Circuits
Ci
it II
EE221
Unit 5
Instructor: Kevin D
D. Donohue
Passive Filters, low-Pass and Band-Pass
filters
l
Filters


A filter is a circuit/system designed with
specifications
ifi ti
f
for it
its amplitude
lit d and
d phase
h
frequency response.
Since capacitors and inductors result in
frequency dependent impedance elements, it is
possible
ibl to
t create
t circuits
i
it that
th t filter
filt outt ((or
pass) signal energies over specified frequency
regions.
g
Filter Example:

Find the transfer function for the circuit below and
sketch
k t h magnitude
it d of
f th
the ttransfer
f f
function.
ti
D
Describe
ib
the filtering properties of this circuit with input vi(t)
and output
p vo(t)):
R
+
vi(t)
C
-
Rf
+
vo((t))
-
R1

Show that this filter can be described as a low-pass
filter. (i.e. as   ,, then Hˆ ( j )  0 , and as  0,
then H ( j )  Gain at DC > 0).
Capacitive and Inductive Elements:

Consider the impedance magnitudes of the capacitor and inductor as
a function of :
Capacitor: X C  1
C




Inductor: X L  L
For higher frequencies the capacitor impedance approaches short
circuit behavior while the inductor impedance approaches open
circuit behavior.
For lower frequencies the inductor impedance approaches short
circuit behavior while the capacitor impedance approaches open
circuit behavior.
Describe
D
ib th
the capacitor
it impedance
i
d
att DC
DC.
Describe the inductor impedance at DC.
Basic Filter Types and Terminology


The most common types of filters are listed below:
 Low-pass
 High-pass
 Band
Band-pass
pass
 Band-reject (or notch)
Filter Terms:
 Passband
P b d - range of
f input
i
t signal
i
l frequencies
f
i that
th t pass through
th
h filter
filt
relatively unimpeded.
 Stopband - range of input signal frequencies that are strongly
attenuated (relative to the passband) in passing to the output.
 Cut-off
C t ff frequency
f
- the
th end
d of
f th
the passband/stopband
b d/ t b d region.
i
F
For th
the
band-pass and band-reject filters there are 2 cut-off frequencies.
 3 dB cut-off (or half power) frequency - the frequency where the
magnitude of the transfer function is 3 dB down from its maximum
value.
value
 Passive filter – filter circuit without amplifier elements (no external
power). The gain for passive filters is always less than or equal to 1.
 Active filter – filter circuit using an amplifier element (i.e. an op amp).
While the active filter requires power
p wer external to
t the input signal,
si nal it
has greater flexibility for gain setting and superior buffering
capabilities (i.e. filter properties do not change with the load).
Band-Stop Filter Design Example:

For the band-reject filter given below, determine the circuit
parameters so that the center (anti-resonant) frequency is 15
g gain
g
at
kHz, and the bandwidth 1.5 kHz. Determine the resulting
anti resonance, DC, and as .
C
L
vi(t)


Show that f0 
1
(2 ) LC
B
1
(2 ) RC
R
+
vo(t)
-
GDC  G  1
In g
general, if a second order band-reject
j
filter can be p
put in canonical
form:
2
2
(
G
s


0)
ˆ
H ( s)  2
s  Bs  02
where G = gain at DC (GDC ) = gain as  (G ), B = 3 dB bandwidth, 0
= center frequency. The gain at anti-resonance is 0.
Canonical TF Forms for Basic Filters:

For the 2nd order band-pass

For the 2nd order band-reject

For the 1st order low-pass

For the 1st order high-pass
g p
Hˆ ( s ) 
Hˆ ( s ) 
Go Bs
s 2  Bs  o2
2
2
G
s


(
)
0
0
Hˆ ( s )  2
s  Bs  02
GDC
 s 
   1
 c 
sG
ˆ
H (s) 
s  c
where GDC is the g
gain at DC,, G∞ is the g
gain at infinity,
y, and c is the 3 dB
(half-power) cutoff frequency, and o is the resonant/center
frequency.