cut
Z93
2nd Cut Total
4810
1867
444E,
5252
5079
8021
7790
8142
3147
3434
4783
4423
4761
1974
1837
3497
3563
3396
5121
5271
4256
4690
4506
1700
Z189
Z011
3765
3100
3636
3063
3636
4506
4664
2011
2941
3636
3525
5079
6577
8142
8189
3434
4098
4761
5099
1837
3105
3396
3396
5271
7203
8157
8495
3063
3068
LxMo
Mthers1g
Lloyd
82O
79S6
8157
Analysis of Variance (Total Yield)
Lloyd
-
1
F valuc
20.7T
Mo
i
2.27
745*
i
2.02
3.93
of
Variation
LxMo
4g (Lloyd)
46 (Muth.)
ror
*
F value
L
Source
**
d.f.
Mutherebatgh
Significant at
Significant at
1%
5T
probabIlity level.
probability level.
77
Relatitnship of Yield and Soil ChezuIcal .na1ye8:
A.
Lloyd Location
The
tion nr
Mg
±
req'irmt,
lime
pH1
K,
in Table XVII show the effect of lime applica-
nd
perceit
Ca
+ Mg +
table for the
nd 6 ton llm
having îther
or
averaging
acrsa
6
exchangeable Ca, tite s'im of Ca
K
rates
verag
Th1
varying
of all the plots
rte
of
O, thur;
placing the
O,
Z
and
4, aiid
:3
6
tori
is not absolutely true f Mg since the Mg ratee
ncreae geometrically.
cnsqiences
Approximately 4 tons of lime, cr
to achieve
loo
hd
However, since the level of Mg
little effect on the values in this table, the
considered serioue.
added
in this
tons of lime applied. This has the effect of
ton ratee on the san-ie basis of omparieon as the
rates.
retlt
saturation. The
4.
percent Ca
4-
Mg
+
K
.3
m. e. tif
were
Liot
must be
Cz
saturation at the Lloyd
location. This application increased the soil pH to approcimately
rates of lime appl&catim failed to raise it further.
6. 75, and higher
This
ray thdlcate
that some of the lime
not yet reacted with the soil.
lime requiremert
of the higher
rates bad
It should be noted that In 1957 a
(Wocdruff method) was
predicted even at the
ton lime rate where the soil pH is 6. 79 and the Ca + Mg
saturation Is
118
-
K
percent. This data tends to support the idea
that difficulties may be found using the Woodruff method,
8
TABLE XVL Response of Various Soil Test Values to Lime Application. Lloyd and Muthersbaugli
Locations, 1957 and 1953. Means of Three Replications.
Lime Rate
Lloyd 1957
TÍA
ci
2
4
6
3
Lloyd 1958
O TÍA
2
4
6
8
pH
tons/acre
5.82
6.30
6.75
6.79
6.79
252
5.80
6.30
6.67
6.79
6.83
Muthershaugh 1957
0
A
6.13
2
6.55
4
6.80
6
6.79
8
6.86
Muthersbaugh 1958
O T/A
5.80
2
6.35
4
6.57
6
8
*
Lime Roquircment
6. 68
6.62
Exchangeable Ca Ca+Mg+K
m.e. /100g
xn.e./lOOg
% Ca+Mgl-K
Saturation
rn.e. /lOOg
0.83
13.98
16.12
17.37
5.05
9.48
15.22
17.32
18.71
32.66
63.62
103.18
110.74
118.86
2.50
1.33
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.30
7.19
11.27
13.38
14.67
4.44
8.41
12.47
14.57
15.96
28.12
56.44
84.54
93.15
101.39
2.60
1.47
1.00
5.04
9.95
1.00
16.21
17.26
21.21
6.41
11.16
17.78
18.71
22.84
43.40
72.60
118.37
125.40
151.66
1.83
0.87
0.63
413
754
11.03
5.50
8.86
12.41
14. 05
15. 51
37.24
57.64
82.62
1.94
1.00
1.00
0.83
0. 00
0.00
4.29
8.38
12.80
14.16
103. 95
94.02
Analytical Data courtesy of G. R. Webster.
j
1957
900
s
7000
5000
C-,
4
w
Q-
Ó
-J
w
w
Q1
I
0
I.-
i
I
I
6
2
I
i
IO
i
14
18
I-
4
>>-
o
EIIIIIi
--
K
958
u,
o
z
o
Q-
K
rII]
/
K
5000
3000
o
I
4
6
I
IO
I
i
i
i
4
18
22
EXCHANGEABLE Co (ME/lOO GRAMS)
FlEure
RelationshIp of ylcid to exchneab1e Ca
soll.
Lloyd and iiuthersbaugh locations.
1957 and 195e.
Means of
replications of
plots recelvin[ different rates of line.
9.
in
the
r,
cfpecially for soils above pH
'vas
giyn .bovea
ii the pH
reperts
appro.rmtely
routine ample
To
6. 70.
equJrement
Laboratty
now
lime requirethent.
O
it the Lloyd location,
data and
!98 no lime
In
above thiè figure, the Soil Testing
í
a
pH f
6. 5.
1i Table XVII indicates that cpthrum yields were
th.e dc.ta
obtaed above
a comparison of obBerved ythld
percent Ca
4 K saturation in both 1957
Optinìim yields v'ere obtaietl above m. e flt)Og. of
and 1958.
6D
4- Mg
.
exch.ngeable Ca (figure 9). Theee levels of exchangeable Ca and
perccnt Ca
of between
+ K saturation were btaiied by the application
4- Mg
Z
and
'
toas of lime. The response quation generally
predicted cpthn'im yields in thi3 rance
(fiues
both years
5
and 7).
A
11mo applications for
f
cmpariaon
for 1957 and l95 gives a general idea cf
the
of the data in Table XVII
effect of a years
cropping and time on the level of eEchane Ca and other soil test
values. Excìangeable
Ca.
decreased approdmately i to
3 nu.
e.
during one year's tLrne between sarnpliig.
It
should al5o be
rnentior.ed here that different sampling
methods wcre used in 1957 and l95(.
A small spade W33
in 1957 and samples were taken from only
plct.
This
:thid
-tras
rsed
or
6
placeß in each
due to the dry, hard coadition f the
nìrface soil. In 1958 azr2les were taken
15
S
ised
wjti
core sarpler from
to 20 places in each plot.
Application of
K
at the Lloyd location increased exchange-
able K slightly in 1957 (Table XVIII). The effect of a year's
cropping on the level of exchangeable K ta shown here. The initial
level of exchangeable
K was O. 19 ru. e.
applied the K level was reduced to
I
IQOg.
Where no K was
)/l2 rn.e. /100g. This decrease
in exchangeable K can be roughly accounted for by the removal of
a 6500 lb. yield containing
O. 8
percent K. Application of K ferti-
lizer did not influence the level
of exchangeable K in the soil as
much a would be expected. Since the soil samples were taken at
the end of the crop year. a large portion of the K added can be
accounted for by crop removal. At this location mo8t of the K used
by the crop must be added to the soil. In 1958
of K
were made and the crop yields were irnaller. Thus, the ex-
changeable
of K
further additions
K
level increased to
a greater extent
over the range
rates than it did in 1957. It can be seen that, at the
lb. K2O ratee, the exchangeable
K
a
an.d 50
level remained almost cnntant
in both years. The level of exchangeable K in the
decrease to
O
o11
may possibly
minimum level and then remain relatively coaetant.
The highest yields were obtained at between 0. 14 and 0. 16 ¡n. e. of
exchangeable
K
in both
years
(figure 10).
Increasing rates of Mg application generally increased
the exchangeable Mg level at the Lloyd location (Table XVUI. The
effects of a yearts time and cropping are also somewhat evident
here. Though some of the differences are small and could easiiy
have been caused by sampling differences, the data tend to show
that below 88 lbs. of Mg per acre, the exchangeable Mg level
TABLE XVIII. Response of Soil Test Values to Rates of Potassium
and Magnesium Applications.
1957 and 1559.
Lloyd and Mutheribaigh Tocationa.
verage
f
Exchangeable
K(m.e. /100g) for
4plied Original 1957 ' 1956
K20
0.19
50
100
150
200
0.12
0.15
0.16
0.16
0.15
0.12
0.13
0.17
0.18
0.18
KO
Applied
(1
Mg(m. e. / 100g) for
pplied Original
o
44
88
175
350
1.17
1957*
1958
0.92
0.66
1.0t
1.15
1.47
0.78
0.81
1.03
128
1.55
Exchangeable
K(xn.e./lOOg) for
Origi_ 1957 *
0.31
50
100
15()
200
Exchangeable
Mg
Replication5.
Muther baugh
Lloyd
0
Tiìret
U23
0.23
0.33
0.29
0.31
1958
0.19
).24
0.33
0.31
O.3
Exchangeable
Mg
Applied
0
Mg(m. e. / lOOg) for
Original 1957* 195E
0.92
30
60
120
240
Analytical Data courtesy of G. IL Webster.
0.71
0.96
1.24
1.19
1.21
0.65
0.94
1.05
1.29
1.33
.33
M'IsIs]
o
o
957
I958'\
80001
6000
-
I
w
o
W
LLOYD
I.
0T_
I
IO
I
I
14
12
Q.
j
j
-16
IS
f
20
oW
-JII
o 9000L
0
u)
I
z
I
o
I.
I
-*
- -X- -958
- _ - -
--
o
I
7000
-.
I
-
MUTHE RSBAUGH
22
26
EXCHANGEABLE
18
FlEure 10.
Boll,
1958.
34
3O
K
(ME/l00
38
GRAMS)
RelattonB(-1p of yield to exchanaeable k in the
Lloyd arid utherBbauah locations.
1957 and
F'1ans of' 3 rcpli.catioria of plot& rec1v1ri
different
rats
of K.
C,
'j-,.
Above
ciccreacd.
3 lbs.
1ictiou
tnauc.. a
!ecssr7
f
riatain
to
Tlie iiitia1
aL.
Y.
'.f
pp1caUo:i
cJ13tant,
C
30 aad the
Above
pSSi;i
the soil
higher
r
ì
Lcv1
i
increased.
ytr
indiadn
:night be
the soil.
+
M
-
appUctin
K
i1creLZe! the
of bet'vee.-ì 2
pH
aturatiz.a to ieaz
Urne Lhe
pH
pprcxi-
t.
100 percent.
rein&iued relatively
lu 1957 application of
hr-tie
increased
Frori i?5? to 1958 at the
decee
tcn iL-ne
pprxìrnite!.y 30 percent
K saturtior hai decreae
d?cree
!
nearly 5) percent.
iccured at lower lime ratee.
Thus, the effects of time and cropping were greater at the
batigh locatLnt than at
is
f
the variabiity of the
shown by
requireireat dita for the
to 195F the
O
It
Woodriff lime re-
the pH, -exchangeable Ca, an
Urne level in 1957 and 1958.
pH decra3eE and
expected to increase.
Muhers-
th Lloyd l'ctim.
ìnicacc
quircrneit meth
and
level abeve that 1ouad at the Lloyd 1ocatioi,
ProportcnateIy £'iEl1er
¿
4
and prccnt C.
that not ail of the lirne had reacted
n the ist year.
exchaneblc Ca ha
and tue Cù
1-
cf
cspec±ally at the 3 ton rate.
957
Main-
the Mi.itlieraugh lccation
:f Ca,
Mg
-I-
¿tt
X,tU).
?.
:-:!.
i to
f
uxchneable Ca
rate,
cf
ccl
chaneab1c Ca 1vel
pI-i,
4 tc
lime1
6.
h(:
!!g
Lcati:n (TzUe
:rte1y
with
1.
9
a
gturtìn '.rc
the Lloyd
tous
nazr
lsg
Muthersbaugh Location
B.
M 4
per acie th
decrea5e
lime
From
the lìme requirement would be
however.
85
Optimum yields in 1957 were observed above an exchange-
able Ca level of approximately
12
to 14 m. e. /100g (figure 9).
Though
yields were higher in 1958, the maximum yields occured at a similar
exchangeable Ca level. Exchangeable Ca levels above
16
m. e. were
associated with depressed yields in 1957. Optimum yields in both
years were associated with 60 to 70 percent Ca Mg 4- K saturation
.f.
(compare tables X, Xl, and XVII).
The initial exchangeable K level was higher at the Mutbers-
baugh location than at the Lloyd location (Table XVIII) and the
re-
sponseg noted were smaller (Tables X and XI). The effects of time
and cropping are evident in a comparison of the 1957 and 1958
exchangeable K levels. Applications of K at the Mutherebaugh location were more effective than at the Lloyd location in increasing
the exchangeable K level of the soil.
Magnesium applications resulted in an increase in the
exchangeable Mg in the soil (Table XVIII). Responses were noted
In 1957 but not 1958.
In general, the level of Mg in the soil was
probably adequate and responses to Mg application may be related
to the balance between Ga, K, and Mg
in the øoil
when the Mg was
applied.
C.
Ion Ratio Study
Woodruff (79) has referred to the significance of the ratio
aK
yaC
in the soil as a measure of the energies of exchange of
m
K
for Ca in the soil. This activity ratio should form an estimate
of the K
status of the soll. Woodruff also postulated a relationship
between this ratio (or the
F for the exchange reaction) and the
¿
nutrition of a crop.
As a part of this study the activity ratio
K
Mg
was determined on soil samples taken from the Lloyd and Muthersbaugh locations in 1957 and 1958. Attempts were made to correlate
this ratio with yield. The results were Inconclusive. The data
tabulated below will give an indication of the value s found and
illustrate the variation found within the data.
___________ ziO3
+ Mg
Treatment
level
LMg K
1957
1958
1957
1958
i 3
3
2.16
2.61
5.19
3
1. 06
1. 14
1. 49
1. 16
2, 73
4,14
3 3
5 3
3
3
3
1
3 5
3 3
3 3
3
1
5
Lloyd
0.77
0.78
0.55
1.29
Muthersbaug
1.26
1.26
1.33
2.42
2.25
2.43
1.47
193
3.16
2. 73
1.85
2.38
2.47
1.43
3.21
Woodruff found, using Putnam electrodyalized clay, that
changing the K saturation of the clay by i percent changed the
energy of exchange by 300 calories. Changing the Ca saturation of
the clay by
1
percent changed
the
energy of
calories. From this he assumed that
factor in the delivery of K by the
1(
.il.
exchange by only 5.
5
saturation was the dominant
Only the K level was
T.leed
as a variable to be related to the calculated exchange energies.
The data of this etudy indicate that where lime applications
were varied, the Ca level was also a variable. Though the data
obtained is not conclusive, it seems to indicate that low yielda can
be associated with either a large or small value for the ion ratio.
locations, the lowct yields were obtained on the
On both
K20 treatments. As the table indicates, the
(1, 3,3) had high values
(3. 3,
1)
O
O
lime or
O
lime treatmenti
for the ratio, and the low K20 treatments
had generaUy low values for the ratio. Application of lime
increased yields and decreased the size of the ratio. Applications
of K increased yields and increased the size of the ratio.
no
Thus,
simple relationship was found to exist between yield and size of
the ion ratio.
Relationship of Yield and Plant Analysis Data:
A.
Lloyd
Location
The results of the plant analysis data from the harvests
at the Lloyd location are
given in Table
found between the Ca content
of
XIX.
No
relationehip wa
the plant tops and yield at the Lloyd
location. This has been reported by other workers
The
rates
of
of Mg and K.
(7) (60, p. 393).
lime added caused only slight reductions in the content
No
increase in P content of the plant tissue was noted.
9
Even though one of the reported beneficiai effects of lime Is the
in:rease in availabilily of soil P, the P level
wa probably ade-
quate at the 120 lb. P205 rate, where these comparisons were
made. The effect of lime on the P uptake can be noted by comparing
the P contente in the presence and absence of lime. At
application of P
increased the
P
content
from 0. 20
to
O
lime,
0. 24
percent.
a small, but poßsibly significant, increase.
Application of 200 lbs. of K20 increased the K content
of the plant tops from
from
0.
in the
58 to
1.
02 in
O. 7(i
to 1. 42 percent in the
first cutting and
the 9econd cutting. The K content of the Ussue
second cutting was smaller than that of the first cutting in
all instances on comparable treatments. This effect has been noted
by Jackson, et al. (32). The relationship between K content of the
plant tops and yield is shown in figure
1
1.
Though no attempt should
be made with the data from this experiment to find a
for K in alfalfa, maximum yields at
the
critical level
Lloyd location,
ist cutting,
had not been obtained when the plant material contained 1. 50
percent K. Reduced yields were associated with
than
1. 5
K
contents smaller
percent. This value is in approximate agreement with that
of Jackson (32) who found that K contents of .1.25 tc
optimum for high yields
(15) found
that when the
of alfalfa.
K
percent were
Chandler, Peech, and Bradfleld
content was below i. 25 percent, the
majority of stands showed yield increases
flue to the low K status
Z
of the
of
greater than 20 oercent.
Lloyd location the K content of the
plant tops did not exceed 2. 0 percent. In the 2nd cutting the response
TABLE XIX.
Chemical Composition of Alfalfa In Terms of Percentage and Millequivalents per
grams Dry Matter. 1957. Ist and 2nd Cuttings. Lloyd Location
loo
ist Cutting
CaMg
Treatment
Çpbination
L Mg K P
P
Ca
W
.
'n.e. 1100g
W
Mg
'n.e. 1100g
K
7.
m.e. f100
K
Cations
/100g
/100g
e.
'n.e.
'n.
3
3
3
3
0.24
2.16
108.0
0.23
19.4
1.13
29.0
156.4
4.4
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
0.24
0.24
2.27
113.5
105.3
027
22.5
1.23
1. 13
31.7
28.9
167.7
153.1
4.3
4.3
1
3
3
3
3
1.98
98.8
111.0
0.17
0.31
13.8
26.1
1.50
0.99
38.4
25.3
151.0
162.4
2.9
5.4
1
3
3
2. 76
1.71
138. 0
0. 32
26. 9
0. 76
19. 5
36.8
184.4
140.9
8.5
2.8
5
3
3
5
3
3
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3___3
1
3
3
3
3
1
1
i
5
5
1
2
1
2
2.
1].
2.22
---
85.5
0.23
0.22
0.20
0.22
0.24
0.24
---------
--
18.9
18.6
1.42
2nd Cuttin
2.72
136.0
0.4k
34.4
0.76
19.5
189.9
8.7
2.22
2.73
110.8
136.3
0.44
0.39
36,6
32.5
1.03
0.97
26.4
24.8
173.8
193.6
5.6
6.8
3.42
2.61
171.3
130.5
0.56
0.36
46.3
30,3
0.58
14,9
232.5
14.6
6.2
1.02
26.0
186.8
TABLE XX. Chemical Composition of Alfalfa in Terms of Percentage and Miilecjuivalents per 100
grams Dry Matter. 1957. ist and 2nd Cuttings. Muthersbaugh Location.
let Cutting
Ca Mg
Treatment
Combination
L Mg K P
P
W
Mg
Ca
o
th.e.I10
%
m.e./10g
Cations
K
m.e.IlOOg
m.e./lOOg
K
m.e.I10
1.7
3
3
3
3
0.26
1. 65
82. 7
0. 19
15. 6
2.27
58.
1
156.4
i
3
3
3
0.Z4
1.65
82.7
0.23
2.43
62.1
164,3
s
3
3
3
0.30
1.77
88,5
G24
19.5
20.0
1.87
48.0
156.5
2.3
3
3
1
3
3
3
3
1.81
1.89
90.3
94.7
0.19
0.22
16.1
18.3
226
1.77
57.8
45.4
164.2
158.4
2.5
3
3
-------
1.98
992
0.24
20.0
1,46
2. 64
37.3
156.5
3.2
67. 7
170. 0
1.5
5
3
3
3
1
3
5
1
3
3
3
3
1
3
3
3
1
3
Z
3
1
3
2
--*
1. 73
86.
0. 19
15. 8
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25
2nd
3
3
3
3
1
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
3
3
5
-----------
1.6
1.8
Cuttg
2.09 104.7
0.27
22.5
1.66
42.5
169.7
3.0
1.90 94.8
2.42 121.2
0.30
0.30
25.0
25.0
1.55
1.22
39.7
31.1
159.5
177.6
4.7
2.69 134.5
2.24 112.2
0.36
0.30
30,0
25.0
1.00
1.47
25.5
37.6
190.0
174.8
6.5
3.6
3.0
91
o
iST
CUT
o
2ND CUT
/
w
X
I
t,
,X
LLOYD
2000
w
0
5
I5
1.0
2O
w4
6000
U)
o
z
o
*1ISTCT
4000
-.
X
2NDCUT
-'f
X
M UT HER SBA UGH
2000
I
j
I
I
2
3
%
K IN
4
PLANT TOPS
F1ure 11. Re1t1cnBbip of yield to perceritaEe K
tn plant tops. Lloyd and I'utrsbaueh
locations. 1957. Plotted values are for each
replication of plots rece1v1n flfferent
rates et' It.
TABLE XXI. Effect of Lime and Molybdenum Treatments on the
Molybdenum Content of Alfalfa Tops. Lloyd and Mutherebaugh
Locations. 1957 and 1958.
Lloyd Loc&tion
Treatment
1957
L
Mo
lep
1
1
1
1
2
1.9
1.3
3
1
3
5
2
i
42
2.9
1
Rep
Rep 111
11
1.1
5.0
1.6
11
1.2
34
Repl
1.2
38
1.1
1
1
1.Z
2.9
1.0
1
33
1
Rep
1.1
24
li
¡ep
1.8
5.8
1
31
1.1
1
1
1958
i
i
i
6.3
1
2
1
1
3
3
1
1
i
2
samples taken
from this cutting
No
7.
1
1
1
i
i
2
7.a
3
3
5
9.2
2.1
2
1.0
40
1
i
12
1.1
35
1
50
--
1.3
19s8
*
1
i
i
i
I
Z
3.1
3.2
3
1
1
1
2
5
1
No
16
1.1
¡
6
5.
1
i
1
1957
i
3
4.
¡
Mutherebaugh Location
1
6
1.4
11
Li
i
i
i
5.1
3.2
5.1
1
26
i
1
1
32
17
2.9
--
*
-1
1
14
2.5
lime or molybdenum applied in 1958.
I
i
1.6
1.4
1
--
1
1
1
-
--
i
1
i
1
111
seemed to level off near 0.
8
to 1.0 percent K. It should be remember-
ed that moiature was limiting during this period of growth.
plant's ability to take up
is known to be dependent upon the ucil
K
moisture 1eve. .Another posìbi1ity is
the 2nd cutting
The
that the lower
K
content of
a reflection of a decrease in available K duc to
*
cropping.
Applicz.tions of Mg increa&ed the Mg content of the plant
tops from
O. 17
to 0. 31
percent. This was associated with a
10
percent increase in yield (Table Vu). The Ca content was in-
creased slightly and the
K
content was makedly reduced. In terms
of miUequivalents the iAcrease In Mg content (12.
3
m. e.) and the
reduction of K content (13. 1 rn.e.) are nearly the aarne indicating
a po3sible substitutive effect.
Soil molybdenum i believed to be more ava.UaUe ro the
plant above pH
Additiûna uf
of the
(25, p. 124). The data of Table XXI bear this out.
and
plant tupß.
un-ic also
tin
4
6
L
tons of
lirc increased the molybdenum cc.itent
App1Cat
Of
niolybdernm in the ab3nce of
increaoed the uptake of nLciybdenum. When a
of lime and rnc..lybdenuxn
of molybdenum in the plant
ti'eatrneits were
combina-
addci.1, the
content
increased sharply. Plant contents are
higher In the 1 st cutting than in the 2nd citting.
The amount of molybdenum contained in the plant is
lxnport4nt as plant contents above
conditions to
5
ppm are har:-ifu1
Iivcttock consuming the forage.
under some
Application of
of sodium molybdate (recogth.ed as a vc.ry high rate)
5
lbs.
increa3ed the
yields,
but
albo raíßed he riìolybdentzrì curttent of the forage to near
or above the danger poiat. Application of both lime and rolybdenum
raiìed the tno1bdnixi contents to va1'e eL1 above the dan,cr
1).)int. The pob1ern cf tcc rioly dcrnn cintents in th forage ust
be considered 1f rno1ybdnm ic to b ue
i fertilizer.
¿
In 1958 no
thne or ¡nolybdenum wa adced, and the raoly-
bdenuin content of the plant tope from the ¿ad cutting wa reduced by
75
percent r better. Siuce plant coitnL viere iigher i the ist
sn1ler
citting,
iioweye,, the plant conteiits
ezncn
¿ud molybdenum
t)XC to
uabl
reductions witi time wu..d
.s a
re5ult
tsed here,
of
tite
n-&ay
oe
ected.
coiz.tbinaion lime
tiU e above levels
livestock.
B. Mutherebaugh Location
The Ca content of the plant tops at this
ltion inc:cacd
1t cutting
even though yields
only slightly with lime additio&is in the
increaied great'y (TaMe
XX).
The Mg content of the plant tissue
from the lime plots remained relatively constant, but the i content
was reduced from 2.43 to I.
37 percent.
The Ca
contents were
lower and the K contents higher n the Muthcrabaug location than
on the Lloyd location, indicating the higher K level cf the
Since the
soil
K
level
wa8 higher. variation
in
Ca and Mg
contents
ill response to chang& in K content 'v'cr less marked thin at the
idoyd location. In the 2nd cutting the Ca contentE increaced over
the rates of lime. The Mg coatea. remained the same and the i
9
content, though lower, was decreaec1 markedly
only at the
'
ton
b
lime rate.
Application2 of lime in the presence of P increased the P
content
frcn 0.24
to 0.30 percent (Table XX). Application of P
increased the P content from
U.Z to
lime and from 0.24 to 0. 26
the presence of lime.
aie small and may not
b
i
3.24 percent in the absence of
These differences
meaningful. Since yield reaponses to P
were not significant, it is probable that the level of P in the soil was
adequte, eHpeciafly when lime was applied.
The K content of the plant tissue was increased by applica-
tion of K (Table XX). In the Ist cutting, 200 lbs. of K20 increased
the K content from 1.46 to Z. 64 percent. Correspondingly, the
Ca and Mg contents were reduced, though to a
smaller extent.
Similar trends were noted in the Becond cutting, the
increased from 100 to 147 percent. Though
n.e
K
content being
significant re-
sponses to K were noted on the Muthersbaugh location, figure
indicates a relationship between
K
11
content of the plant tops and
yield. In the Ist cutting, the scatter of points about the curve indi-
cates that optimum yields were associated with K contents of
to Z.
5
percent.
[n the 2nd cutting, the
ranging from i to
2
is.
1. 5
percentages were lower,
percent. This increase in K content corresponded
to yield increases of slightly better than 1000
lh.
of dry
matter.
As was noted on the Lloyd location, the K contents of the 2nd cutting
were lower than those of the ist cutting. The level of K In the plant
tissue on this location at
no
time fell below i percent. However, this
K
content did not appear to be adequate for optimum yields.
Application of Z40 lbs. of Mg increased the Mg content of
the tissue from 0.
19
to 0.22 percent in the
1t
cutting (Table XX).
The Ca content remained unchanged but the K content was reduced
from 2.26 to 1.77 percent. This increase in
Mg content was
associated with a ¿0 percent yield increase (Table X).
At the Mutherebaugh location application of
5
lbs. of
sodium molybdate increased the molybdenum content of the plant
tops to a greater extent than it did at the Lloyd location (Table XXI).
A
combination of
4
tons of lime and molybdenum increased the
molybdenum content of the plant tops to a level toxic to livestock
(see p. 93). There was a marked decrease in the molybdenum
content with time, but the contenta of plant tops from treatments
receiving both lime and molybdenum were still above a toxic level.
As at the Lloyd location, plant contents were lower In the 2nd
cutting than in the ist.
C.
Cation Balance, Ratios, and Sum of Cation - Equivalents
The cation balance within the plant was affected by the
rate of lime, Mg, and
K
applied. Generally, the effect of K applica-
tions was greatest, and was most noticeable in the 1st cutting at
both locations.
As K contents increased, Ca and Mg contenta tended to
decrease. They decreased least at the Mutherabaugh location where
the soil K level was higher (Table XX). Application of 200 lbs.
of
increaged the
K
content 15. 3
at the Lloyd location
ni. e.
(Table XIX). The content of Mg decreased 8.
lbs. of
ZOO
increased the
the Mg content 4. Z ni. e.
ru. e., and that of
On the Muthersbaugh location,
Ca decrea6ed 52. 5 m. a.
tion of
3
,
K
applica-
content 30.4 ¡n. e., reduced
and reduced the Ca content 12,
7
ni. e.
The sum of cation-equivalents in the plant varied from
140.9
me.
to 184.4 ru.e. at the Lloyd location in th Ist cutting,
and from 173. 8 ni. e. to 232. 5 ru. e. in the 2nd cutting (Table XIX).
At the Mutherebaugh location this value varied from 156. 4 rn. e.
to 164.
ni. e. in the ist cutting and from 159. 5 ni. e. to 190. 0 ni. e.
3
in the 2nd cutting (Table XX). This sum of cations has been spoken
of as a constant.
It does vary however, bu.t to a smaller extent
than the contents of the individual cations in the plant. The um of
cations varied
2nd.
The
31
percent for the ist cutting and
34
percent for the
variation was greatest at the Lloyd location. Values for
the content of an individual cation in the plant varied as much as
60 to 100
percent. The highest values for the sum of cation-
equivalents were found on low K treatments or when the Ca content
was high and the K content was low.
The lowest values vere
generally found on the high K treatments.
It has been reported that a Ga:K equivalent ratio of above
4:1 will
of this
O
decrease the yield of alfalfa (30, p. 69). The limited dtta
experiment show a similar effect. The plant tissue from the
K20 treatments had a Ca:K
equivalent
ratio above this figure and
these treatments had smaller yields. However, the K content of
the plant tops from these treatments was considered deficient,
regardles.
perimenta
of the Ca content. Also,
occured on
the lowest
trearnenta receiving
no
yield& in the ex-
lime. The ratio
values on these treatments were below 4:1 and, according to this
relation, yields should not have been reduced.
Greenhouse Experiments
Greeahouse eperirnents were established on soil fröm
the Lloyd and Mutherbaugh locations in. order to determine if
greenhouse facilit!es might be useful as a step preliminary to field
experiments. lt was also desired to investigate more nutrient
variables and in greater detail than was possible in the field. Greenhouse facilities have advantages In these respecte.
1f
the major kinds of responses to be expected can be
determined ahead of time, more appropriate field experiments can
be designed. Greenhouse experimente can be established in a
shorter time, the crop grows more rapidly, and the season is of
lesa consequence thzn in the field. Larger experimental designs
can be used and response functions can be elucidated in more detail.
Greenhouse facilities enable better control of environmental factors
such as light, soil iioisture, and temperature. Thus, experimental
variation might be reduced.
99
Yield
itsponses and Surfaces:
A.
Lloyd Soil'
A
siguificant deviationi term was found in the analysis
of variance for the 'Lloyd soil (Table XVIII).
Hwever, It was
small in comparison to the surface effect. ligure
15
shows the
difference between observed and predicted yields for the rates of
Lime and K2C.)
applied. Over the range of lime rates the greatest
deviation (10 percent) occured at the
yields were within
5
or
6
ton level.
4
Predicted
percent of those observed at the other
lime rates. The greatest differences between observed and predicted
yields
(la
percent) occured at low K levels. This was probably due
to the inability of the response equation to follow the iarge increase
in yields associated with
500 and 1000 lb. K20
the first UI5
lbs.
rates errors were
of
5
rO applied. it the
percent or lesi. The
addition of extra observed yield points iii the low
k
rates would
probably bave reduced the prediction errors.
In general, deviations
in the
greenhouse were smaller
than those in the field. Prediction is good in terms of trends and
orders of magnitude of the observed yields. The deviations found
will in no way affect the interpretation
tioned later
i
the
of
the data. As will be men-
percentage values of observed and predicted
Hereafter the terms 'Lloyd soil" and Muthersbaugh soil"
wiLl be uied to refer to the soil used in the greenhouse from
these locations. The terms do not refer to soil series.
reponae generally agree quite well.
LIme x Phosphorus z Potaasium z Molybdenum
1.
Composite:
The obaerved and predicted yields obtained in the green-
house for the modified composite design are given In Table XXII.
Table
gives the analysis of variance, regression coefficients,
XX.UI
and F values for the various terms of the response equation.
significant response to lime occured on the "Ldoyd
A
soil'.
comparison of treatment numbers 3, 18, and
A
XXII shows that application of
33
8
Z
in Table
tons of lime increased the yield
percent. Increasing the Urne applications from
(levels
31
Z
tons to
6
tons
and 4 respectively) generaUy increased yields.
Figure
12
shows a predicted response to lime of approzi-.
rnately 40 percent at the
K20 rate.
O
K20 rate and 35 percent at the 1000 lb.
Lime response was affected only slightly by K applicationa.
The response equation predicts a decrease in yields at
rate8 of lime higher than
is predicted at the
rate when
1000
A
4
4 to 6
tons.
A maximum
response to lime
ton rate at the I(O level, and at the
6
ton
lbs. of K20 were applied.
large response to
K was obtained.
The initial level
of exchangeable K in the 77Lloyd soilit was low, 0. 09 in. e. I 100g.,
and little growth occured in ita absence. Observed yields were
increased
percent by
97
percent by the application of 500 lbs. of K20, and
1000
lbs. of K20. The response equation predicts
146
101
-esponEe of like magnitude (figure 12). The response wa
large over the first incremeita
of
K
added.
After 500
especially
lbs. had been
applied, yields leveled off, especiafly in the absence of lime. Maximum yields In figure
12
are predicted for a combination of about
6
tone of lime and 1000 lbs. of K20 per acre,
A smaU
of
response to P (15 percent) occured in the absence
lime. However, It was not significant. This response to P at low
lime rates may also be seen by comparing the
at level Z of
Urne (treatment
No
numbers
6
2
and 4 levels of P
through 14, Table XXII).
significant response to molybdenum was noted in the
greenhouse on the Lloyd soll.
However1
rates
of molybdenum were
added only in the presence of lime. The Increase in soil pH
due
to
liming probably made enough molybdeium available to the plant to
eliminate a response.
2.
A
ul1ur z Molybdenum Factorial:
significant response to sulfur application was obtained
(Tables XXIV and XXV). Application
increased yields approdmately
35
of 160 lbs.
of
sulfur per acre
percent. This response was
independent of the molybdenum application. No response to rnolybdenum wa obtained.
3.
Potassium x Magnesium Factorial;
The Mg material applied to the soil in this experiment was
MgCO. The effect of this variable was moaF'red as
a
function of
i
TABLE XXII. Observed and Predicted Yields of Lime z Phosphorus
x Potassium z Molybdenum Modified Composite Design Used in the
Greenhouse. "Lloyd and Muthersbaugh Soils". Yields in Grams Dry
Matter per Pot. Means of Z Replications and Sum of 4
Cutting s.
Treat. Treatment Level
Numb.
T 3
z 3
1 3 3
1 5 3
i
i
z
i
3
3
2
3
3
3
3
4
5
6
1 3
2 2 Z
Z
7
Z Z Z
4
8
9
Jo
2 2 3
2 2 4
3
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Lloyd Soil
L P K Mo S M F' Observed
3
1
3
14.95
15.30
14. 85
17. 35
20. 15
15.75
Mutherabaugh Soil
Fredtcted' Obierved Predicted*
16.20
15.70
15.T5
15.45
14.80
15.34
15. 80
17. 80
19. 19
15. 35
17. 85
16. 75
15. 9.3
17. 56
Z
20.35
20.70
15.15
15.95
16.25
17.90
4
1
20.05
19.58
18.00
2 4 Z
2 4 Z
Z 4 4
2 4 4
Z
17.35
18.10
15.78
16.78
16.30
18.75
18.45
19.20
17.45
17.45
18.00
18.00
18.65
20.55
18.25
Z
Z
4
2
4
3 1 3
3
3
3
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3 3
3 3
3 3
1
3
5
16.65
19. 55
20.65
21.05
21.20
9. 15
20.85
18.05
18.40
15.34
15.38
18. 61
20.58
20.42
20.74
11.58
20.42
20.02
19.94
21.26
16.36
16.04
16.12
16.69
17.98
18.26
16.50
18.02
18.30
19.72
17.24
17.14
17.50
17.58
20
21
22
23
24
3 5
5 3
4 2 2
3
3
2
22.55
15. 90
16. 6S
4
17.40
22.50
18. 05
4 2 2
4 2 4
Z5
16.36
22.72
16.25
18.10
lti.62
20.34
19.32
17.26
16.66
18.76
4 Z 4
4
18.80
13.36
4 4
Z
Z
19.50
17.60
21.24
26
16.80
27
4 4 2
4
28
17.44
16.88
17.72
4 4 4
2
17.80
21.30
16.30
17.20
17.50
17.94
29
4 4 4
5 1 3
5 3 3
4
3
3
19.52
18.48
19.05
16.40
17.40
18.98
16.96
16.46
19
30
31
*
2
20. 55
22.65
19.45
19.75
21. 70
22.28
21.76
For regression coefficIents used to calculate predicted yields see
Table XXIII.
103
TALLE XXIII. Analysis of Variance and Regressien Cefficients for
the Lime x Phosphorus z Potasiurn x Molybdenum Modified
Composite Design in, the Greenhouse. "Lloyd and
Muthe r sbaugli Soils'.
naiyeis oí Variance
ource of variation
d.f.
Lloyd
F
Mutherabaugh
F
30
J0.43
3.23"
bi
11'ta.l
Treatment
Surface
i)eviations
Replication
18.95"
14
2.98*
16
i
Error
NS
5. 99
NS
31.60"
30
Regression Coefficient5
Muthersbauh
Lloyd
Effect
b2
b3
L
P
K
b4t
Mo
'bj
LP
b12
b13
b14
b23
b24
b3
Li
LMo
PK
PMo
iÇZ{o
L'
bj
b22
b33
P2
b
M0Z
K2
b
0.6714
0.2424
2.4167
-0. 1167
-0.0823
0.1688
-0.0875
-0.1375
0.2438
.0.2875
a
NS
60.36*
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
N'S
NS
7. 67
0.2958
-0.8983
59QZ
0.0454
NS Non significant.
** Significant at 1%
!
0.1224
0.Z732
-O. 7252
_z0.u2
3.
bj
!
6.64
1.26
NS
NS
0.3020
0.2813
-0.2148
-3.1094
-0.1718
-0.1094
0.3656
3.046E
-0. 3416
F±.
NS
4.73e-
28.59'
3. 52
NE
4.30
NS
NS
NS
3.96NS
O.0524
NS
7. 3Z
NS
O.Zoi6
0.1199
NS
17.5b
probability level.
5% probability level.
determined
by comparison of effect mean squares
' valuea
against deviation mean square.
determined by comparison of effect mean squares
F
against error mean square.
Signlficat at
i
Qberved Yields £rn Molybdenum x Sulfur, .Potasßium
x Mg, and Lime x 13cron Factorial3 Included in the Greenhouse
T.Ai3iE XXIV.
Experimental Design. "Licyd aiid MutherEbaugh SoiIa".
Yields in Grarr Dry Matter per Pot. Means of 2
Repicatioas and Sum of 4 Cuttings.
Treatneit
P M L Mg
S
3
3
3
1
1
1
3
5
1
3
1
3
3
3
1
3
1
5
5
3
Z1.50
5
331 33 13
3
1
16.30
20.5
5
5
x Mo
LLyii
4C
Muthersbaugh
15.45
¡6.00
15.45
16.50
18.05
Z2.50
i5.3
16.45
13.40
l.55
15,53
1.55
KxMg
9.15
9.95
17.45
i1.95
1o.0
I
3
3
1
16.05
3
Z0,t)5
3
5
21.15
18.00
1L.25
1S.35
5
i
5
3
22.55
22,05
20.55
19.35
5
b
¿.O
LB
1
3
3
3 3
1
1
1
3
i
5
3
3
3
3
5
1
5
1
5
3
5
5
ß.45
14.35
16.30
15.65
15.35
14.73
20.15
16,05
22.50
18.15
18.00
17.60
19.00
19.75
20.20
16.90
17.40
16.15
Soll
'e
.Auaiyis f Variauct £rin
uJ.r z Mo1ybdezu&i,
z id, and £hn Loren Fctura1 Included in the
Gremliuu c Lzpe riuie ntal t ign. "Llyd an. Muther abtugh
.tX1'.
SuXIuz
z Molybdenum
iource
o'ariatìon
Total
Rep
d.í.
Lloyd
F
Mutheribaugh
F
17
NS
i
C
z
z
Mo
SzM.
¿. 2':
9* 541ic*
:5. 94*4'
N
NS
4
Error
X
Total
l(ep
Mg
17
K
Error
4
8
KxMg
i'4S
i
z
z
Z.7NS
NS
122.39:*
NS
NS
Lime x Boron
Tal
Rep
L
LB
Error
_
NS
c*
N
i
B
-
17
z
z
4
14S
15.95*4
8
significant.
Significant at 1% probability iovel.
Noii
s
U.
76*4'
22
8
22
14
I-.
o
IB
a:
w
Io
Q-
a:
w
B
W
oo
)a:
o
0)
IO
a:
8
T
-
-
OL__-
0
--
2
'-
-
4
6
8
LIME (TONS PER ACRE)
?iure
12.
Fiesponse surface for yield as a function of lime arid
oi1 fron
EfltOUSG.
potassiuri ao1icticn tri
te
Lloyd location,
o'-
9
2
.7
I-
o
a-
5
w
Q-
w
o
I-.
_J
4
4
Il
o
(I)
4
15
C,
K
00
2
LIME
FtEure
4
6
80
(TONS PER ACRE)
1.
Response surface for yield as a function of iLne and
Soil from
potassium apDllcaticn in the Ereenhouse.
MutLersbauh loestion.
L)
-J
185
18-0
17-O
riii
I-
18-O
o
6-o
a.
w
Q.
ILl
17-0
I-
3<
WI
15-0
>->.
,0
o
16-C
Cn
I
150
2
LIME
4
6
80
?2
(TONS PER ACRE)
Response surfac.e for yield as a function of line and
Figure 14.
3o11 from
reenhouse.
the
phosphorus application j
uthrsbauh 1ocìtion.
109
+10
O
a_z
Cn
-IO
'u.
00
w
>w W
0
coO
0W
2
LIME
4
6
(TONS PER ACRE)
8
o
z
-
00
>
Ui
I,]
0
125
K20
500
(POUNDS PER ACRE)
250
1000
Deviation of observed minus predicted yield
as percent of mean yl.elcl in relation to levels
3oil
of lime and potassium in the Ereenhouse.
Figure 15.
from Lloyd
location.
lic,
to'er of t
contributlo'i rried from t) to
its ccntribLlon to the total neutralizing
CO3
treatment. This
lirnc nd Mg
.LZ
percent.
This variable was placed in factorial combination with K. As in
the rrodified composite, application
z-nately
ws
IZc?
not
o
.'
lacreaed yields pproxi-
pe.tcekxt (Table XXIV). Though thc cufect of the Mg
significantb
respne
to Mg cf I5
17, and
term
percent
occured at the 0, 500, and 1000 lb. K20 rates respectively.
4.
Linie x Borcn Factorial:
No
response to boron application was noted (Table XXIV).
llciwever, poa3LbUIty of
'Ç of
a.
larer
of
epoise
may have been elimn.td
by the
¿lasa wool in th bottom of the greenhouse pots.
The boron reqiirernent of the alfalfa may have been 5upplisd by
boron going into eolution from the glass wool. Responses to lime
'vere noted. These were of tho se.rne magnitude at those of the
modified cornosite.
B.
'Muthersbaugh Soi1
1.
Urne x Phosphora
,.
Potassium
z Molybdenum
Modified Composite:
Observed and predicted yields are given in Table XXII.
The analysis of variance and regression coefficients for this data
are given in Table XXIII.
A
significant replication mean squ.aro was found on the
111
"Mutherabaugh soil". The explanation for this may lie in the position
of the
replications in the greenhouse in relation to the air coolera.
These vere mounted in the greenhouse waU and blew directly on 2
of the 4 benches uaed.
The experiment was laid out so that the
coolers affected one replication more than the other. This effect
appears to have been more significant on the "Muthersbaugh soil"
than on the "Lloyd soU".
The deviations term of the analysis of variance was
non-
significant and the difference between observed and predicted yields
is seldom more than
that observed In the
3
or
field
4
percent. This figure is smaller than
experimentI iUustratlng the effects of
better environmental control and
treatments
of added
In
regions
where responses were expected to occur.
Four tons of lime increased the yield on the "Muthersbaugh
soil" by
s
17
percent. Yields decreased slightly from the
4
ton to the
ton applications.
The lime x K response surface (fIgure 13) predicts a lime
response
of
approximately
13
percent.
applications had little
K
effect on this response.
A
soil".
significant response to
Observed
K
occured on the "Mutherabaugh
yields were increased
13
percent
by the
applica-
tion of 320 lbs. of KLO. Yield Increases generally occured from
the 40 lb. to the 60 lb. rates of K20. Figure
13
shows the predicted
response to K. There was a general tendency for yields to in..
crease over the range of K applications.
A
maximum response was
liZ
nQt reached.
even at 320 lbs. of K20. It should be mentioied that
the predicted yields shown on this
2
or
3 percent
sirface seldom varied
from the observed yields. The
more than
K response was not
affected by lime rate.
A
significant P response and
on the "Muthersbaugh
observed yield
18
these effects.
A 19
soll".
360
lb..
lime
z P interaction occured
of P205 increased the
percent in the absence of lime. At the 8 ton linie
rate a smaller (6 percent) response was noted. Figure 14 illustrates
percent respoise is predicted at
lime response is predicted at the
ment of observed and predicted
8
ton lime rate.
A
Urne.
Note the
percentage responses.
confirms the effect of added points in the portion of
responses are expected.
O
the
Nc
agree-
This
design where
maximum response to P had not been
obtained at 360 lbs. of P205, except at the high lime rate. A
larger lime response is predicted at the O P rate than at the. highest
p rate. These responses were 17 and 4. 8 percent respectively.
The predicted maximum response to lime occurs near the
rate
in
the absence of P and between the
Z
ton
and 4 ton rates at 360
lbs. of P. Lime reduced yields markedly (up to
higher rates.
A
6
12
percent) at the
small molybdenum response occurcd on the "Muthea-
baugh soil" even though the molybdenum variable wae applied in
the presence of lime.
Z
A
comparison of the predicted yields of the
and 4 levels of molybdenum indicates that this response occured
mainly at the 4th level of P.
Su]íur x Molybdenum Factorial:
2.
A
significant re*ponse to
u.1fur
occured on the !rMuthers..
baugh soil" (Tables XXIV and XXV). Yields were increased approxixate1y 19
percent.
No molybdenum
response occred and the
sulfur response wa izdeperidcnt of molybdeimm levels.
3.
Potassium x Magneilum Factorial:
N. response
to variations in
Mg level was observed.
K
application increased y-ields l percent at the low Mg levei (Tables
slightly larger response, 24 percent, occured
XXIV and XXV). A
at the high
Mg
4.
level.
LIme x Boron Factorial:
As was
bserved on the Lloyd soiF' no repon.se to boron
application occured.
A
response to lime, similar to that in the
modified composite, occurod. Four tone of
17
Lixne
percent. Yields decreased slìghtly from the
lime level.
4
increased yields
ton to the
k
ton
/
RelationaMp of
Yield and Soil Chemical Aaalyes:
"Lloyd Soil"
A.
The oì1 samples analyzed to nbtain the data in table
XXVI were taken at the completion of the
The effect8 of crop removal
data. The removal of
mated a
7
access to
4
reenhouee experiment.
should be eori9idered in
harveata in the greenhouse roughly approxi-
ton yield of dry matter in the field.
a
studying the
Plant roots have
larger volume of soll in the field, and when they are
constricted into the smaller volume of soil
In the greenhouse
pnt,
they tend to extract a greater percentage of the available nutrients.
Thus, as
will
be seen
later, the soll v'as rather effectively de-
pleted, especially of K.
Application of lime Increased the soil pH, exchangeable
Ca level, and the percentage Ca
pH continued to
+
increase up to the
Mg
8
4
K
saturation. The soil
ton lime level. This indicates
that the liming material (finely divided Ca(OH2) continued to react
with the soil, even at high rates of application.
r
K
16
tone of lime,
in. e. of Ca, were required to achieve 100 percent Ca
saturation. TM! is
in the field.
a
larger amount
However, more Ca was
of lime than was
treatments, and the high yields
required
in the
Ca in the plant
greenhouse
to those in the field.
Application of 4 tons of lime,
1a, was uficient
raise the pH above
to
Mg
undoubtedly removed by the
pant. This is Indicated by the larger percentage
on these
.4-
6. 5 and
or
8
relative
nt. e. of
eliminate a lime
4
requirement. Optimrn yields on the Lloyd soil were associated
with an exchangeable Ca level of above
8
or
9
in. e. per
loo
grams
(figure 16). ThIs Ca level would probably be supplied hr an application of 4 tons of lime or more.
Only the highest
rates
of K and Mg succeeded In
increasing
the exchangeable K and Mg levels in the soil as rneaeured at the
end of the experiment.
soil was
O.
09 m. e.
per
The initial exchangeable K level of the Lloyd
loo
grams arid exchangeable
K
values re-
rnained in this range untIl 1000 lbs. of K20 had been applied. The
high rate of application increaEed the exchangeable
rn.e. per
100
K
level to 0. 31
grams.
Yield responses were associated with increasing rates
of application of K in the greenhouse.
Since cropping had reduced
the exchangeable K level to a somewhat constant lower limit on all
but the highest K
rates, these yield response; cannot be related
meaningfully to the exchangeable
The
was 0.
o.
7
100
level in the soil after cropping.
exchangeable Mg level of the "Lloyd soil"
m. e. per 100 grams. This was reduced to approximately
65 in. e. by
rate.
initial
K
On
cropping on all treatments but those with the highest
these, exchangeable Mg
grams.
No
wa&
Increased to
1.
1
in. e. per
yield responses were noted on this soil in the
g re enhou se.
B.
Muthersbaugh Soil"
The initial pH and exchangeable Ca levels of the Muthers-
TABLE XXVI.
lime Rate
Response of Various Soil Test Values to Lime Application in the Greenhouse. "Lloyd
and Mutherebaugh Soils ". Means of 2 Replications.
pH
Lime
Requirement
-
Lloyd Soil
0 TíA
2
4
6
8
5.63
6.14
6.66
6.75
___ 6.93
2,0
1,8
0.0
0.0
0.0
Exchangeable Ca
me. /100g
3.3
6.6
10.2
12.9
17.0
Muthersbauh Soil
p
2
4
6
8
TIA
598
6.45
6.91
6.93
7.13
2.0
0.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
CatMg+K
m.e./lOOg
3.68
7.29
10.89
13.67
17.80
553
% Ca+Mg-4-K
Saturation
26.1
51.2
72.7
88.4
109.9
4.8
8.2
11.5
15.3
8.90
12.47
16.15
39.1
60.5
33.1
104.1
19.1
20.03
122.1
Values for the various linie rates were obtained by averaging the following
treatment numbers:
T/A lime:
Z TÍA lime:
4 T/A lime:
O
1, 2, and 3.
12 and 14.
15, 18, and 21.
6
8
T/A lime:
TÍA lime:
27 and 29
30 and 31.
pp-
a..
I
IT
2O
18
-.
IS
I-
o
Q-
w
Q-
o
6
2
w
I
i
I
I
I
14
IO
I
IS
-J,--
I9
o
U)
w
'7
15
I
I
O
4
8
12
EXCHANGEABLE
FlEure 16.
Ca
Re1ationstp
in tte
Lloyd and
2
I
Boil.
I
I
20
16
Co (ME/l00 GRAMS)
of yield
to exchaneeable
Greenhouse.
Soils from
xiens of
iuthersbauEh locations.
of' treatments receivina
repl1ctlons
rates of lime.
different
haugh soll were b1hc than those of
thea
L1cyd soll (Table XXVI).
Conequeritly, ìets lime was required to increase the soU pH and
the percentage Ca 4. Mg + K saturation. Application of between
2
and 4 tons
of
1ie the rea sed the
the lime recitirement.
6
tono of lime, or
required to increase the Ca
Figure
16
of exchangeable Ca would
or
Ca
3
.-
tons of iii-ne
Mg
12
+
K
9
m. e. of Ca, were
4 Mg + K saturation to 100 percent.
shows that the highest yields werc
exchangeable Ca level of
2
soil pH to 6. 5 and eliminated
to
12
aaociated with an
m. e. per 100 grams. This level
probably be euptlicd by an application of
to this soll.
This rate
saturation to between
60
would also increase the
and 80 percent. Slight
yield decreaser occured when the exchangeable Ca level exceeded
12
m.
e.
High Ca
per 100 grams.
the plant's ability to obtain
K
levels may have interfered with
from the oìl.
J s
villi be mentioned
in a later section, the K contente of the plant tops from the lime
treatments were 1.2
tc
1.4 percent and not high enough to be
associated wIth the h.iChest yields (figure 17).
The
initial exchangeable
soil" was 0. 25 im e. per
leve] to
O. 15
100
K
level of the "Mutheribauh
grams. Crop removal lowered thi9
rn. e. per 100 grams on the
O
K20 treatments. Alter
completion of the experiment, only the highest K rate had succeeded
in lncrea3i.ng this value, arid then only to O. 18 m. e. per 100 grams.
Yield responses
to K obtained in the greenhouse cannot be related
to the exchangeable K level in the soil due to the crop removal effect
mentioned ;bcve.
lìie ii.itiai cxcaangcable
soil was
i-n.
. 9
ippromately
).
7
a-i.
e. per 100 grams
creased
er
v'ore obtained
ni. e.
fafl
.f
the "Mutherbaugh
o
all treatinentj except
rate. Here, eclxat-geable
M
1
levcL
e. per 100 grams. Cropping reduced thie t
those with the highe
to 1.
cilg
100
this soil
;rd.ma.
ii the
No
Mg was
in-
yield resrJonse5 to Mg
greenhouse.
Relationship of Yield and Plant Analysis Data:
1oyd
A.
Soilu
Calcium, Potassium, Magnesium, and Phosphorous:
I.
Fiant content of Ca viag mire clusely asaociatec ijth
yield In the greenhouse than in the field (Table XXViI). Applic&-
tion of
from
tue
4
tons of lime increa3ed yields arta increased tne Ca cuateLìt
1. 91
plznt
perct to 2.
ti52iC
from tne
3
percent. However,
O
lime treatmneni (1.
e Ga
o)j
conttnt oí
percert) was
unduly by.. The íact that the Ca conent increased '.ìith
increasing
Itme applications in the greeitheuse maj aLio be an iudirdct
1)1
the rutes of
1he
effect
application used in the greethouse. These rates
were higher than those used
tops was
riot
highcr at tie
O
in
the field.
The
£
content
ûi
the plant
lime rate iz the greeiJìouse than it waz at
8ame limc rate in the field. t..pp1icaUon of linie reduced the K
content from
Z.
O
percent to
Application of
plant tops on the Lloyd
1. 3
K had a
oi1
percent.
].ire
effect on
content of the
(Table XXVII). The initial level of
.valla11 i
tke
i!
increa8ed the p1ait
ca 1r;
(O. )9
¿t,.
o.) and 1000 1b.
ctent of K from O. 5
.ercent
t»
2.
7
if
prceut.
tratment. Figure 17
5h0w5 th relatioaship of yield to thio iiicrease in K cortnt. Yields
.acraeed
liiely uiti1 th £' ccczt ;eichî appr»±ne1y
i.Z5 to i. prcnt. From this po.at th K coacit cc.tiu. L
iacreatie ut yiedu reixìaia r1athe1y Cn13tL1t. Th3 ¿,recs with
the resuE oí other workers. Cha1er,
an Lduield
1ouzd th.t i' cnLut below 1. ¿ percent
generaL!y aeociated
wLh yieid rpunae& greater tlianZü percent (15). Jtckon. et al.
£ouzd th.t X contente above 1. 25 percei to 2 percent wtie adequate
Ca and Mg conteits 's'ere reduced by this
for uptinu.m yields of alfalfa (32). Appliciton of
'a
K
lbs. of I(O
app.xentlj ir excess of that needed Lcr opzinium y.clda and the
contents above
or Z.
1. 5
Ap1ication
O
percent repraeat 1uiry consumption.
of Mg in Llia
z
soil" produced no definite effect ou the
tope (Table LCVII).
prising In tlia
ratec in
Z
Mg
The resu1t
1
Mg
factorial on ta "Lloyd
M
content of th plant
hese
contents were reduce
cases out of
3.
1OJ
na1yses ar
rther sur-
by the mncrea&ng
Howver checas, run to
Mg
detmine ii
errors vierc involvcci indicated that both
rcedures were in order. A deßnie effect of K application was
noted and K ccn;enta were increastd from O. to Z. percent. The
r.te of Mg applied apparently had little effect on the K content
ampl1n c analytical
1
of the plant tope.
Applications of lime increased the P content of the pLant
1'rd!rately @.2
iop
efct -'n the P c'rtterit
had litt
slight,
.
non-Mgntficant
rf
re.pone
percent.
3"
P
applications
the ptant tieeue.
Though n1y
to P vere obtained on the "Lloyd
soil", yield was generally related to the P content of the plant
tops.
This
ir
shwn
vee aaooiated
with
by figure
P
.
yieie obtained
Sulfur:
The rru1ybdenuni ratc
'cry higi, rangtng from
hel:
Tì
contentr of above 0. 34 percent.
Molybdenum and
2.
Y
to 9.
O
applied in the
' tht.
greehozie were
of molybdenum pe acre.
Alzo theae rates were applied in ccriibinat1ort with 4
per acre.
wer.
not
In this light,
toc'
surprising.
increased the
410
Application of
ppm molybdenum
prn, in the absence of
have been found
if
cor.tents
9. 6 the.
XXIX
n Table
of rro',-hdenum
in the platt 100 times,
5ulf1r.
of lime
from 4
to
Lower contents wouc. probably
lime had been applied. In any :asc, alfalfa
no
seems to poeress the
of ite
mlybdenurr
the
trii
ability to absorb nwlybdenum far
excess
ned.
Application of sulfur ha been hcwn to
rlybdenurn content
of plant
matertJ
(70, p.
de:re.e
the
'5). The reu1t
of
thIs experiment showed a similar effect. The applicition of 160 lbs.
of sulfur
the O
decreRed the mol'bdenurr content cf the plant
moiybdenun treatment by nearly
plant tissue grown at the 9.
6
half,
arid the
tissue of
content of the
lb. molybdenum rate, by cver 300
TABLE XXVII. Chemical Composition of Alfalfa in Terms of Percentage and MiUequìvalents per 100
grams of Dry Matter. Greenhouse Study of Soil from Lloyd Location. Means of 2 Replications.
I Modified Composite
Treatment
Combination
L P K Mo
3 3 3 3
283
1 3 3 3
5 3 3 3
2.77
138.8
2.79
2.07
139.3
103.5
3 3
1
3
3353
Ca
m.e./1Oc.
141.5
95.8
1.91
z Ma Factorial
Treatment
Mg
T.
m.e./l0
Ca Mg
K
m.e.f1O
CaUons
m.e.Iló
K
m.e.IlOOg
Z9.Z
1.3
0.39
0.36
32.5
30.0
2.0
1.2
51.2
30.7
179.2
199.5
2.5
5.5
0.46
0.30
36.7
24.6
0.5
2.7
29.2
11.5
187.5
197.3
15.3
1.9
O.3&
33.3
204.0
5.1
II K
Combination
K Mg
1
1
1
5
3
1
¿.79
3.00
2.83
2.83
2.07
¡.97
3 5
5 1
III L z
Ga
m.e.J10
1.3
150.0
141.5
141.5
103.5
Mg
% m.e.R0
U.4b
36.7
0.32
0.36
0.43
0.30
0.24
26.7
29.2
24.6
2.7
2.9
35.8
98.5
19.6
P (Values are percentage P in plant tops)
Lime Level
1
1
3
5
--
-
028
0.36
0.39
_
W
0.5
0.4
1.3
1.1
Ca Mg
K
m.e.I10
11.5
10.3
33.3
28.2
69.2
73.0
Cations_
K
m.e.I10
m.e.I10
187.5
15.3
187.0
204.0
205.3
197.3
191.1
P level
3
0.30
0.35
0.39
5
u.7
0.36
17.2
5.1
6.3
1.9
1.6
TABLE XXVIII. Chemical Composition of Alfalfa in Terme of Percentage and Millequivalenta per loo
grams of Dry Matter. Greenhouse Study of Soil from Muthersbau.gh Location. Means of 2 Replications.
I Modified Composite
T rea tment
Combination
L P K Mo
%
Ca
m.e.I1OÇ
Mg
K
141.5
%
0.34
m.e.1lO(
Z8.3
l.Z
Cations
m.e.flO(
31.T
m.e.11O
¿01.3
Ca Zg
K
m.eJ[0
4.7
3 3 3 3
Z.83
1 3 3 3
5 3 3 3
2.18
2.93
109.0
146.3
0.38
0.30
31.3
24.6
1.4
1.4
35.6
35.6
206.6
4.8
3 3 1 3
3 3 5 3
3.07
2.13
153.5
106.3
0.39
0.29
32.1
23.8
2.0
1.0
25.4
50.8
211.0
7.3
2.6
175.9
180.9
3.9
II K X MjFactoria1
reatmerit
Combination
Ca
K Mg
_%
Ti
1
3.cY7-
2.69
2.83
2.57
2.13
2.05
5
3 1
3 5
5 1
5 5
LU
L x P (values
A28.5
106.3
102.5
0. 39
0.41
0.34
0.41
0.29
0.34
m.e.I1O
32. 1
32.4
28.3
34.2
23.8
28.3
1.0
1.3
1.2
1.2
2.0
1.8
m.e.110
25.4
33.3
31,7
29,4
50.8
44.8
Çations_
m.e./1O
211.0
202.0
201.3
192.1
180.9
175.6
Ca Mg
K
m.e.IlOg
7.3
5.1
4.7
5.5
2.6
2.9
P level
1
3
5
153.5
134.5
141.5
'Ye
K
are percentage P in plant tops)
Lime Level
i
in.e./l0
Mg
0.31
0.38
0.37
3
0.34
0.40
0.41
5
0.36
0.44
N
124
24
I.-
o
Q-
w
8
Q.
w
o
O
I-.
2
I
3
-J4
Ö
21
cl)
4
(D
19
3AUGH
s
O
I
%
K IN
2
PLANT TOPS
Relationship of yield to percentage
plant tops.
Greenhouse.
Soils
and
ì4uthersbauh
from Lloyd
locations.
ieans cf 2 rep1icitions of trtmerits
recivin different rates of K.
Figure 17.
1
in
II
s
o
9
7
LLOYD
o
':
0.24
32
28
40
36
>-
1119
o
u,
g
o
4
7
1CH
¡5E
0f
30
F1ure
34
%
38
P
IN
PLANT
42
46
TOPS
Re1tionsb1p of ylld to percentlEe
l. plant
tops. Greenhouse. 3oils
tri
frorn
cans
Lloyd arid 4uthersb3ui locations.
2
of
rece
iviii
tretrnerits
of
replications
different rates of P.
F
TA!IJ XXIX. Mo1ybd.nurr and Sulfur Cornpo3ition of Alfalfa from
Cre'nhuse Experi:rent. uLloyd and Mutlie'sbaugh SoU&'. Mean.e
of Z Replicaticns.
Treatment
Mo
1
1
1
3
5
¡
3
3
3
5
5
5
Lloyd Soil
S
(ppm) (%)
Mo
Level
1
3
5
o
(ppm)
5
3
0.21
0.31
0.60
27
0.19
20
0.56
16
11
4
¿
16
12
3
410
252
5
105
1
Mutherbaugh
0.23
0.43
0.61
3
3
430
215
98
S
(%)
0.27
0.53
0.70
0.24
0.5
0.79
0.2-1
0.50
0.72
Soil
r
I
22
18
o
û-
L 0V D
17
w
û-
I
i
O
f
2
4
I
I
6
8
-J4
>>-
al9
o
's)
17
e
BAUGH
O
4
6
8
% S IN PLANT TOPS
F1ure 19. ReLitlonship of y.e1d to percentuEe
in plant tops. Greenhouse. Soils f'rorn
Lloyd arid uthersbauEh 1octions. Means
of' 2 relications of treatments rcceivnE
different rates
of S.
'za
percent. Thus, the effect of sulfur in reducing the molybdenum
content was much more evident at high contente of molybdenum.
Stout. !.t
5.1.
(70, p. 85) have postulated that this effect i a
competition for an anion of .imilar size and charge. However, the
sulfur content of the plant tops in thi. experiment was not affected
in the least by the molybdenum level. Generally, the first 40 lbs.
of sulfur applied accounted for approximately half of the reduction
in molybdenum content at all molybdenum levels. This effect is
probably not a simple one, as sulfur Interferes with absorption of
molybdenum but molybdenum does not appear to interfere with the
absorption of sulfur. The competitive effect noted In this study
continued over the range of sulfur applications with the first applications being the most effective.
Sulfur applications increased the
S
content of the plant
tops (Table XXIX). Yield responses were also obtained to sulfur
application. Figure
19 Showß
the relationship of yield to sulfur
content. High yields were associated with sulfur contents above
O. 50
percent. These levels were higher than those found by
Tungen (80) who obtained optimum yields of alfalfa on several
southern Oregon soils at sulfur contenta of approximately 0. 30 to
0. 35
percent.
B.
"Muthersbaugh Soll"
1.
Calcium, Potassium, Magnesium, and Phosphorus:
Application of lime increased yield and the Ca content of
..
Lhe
plant
from he
top6
O
(Table XXVIII). Iioweve, the Ca content of
Urne
trcatents
was Z.
la
the
'-
planta
percent and should not have
been limiting to growth. Mg contents were reduced by lime applica..1on,
but
K contents were not. The K content of the plant tops from
thae treatrnent3 ws
1.2 to L4 perc2nt, not a high value.
The content of K in the plant tope wa increased from 1.
percent to 2. 0 percent
content un the
The
O
by the
application f 32'J lbs. of KO
0
per acre.
K20 treatment vas higher than that found on
the "Lloyd soil" for the corresponding treatment, reflecting the
higher
the
level of available
K
soil'. However,
in the "Mutherebatigh
K content of the high K treatment was lower than that on the
"Lloyd soil", indicating th* effect of
Uiere. Yield increase3 due to
K
higher rates of
the
K
used
&pplication on the Muthersbaugh
soil" were associated with the increase in K content of the plant
tops (figure 17). The highest yields occured when the K content
svas 1. 75
percent or greater, and the curve iiidicate that yield
responsee could be
obtained when the
below this percentage.
K
content was anywhere
(t the
The lowest yield
O
KO t4eataenta)
ou the "Muthershaugh soll" were higher than those obtained on the
'Lloyd soil", but
K
contents of 1.25 percent ou both soils were
&&sociated with yields of
matter per pot.
Nu
approxitnately 16
¿O
grains of dry
indication of a critical content for K waa found
and, if luxury coAaurntion occurs, it takes piace
above 2.
to
0
jercent. The curve in figure
17
&t
a K content of
indicates that responses
further applications of K rrngbt have been achieved. Both the
130
response curve in Ligure
13
and figure
17 chow no
maamum response
within Uie range of applications. The yield level of the experiment
as a whule
might
have been increased il a higher rate of K had been
used.
Applications of
from 3. 07 percent to 2.
13
3Zu
lbs. of K20 reduced the Ca content
percent and the
Mg content
from 0. 39
percent to 0.Z9 percent. It is interesting to note that the highest
and lowest Ca and Mg contents in the experiment on the tIMuthera
baugh soil were brought about by variation in the rate of K applica-
tion.
Applications of Mg increased the Mg content of the plant
(Table XXVIII); Ca contents decreased slightly but K contenti were
not affected.
No
yield response to Mg was found on this soil.
Both P and lime applications increased the P content of
the plant tops (Table XXVflI). The highest P contents (0.44 percent)
occured when 360 lbs. of P205 and 4 tons of lime were applied. The
highest yields obtained on the P treatments occured when the P
content was above 0. 38 to 0. 40 percent (figure 18). P contents
higher than thia did not further increase yields. Lime responses
on this soil were obtained
partially through lime's effect
on the
availability of phosphorous. Thu. was indicated by the fact that
when the P contents were raised by the addition of P the lime
sponse was greatly reduced.
re-
13
Z.
Moiybderum and Sulfur:
On the T1Mutkicrbaugn soU.
,
applicltionß of 9.
C'
1m. of
mybdeaun cortteilt :o 43 ppm
(Table XXD). ..s was ieAtioi3a earlier
molybdenum per acre ncreaec1 the
in the absence of su.lfur
n the
thacusion of the molybdenum contents ii planto from the
"Lloyd
¡oil',
the rate of molybdenum applied was high (much higher
than would be applied in the field)
of lime.
¡and
it wa applied In the pre&ence
These contents are not generall'j related to yield even
though there was some tendency toward a nolybdenum responze
on the "Muthersbaugh
soil'.
Suiftir reduced the content of molydcnurn in the
iisue
drastically (330 percent) especially at the high molybdeaurn rate.
Again, as on the Lloyd soil, the first 40 ibò. of uJíur were
i:re
effective in reducing the molybdenum content than were the last
120
lbs. Molybdenum apphcatioa
of the plant
d34 not
affect the sulfur content
tissues.
Sulfur applications increa6e the au11ir content of the
plant
tissue (Table XXiX). As on the "Lloyd soil", the optimum
yields were associated with sulfur contents above
In
generale
U. 50
percent.
9uUur contents were slightly higher on the 'Muthers-
baugh soil" than on the "Lloyd soil"; however, the yield response
to sulfur was somewhat
larger
on the "Lloyd soil".
Yield
responses
to sulfur application were achieved at higher sulfur contents thnti
132
thoie reported by Yungen
C.
(bU).
Sum of Cation-Equivaleu±8 and Cation-Equivalent Ratioe
The va1ue for the sum f cation-equivalents varied be-
tween treatment
bu they
varied to a
SniaUCT
extent than did the
m. e. contents of the individual cationa (Tables XXVII and XXVIII).
This result i the same a that found in th analysis of the plant
tissue
from
the field
eperimeuts. For example, in the data for
the modified compomite, application of 1000 lbs. of K20 decreased
the m.e. of Ca 35 percent, the m.e. of Mg 50 percent, and In-
creased the im e. of
K 503
equivalent5 varied only
5
percent.
perceit.
the sum of cation-
However1
The lowest values for the sum
of cation-equivalents were generally found on the low lime or high
k(
treatments on the MuLherbaugh oi1". Low vaiue8 were
generally associated wnh low lime and low K treatments on the
"Lloyd soil",
This variUon from the above effect was probably
due to the very low K contents on the
O
KO treatments.
J_owered yields were generally ubBerved when the Ca + Mg
K
equivalent ratio exceeded approximately 4:1. This was especialiy
true on the Lloyd soil. Here, how-ever, the
K
contcntø of the plant
topi from treatments having high ratio value. were approximately
0.
5
percent. This content definitely indicates a
K
deficiency. As
mentioned previously in a similar section on the field results this
relationship was not completely valid, as low yields on the low
133
lime treatments viere associated with Ca +
Comprison
of Greenhouge and
One of the objectiveB
the
ue of greenhouse
ratioa below 4:1.
Field Reaults
in this study
was the evaluation of
techniques in delineating fertilizer response
information. Response in the field is the final basis or the evaluation o the effects of soil amendments, but greenhouse facilities
may be useful in determining the general deficiencies or responses
which might be expected. This evaluation can be made here on the
basis
cd
these reapouss, (c)
(d) a
reaponcs found, (b) the magnitudes
the poitioa of the response maximums, a1
of (a) a cornparl8on of the
comparison of interactions or nutrient relationships.
Lefore
comparing the
field and greenhouse results,
points of dissimilarity between the two conditions of growth should
be considered.
The
first is that only surface soil
the field for use in the greenhouse.
On
was taken from
the basis of this fact, and
the fact that moisture was not limiting in the greenhouse, the
greenhouse responses should be best related to the 1957, or the
ist cutting,
1957, field
responses. Second, the rates of applica-
tion in the greenhouse experiment were generally
ucd in the field.
response
higher than those
This was done first, to be sure of obtaining a
maximum
and
second, to compezisate for having a smaller
volume of soil for the plant roots to utilize in obtaining nutrieuts.
Third, soll temperatures can be assumed to be higher in the
i 34
greenhouse than
±n
the field.
This may h&ve an effect on the P
re5ponse obtained.
Significant linear
and
quadratic lime reponse werø
obtained in both the field and greenhouse experimenti on the "Lloyd
eoil". On the "Mutherbaugh soil", ¡ignificant linear and quadrt1c
responses were obtained in the
field1
but onLy a quadratic
repone
was found in the greenhouse. The magnitudes of the field responses
were much greater than those in the greenhnxse. In terms of
percentages the maximum predicted Linie response in the field on
the "Lloyd eoil" was
house a
4U
O
percent at the
O
KZO
level. In the greeu-
"i
percent response was predicted for the corresponding
treatment combination. similar effects were noted on the
baugh soil'. The exact reason for this difference in response
magnitude cannot be determined from the data availabìe,
siue
the
beneficial effects of lime are many and complex and environmental
and other growth conditions in the greenhouse are different from
those in the field. One of the reasons for this reduced response,
however, may lie in the fact that greenhouse responses °ere obtained with well established and nodulated plants. In the greenhouse,
the plants were grown froni cuttings. These were inoculated t
the time of propogation, and at the end of the experiment were weU
nodulated. On the other hand, the alfalfa in the field was grown
from seed. It Is difficult to obtain a satisfactory stand of alfalfa
on acid soils. Apparently, once a stand is established, some
growth Is obtained. In this respect, conditions were more favorable
I 3E
or eteb1ihi
staad of 1a1fi in the greenhous, ßince rooted
cuttings were uied.
AB a
cornpariou
of íigure&
3
or
5
and
12
will show the
response curves for the field and greenhouee on the "Lloyd soil"
are quite similar with respect to lime response. On the "Muthersbaugh soil" the appropriate figures for this comparison are
13.
and
6
There is leas of a similarity in shape of the response curves
on this soil.
However1
the predicted response maximums in the
greenhouse and field agree quite well on both soils. In all cases
a maximum
response is predicted at approximately the
4 ton
lime
rate.
In
terms
of observed yields, the
lime were obtained at the 4 or
6
largest responses to
ton lime rates in both the field and
greenhouse on both soils. The yield data from both the field and
greenhouse indicated depression.s of yield at the
8
ton lime rate.
Thus, with the exception of the magnitude of the yield responses
found, the greenhouse and field responses agree fairly weil.
Lime x K effect was indicated for the let cutting, 1957,
field yields on the "Lloyd soil"
small at the
O
(
gure 3). Response to K was
lime level, and large (60 percent) where
tons of
lime had been applied. This effect was not shown in the greenhouse
experiment. However, in terms of total yield in 1957, the interaction
effect Is almost absent (figure 5). The field lime x K response
surface for 1957 total yields is quite similar to the lime z K surface
for 1957 for the greenhouse experiment (figure 12).
K
response
i
wa
it
30
somewhat reduced at the iow lime level, but not to the extent
wa
in the
field.
1000 ib9. of K2C
increased yie1d
lime level in the greezthouae. This large
rate occured both in the ist cutting
K
14ó
percent at the
response at the
8
8
ton
ton lime
field yields and in the green-
1957
house yields. The shape of the curves differ, bat the ratee of
application also
O
differ radically.
Responses to
K
were predicted for higher rates cf i.
application in the greenhouse than in the field. It should be remembered that a response to 500
lbs. of K20
in.
the greenhouse cannot be
equated to a field response to the same application.
A
comparison of greenhouse and field responsos to l on
the "Lloyd soil might be confounded by the presence of iMite in the
B2
horizon of this soil. Only surface soil was used in the green-
house. In time, the alfalfa roots in the fìeld will penetrate to the
BZ
horizon and avail themselves of the larger amount of slowly
available
K
present there. Thus, in cases of this
sort1
greenhouse
data wiU only indicate the responses to be found in the early stages
of the field exøeriment.
This i especially true of alfalfa, a deep
rooting plant. Responses to be found later, in the second year for
instance, may differ from those indicated by greenhouse experimente.
On the "Mutherebaugh
soil",
K
responses smaller than
those on the tiLloyd soil' were obtained in both the field and greenhouse (figures
6
and 13).
In the field the observed yield response
-
to
lbs.
10G
to 320 lbs. of
:K.D .rag
2' oerceitt;
KO wa.
18
percent.
in the
Zn
the reaponse
greeribokze
the
mum occurec! at appzoxthiately 100 1b8. uf
a
field1
response maxi-
per acre, but i
rateB in the green.house did not appear to be high enough to bring
about a
maximum
Comment
yield.
has already been
mMde on
this
effect, thcugh it seems certain that a arnaUer response to K would
be predicted to occur at the Mutherbaugh location than
at
the
Lloyd location. This is indicated by the shape of the response
curves found (ligures
5
and 6,
12
and 13) and by the initia], soil teat
values for the two Boils (Table XVIII).
Neither the field or greenhouse studies indicated a
response tu P on the
v?Lloyd
soil". However, significant P and
lime x P interaction effects were found in the greenhouse on the
'Muthersbaugh soil".
No such
were opposite to one another.
was found in the absence
of P2O
o
Xxi
the field in 1957,
The appropriate
field azu
XV and XXII
l
percent at the
reeniìouae data
P response
O
Jb.
ltme
to illustrate this
respectively. Figure
responses to P and lime as predicted by the
of the
no
linie, while in the greenhouse 360
1ncreaed the observed yield
are found in Tables
the
in the field in
In fact, the trends of the field and greenhouse experimes
1957.
level.
were found
effects
14
response
shows
equation
greenhouse experiment. The dìufereice in P response be-
tween the held and greenhouse on the tMuthersbaugh soil" was
probably duo to the differences in environmental conditions. The
data of these experiments is too limited tu aid in explaining the
-
ffct.
In
thc-)ugh the
ger.drLl1
diuíeretcE in
.P
rpoue beven
the field and greenhouße cannot be eai1y ezplained on the 'Mutheribaugh
field
treLÁ& I:orard
oi1",
and greenhouse.
The
on the "Uoyd soil" in that
either
z
P rspcne cccrcd here
íield
n.
in both the
and greenhouse results also agree
P repoases were obtained under
et of conditions.
No
significant responses to
Mg were
observed in either
the field or greenhoue on either soil. These negative results
tend to show a general agreement between the
reults
of field and
greenhouse ttudles.
Greenhouse and field responses to molybdenum cannot be
easily compared as the largest field responses to molybdenum occured in the absence of lime. Since the molybdenum variable was not
applied in the absence of lime in the greenhouse,
comparison
of results is possible.
ever. This is that
One fact
the yield increases that
is
little
direct
noteworthy how-
were found
in
response
to molybdenum application tended to be slightly larger on the
"Muthersbaugh soil" than on the "Lloyd. SOU" in both field and green-
house.
Soil
nd plant
anali9
cannot be generally compared.
data
This
from the
is
due
field
and greenhuse
to the soil
volume
differences previously mentioned, and the differing rates of fertilizer
application. Some of these data can be compared however, if these
differeoces are
kept
in mind. In both the fie.d and greenhouse
on
the "Lloyd soil", optimum yields are associated with exchangeable
139
Ca levels in the soil above
16
respectively).
8
zn.e. per
100
On the "Mutherabaugh
giams (figuree
Boil"
9
and
optimum yields are
associated with an exchangeable Ca level above approximately 10
In both the field and greenhouse, approxiin. e. per 100 grams.
mately 4 tons of lime had to be applied to the "Lloyd soil" to
achieve this exchangeable Ca level (Tables XVII and XXVI). On
the "Mutherabaugh soil", slightly
lesi lime was needed in
both
the field and greenhouse to obtain the exchangeable Ca level
associated with optimum yields.
The K content of the plant tops from the low K treatments
on the "Lloyd soil" was approximately
field and greenhouse (figures
associated with
K
11
contents above
O. 5
and 17).
1. 0
percent in both the
Optimum yields were
to 1. 25 percent under both
conditions. For the "Mutheribaugh soil", plant contents of K
below approximately
1
percent did not occur in either the field or
greenhouse. K contents above approximately
1. 75
percent were
associated with optimum yields in both field and greenhouse.
The general nature of the yield responses to be obtained
in the field would be estimated adequately by an experiment
conducted under greenhouse conditions on these two soils. No
relationship seems to exist between the magnitudes of field and
greenhouse responses, but the size of the response. to different
elements relative to one another may be estimated. The results
of greenhouse studies should be considered with
respect to the
conditions under which they were obtained. This is necessary if
140
a proper estimation of the
lE
response. to be expected in the field
to be obtained.
One
further point that may be made concerning the
comparison of the field and greenho.se experiments on thece soi1
is the significance of deviations term of the statlitical analyeia.
This term was larger on the "Lloyd soil" than on the "Mutherebaugh
soil" in both the field and greenhouse studies. This may indicate
that the effect of the unmeasured degrees
of
freedom was similar
in both the field and greenhouse. Extra observed yield points for
the reduction of this term were probably needed in approximately
the same areas of both the field and greenhouse experimental
designs.
141
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
A
study was initiated to determine the response of
alfalfa In terms of limiting nutrient factors, appAcL singly and
in combination, ori the soils of the
À..loyd
ana Muthersbaugh farms
in Columbia County, Oregon. A further objective of the study was
to evaluate the use of greenhouse
techzuues
in
delineating £rLUizer
response information. YieLa responses were reiated
urnt
to
chemical properties of these soils and to piant oxnpositiun.
Field experiments, utilizing a cornçosis type oi experimental design with lime, magnesitun, and potassium as
factors, were established. lt was assumed that
the
vaibl
yieid responses
to the variables of the composite design would e approximated by
a quadratic response equation.
response surfaces were drawn
Using this response equation.
iLLustrating the
th.at occured. A lime z phosphorus
sigathtnt
eLta
factorial and a Lime z moly-
bdenurn factorial were included in tite experùnento.
Observed and predicted yieius were cox1paret. The
differences were lound to
be
least near the center
of the
doign
where more observed yield points were available un which
t,.
base
predicted yields. lue to the smaller number of observed yield
point6 in the vicinity of the
t)
lime treatments, the response equa-
tion could not follow the large yield increase caused by application
of the
first increment
of lime.
For this reason, the yields of the
142
O
lime plots were overestimated and th yiticis of he
¿
ton limo
rates were underestimated.
Significant responses to lime were found on both locations
duriiig both years. The
ton application
of
lime increased yields
as much as 145 percent at the Lloyd location in 1957. In 1958,
the lime response was reduced, possibly due to the large amount
uf
grass in the
O
Aime
plots. The response surface predicted
maximum response to lime at the 4 to
6
a
ton rates of application.
At the Mutherabaugh location application of 4 tons of
lime increased the observed yields by
er rates
of
195
percent in 1957. High-
application reduced yields to some extent. In 1956,
lime responses were smaller than in 1957, but a response maximum
was again predicted at between 4 and
6
tons of lime per acre.
Applications of lime increased the pH, exchangeable Ca
level, and the percentage Ca
+. Mg
+
K
saturation on both soila.
Optimum yields were associated with exchangeable Ga levels of
above
8
m. e. per 100 grams at the Lloyd location and a level
ahoye 12 m. e. per 100 grams at the MAer8baugh location.
Applications of lime had little effect on the Ca content
of the plant tops, but did
location.
increase P contents at the Mutherabaugh
This indicates that one ol the effects of lime application
at this location was to increase the availability of soil P.
Large responses to K occured at the Lloyd location In
1957. These responses were especially evident at high lime
rates.
143
In
l98,
sma.11er
reporiscs were obtained, possibly
alfalfa roots reach.in.g the
due to the
horizon which contained an appreciable
amount of ill ite.
K
responsee obtained at the Mutherebaugh location were
not significant,
These responses were smaller than those at the
Lloyd ocation, possibly reflecting the larger amount of available
K in the
soil. The madmum response was predicted for the
100
lb. rate of K2() and no lime x K interaction was observed.
Application of
both locations.
u.
16
K
increased the exchangeable
Optimum yields were obtained between
O. 14
and
in. e, per 100 grams of exchangeable K at the Lloyd location
in 19S7 and 1958. At the Muthershaugh
¡ç
K level at
location, the
level of the soíl was in ali cases higher than 0.
18
exchangeable
m. e. per 100
grams, and only small yield responses were ubtained by
it. Application of
K
fertilizer increased the
K
increasing
content of the plant
tops. Optimum yields were associated with K contents of above
l.Z5 to
1. 5
percent at tÌe Lloyd location anii above
1. 5 to Z
per-
cent at the Mutherabaugh location.
No
significant response to Mg was obtained on either
location during either year. However, Mg increased yields as
much as 1200 lbs. of dry matter per acre oì. the Lloyd location
at the
6
ton lime rate. A yield response of 1000 lbs. per acre was
noted at the Muthersbaugh location, but it was not large enough to
be significant.
£ Z
A
P respons. of
1
Z
percent occured at the Mu.therbaugh
location in 1957 in the presence of lime. Small responses were
noted at both locations in 195e. These respon
wert
ot large
enough to be ignLfic.nt in either year.
ign±uicant resp
ns to molyb.enm
locations. Molybdenum increased yields
ccurd at
poimatly 100 pr-
cent at thc Mithcrbug1i location in the z.bsexe í
Iiic la
maller respcnss occured in 1,58. Mo1ybdeAn
ncreased the total yield
£1
beth
l7.
kicatis
percent a the Lloyd location in 1957.
Application ol eithcr lime or molybdenum increased the mo1bdenum
content of the plant tops. The highest
with lime and molybdenum
in
cntent were
scia.ed
ombínatin.
The ion raflo,
\jaca +Mg
was determined on soil sample. from the field locations. No
couclusivs results were obtained in attempts to relate this ratio to
yield. There was no simple relationship as low yields were
associated with either a high or low ratio value.
Greenhouse experiments were established on soil taken
from each of the field locations.
A
modified composite design
with the variables lime, phosphorus, potassium, and molybdenum
was used. Response surfaces were drawn for the significant
results. Included with the modified composite design were
K x Mg,
i
'u1fur
X
molybdnnum, and lime x boron
fctor1a1.
Significant responses to lime were obtained on both
BOUl.
Thele respon3cs were sma11r than those obtanee in the field,
being generally in the range of
percent. Thc maximum predicted
30
relpozse occured at apprc»imate1y the
4
thu level
.i both s'ì.
Lime app1ictionE r.creaied the soil pli, exchangeab1t Ca level,
d percentage Ci +
btaned at
and
9
tc
or
12 re..
rn. e. of exchangeable Ca in the "Lloyd soil"
9
e.
saturafioz. Optimum yieldF were
+
?
in the
"Muthersbat.zth 3oil
Lime app1icatios increased the P
cntnt
in the greenhouse.
of the plant tops on the
ttMuthersbagh soil".
A
large
K
reaponee was obtar.ed on the "Lloyd soiU' ìn
the greenhouse. Responea were obtained at K20 rates up to 500
lbs. per acre on this soil.
A
significant
K
response was also
obtained on the "Mutherebaugh soil". Application of K Increased
the K content of the
plant
tops on both soils. Responses to
were generaUy obtained when
1. 5
the
percent on the Lloyd soil and
K cnteut was
1. 75
K
lees than 1.25 to
percent on the Mutherebaugh
soil.
A
on the
18
8
significant P response sud Urne x P interaction occured
Muthersbiugh soil. 360 lbs. of P2Oç increased the ytelde
percent at the
O
level of lime.
No
P response was obtained where
tons of lime were applied. Yield wa related to the P content of
the plant tops on both soils, the highest yields being obtained when
the
P
0.38
content
to
wa above
0. 34
percent on the "Lloyd soil" and above
0.40 percent on the "Muthersbaugh soil".
Mg
appliatio
tad
no effect on yields on the "Muthers-
iaugh soil", ;.nd increased yields only slightly oo the
No
sigtJ1icant rnoiybdeiwrn
grenhonse.
respons were
on both soilS.
It
respnsee
ari
obtained
in
Application of 'n'1y-
increased the content of this element In the plant.
Application of culfur increased
by
ofl".
due to the fact that the molybdenum
This wa
variable was applied in the presence of lime.
ixleriuzr
"L1yd
The
t'te
u1fur ccntent cf the plant
w.s coflcluded
to be obtained
iii
yields sIgMfcantly
wa
also increasd.
that the general nature of the yl2ld
the
fleirl
wuYd
he quaUtativ1y
tImate.d
experirnent conducted under greenhouse conditions on these
two 20118.
The çiantitative retz1ts
cousidered with
obtained.
of
greenhouse
epect te the condìttas under
tuclies
wMc
they
must be
were
147
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