AMT–101
Safety,GroundOpera7ons,&Servicing
Chapter11
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Safety
AircraEareveryveryexpensive
AircraEaredangerous
AircraEarefragile
Safetystartsbylistening
Askforhelp
Followprocedures
!
Procedureswereestablishedforareason
•  Thinkbeforeac7ng
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Distrac7ons
Fa7gue
Deadlinepressures
Stress
Outsidedistrac7ons/events
Poorcommunica7onskills
Complacency(geQngsloppy)
Lackofinforma7on
!
ManualsarewriTenforapurpose
ShopSafety
•  Workareamustbeorderly
•  Workareamustbeclean
•  Toolsmustbeorganized
Youmustknowwhenatoolismissing
!  Toolsmustbesafelystored
!
•  Usethecorrecttools
•  Properlysecureyourwork
•  Markandfollowsafetylanes,pedestrian
walkwaysandfirelanes
ShopSafety-Electrical
•  Usethecorrectsizedextensioncord
Theycanneverbetoolarge
!  Ifthecordgetshot,getalargerone
!
•  Repairordestroydamagedelectricalcords,
outletsortools
•  Understandyourelectricalequipment
•  Groundyourselfwhenworkingonelectronics
!
Useagroundstrap
ShopSafety–CompressedGases
•  Inspectairhosesfrequentlyforbreaksandworn
spots.
!
Unsafehosesshouldbereplacedimmediately.
•  Keepallconnec7onsina“no-leakcondi7on.”
•  Maintainin-lineoilers,ifinstalled,inopera7ng
condi7on.
•  Thesystemshouldhavewatersumpsinstalled
andshouldbedrainedatregularintervals
ShopSafety–CompressedGases
•  Airusedforpaintsprayingshouldbefilteredto
removeoilandwater.
•  Neverusecompressedairtocleanhandsor
clothing.Pressurecanforcedebrisintotheflesh
leadingtoinfec7on.
•  Thinktwiceaboutusingcompressedairtoblow
offfilingsanddebris
•  Neverspraycompressedairintheareaofother
personnel.
ShopSafety–CompressedGases
•  Airhosesshouldbestraightened,coiled,and
properlystoredwhennotinuse.
•  Preventhighpressure“boTles”from7pping
over
•  Deflate7resbeforeworkingonthem
•  Use7redolliesforheavy7res
•  Use7recageguards
•  Usepressureregulators
ShopSafety–HazardousMaterial
•  MaterialSafetyDiamond
!
Quickwaytodeterminehazardousmaterialrisk
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ShopSafety–HazardousMaterial
Flammability–Red
Reac7vity–Yellow
Health–Blue
Colorsquareshaveara7ngfrom0-4
Greaterthenumber,thegreatertherisk
!  0isnotarisk
!
•  SpecialHazard–White
Abbrevia7onsforspecialrisks
!  e.g.W–highreac7vitytowater
!
ShopSafety–HazardousMaterial
•  MaterialSafetyDataSheet(MSDS)
Formsthatprovidesafetydetailsonmaterialsand
chemicals
!  EachshopshouldhaveafilecontainingMSDSfor
eachdangerousmaterialusedintheirshop
!  RefertoMSDSforsafetyinstruc7ons
!  Movingtointerna7onalstandard
!
•  SafetyDataSheets(SDS)
•  OSHA–U.S.DepartmentofLaborOccupa7onal
SafetyandHealthAdministra7on(OSHA)
!
Setssafetystandardsintheworkplace
ShopSafety–MachineTools
•  Properclothes
!
Notloose&opentoeshoes
Eyeprotec7on
Hearingprotec7on–longtermsafety
Followtoolinstruc7ons
Usesharptools
Keepthingsclean
Protectfuel/hydraulicfluid/oilfromigni7on
sources
•  Securework
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ShopSafety–FOD
•  ForeignObjectDamage
•  Cleanupyourwork
Loosenuts,bolts,screws
!  Clippings–safetywire,7ewraps&metalscrapes
!  Coins
!  Paperandboxes
!
•  Countyourshoptowelsandpapertowels
•  Jetenginesaregiantvacuumcleaners
•  Propenginescanturnlooseobjectsintobullets
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SafetyAroundAirplanes
Stayclearofpropellers
Assumethepilotdoesn’tseeyou
Stayclearofjetintakesandexhaust
Stayclearofpropellerwash
NosmokingaroundaircraE
Keepdangerousfluidsoutofeyesandoffskin
Secureyourtools
Takecarewhenmovingthingsaround
SafetyAroundHelicopters
•  Becarefulofdroopingslowspeedblades
•  Approachfromthefront
!
Insurethepilotseesyou
•  Becarefulwithtallitemsaroundblades
•  Neverapproachrota7ngtailrotor
!
Itisdifficulttoseearota7ngtailrotor
•  Movefromonesidetotheotherbygoing
aroundthefront
Fire
•  Threeitemsneededbyafire
Fuel
!  Heat
!  Oxygen
!
•  Removeanyoneoftheseitemsandthefire
ex7nguishes
FireClassifica7ons
•  ClassA–wood,cloth,paperandupholstery
•  ClassB–flammablepetroleumproducts–fuel,
greases,solvents,hydraulicfluidsandpaints
•  ClassC–electricalfires
•  ClassD–burningmetals–usuallymagnesium
parts–wheels
!
Aluminumdustandshavingalsoburnverywell •  Knowthesymbols
FireEx7nguishers
FireEx7nguishers
•  Water–ClassAfiresonly
Deprivesfireofoxygen
!  Coolsfire
!  CancauseClassB,CandDfirestogetbiggerand
explode
!
FireEx7nguishers
•  CarbonDioxide(CO2)–ClassA,B,&Cfires
Deprivefireofoxygen
!  Cau7oninconfinedareas–candeprivepeopleof
oxygen
!  Usuallyhavetoreplace/rechargeex7nguisheraEer
use
!  Easytocleanup
!  Bestdefaultex7nguisherforenginefires
!
•  Induc7onandcarburetorfires
!
Coolsdownbrakes
FireEx7nguishers
•  Halon–BestusedonClassB&Cfires
CanalsobeusedonClassA&Dfires
!  Allrangefromtoxictoverytoxic
!
•  Willeasilykillyou
Freon–Halogenatedhydrocarbon
!  Halon104–don’tuse
!  Halon1001–corrosivetoaluminum–don’tuse
!  Halon1011–don’tuse
!  Halon1201–don’tuse
!
•  Halon
!
FireEx7nguishers
Halon1211-canbeuse
•  SprayslikeaCO2ex7nguisher
•  Eliminatesoxygenbyproducingaheavyblanke7ngmist
!
Halon1301–canbeuse
•  Morelikeavapor
•  Usedinconfinedspaces
•  Displacesoxygen
!
EPAhasrestrictedusebecauseitdamagestheozone
FireEx7nguishers
•  ClassDfires
!
Neverusewater
•  Intensifiesthefire
!
Usedrypowerex7nguisher
•  Bicarbonateofsoda,ammoniumphosphateand
potassiumbicarbonate
•  AVGAS
Fuel
Only100LLisavailable
!  Itisblue
!  Tetraethylleadimprovesthegasoline'sperformance
intheengine(raisesoctane)
!  Ethylenedibromideisaddedtohelpscavenge(get
ridof)leadoxide–don’tuseinacar
!  Highheatvalue,highvola7lity
!
•  AVGAS
!
Fuel
Mustmeetvaporiza7onstandard
•  Vaporiza7onhelpscoolengine
•  Toolowvaporiza7onmakesenginehardtostart
•  Toohigh(rapid)vaporiza7oncausesvaporlock
!
!
Vaporlockiswhenthevaporizedfuelpreventstheliquidfuel
fromflowing
Toolowoctanecancausedetona7on
•  OKtousehigheroctane
•  Detona7onisuncontrolledburning,orexplosion,ofthe
fuel-airmixture
!
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Causesrapidriseincylinderpressure,excessivecylinderhead
temperature,andadecreaseinenginepower
Verybadforengine
Fuel
•  Autofuel(MOGAS)nowcontainsethanoland
can’tbeuseinmostaircraE
EthanolisnotallowedwithMOGASSTC
!  RotaxenginecanuseMOGASwithethanol
!
•  RotaxenginesworkbeTerwithMOGAS
Fuel
•  TurbinefuelisJETAorJETA-1
Itisclear
!  Thicker(higherviscosity)thanAVGAS
!  Mainlykerosene
!  JETBiskeroseneandAVGAS(nolead)
!  Pipesandequipmentareblack
!  Hasahigherheatenergyvalueperunitvolumethan
AVGAS
!
•  AVGASis6pound/gallon&20,000Btu/pound
!
120,000Btu/gallon
•  JETAis6.7pounds/gallon&18,500Btu/pound
!
123,950Btu/gallon
Fuel
•  NevermixAVGASandturbinefuel
•  JetfuelinAVGAS-decreaseinthepower
developed,damagetotheengine(through
detona7on)
•  AVGASinjetfuel–depositsleadontheturbine
bladesandreducedservicelife
Contamina7onFuel
•  Keepfuelclean
!
Cleanfilters/screensifyoususpectfuel
contamina7on
•  Keepwateroutoffuel
Watercanfreezeandclogsystems
!  Completelyfilltanksinhumidsitua7ons
!  CheckforwateraEereachrefill
!
•  Jetisthick(viscose)enoughtosuspendwater
Micro-organismsgrowinthesuspendedwater
!  AddPristtohandlewater
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Fueling
Keepthingsclean
Havefireex7nguishersready
Keepsparksandflamesawayfromfuel
GroundaircraEtofueltruck/pump
Weargloveandeyeprotec7on
Protectwingsurfacesfromdamage
Filltanksincorrectorder
Askpilothowmuchfuelisneeded
!
Jetsuseweightnotgallons
•  Insurefuelcapsarereinstalled
Towing
•  Towingishazardousopera7on
CandamageaircraEandproperty
!  Canhurt/killpeople
!  ItdemandsallyouraTen7on
!
•  Aqualifiedpersonmustbeinthecockpitto
operatethebrakesincasethetowbarshould
failorbecomeunhooked
•  UsethetowbardesignedfortheaircraE
•  Towingvehiclespeedshouldbeaboutwalking
speed
Towing
•  PersonincockpitshoulduseaircraEbraketo
helpstop
!
Don’trelyontugbrakesonly
•  TaildraggersareoEentowedbythetailwheel
Makesuretailwheelisunlocked
!  Sometaildraggeraretowedbythemains
!
•  Wingwalkerpersonnelshouldbesta7onedon
eachwing
•  Tailwalkerpersonnelshouldbesta7onedonthe
tail
Towing
•  Steerablenosewheelshouldhavethelocking
scissorsunlockedtofullswivelfortowing
RelockscissoraEertowing
!  Manynosewheelshavelimitedrangeofmovement.
Makesurenottoexceedthatlimit
!
•  MakesuretheaircraE’sbrakingsystemisfully
chargedbeforetowing
•  Alldoorsmustbeclosed.
•  Laddersretracted
Towing
•  Geardownlocksinstalled
•  Checkall7resandlandinggearstrutsforproper
infla7on
•  TestaircraEbrakesbeforemovingaircraE
•  Startandstopsmoothly–nosudden
movements
•  InstallchocksaEerparking
•  InstallallcontrollocksaEerparking
Towing
•  Getclearancebeforecrossingrunway
•  Sta7callygroundaircraEoncemovedinto
hanger
•  Whendonetowing,poin7ngwheelstraight
forward
Towing
A.TowbarformovingatailwheelaircraEfromthemainlandinggear.
B.TowbarformovingatailwheelaircraEfromthetailwheel.
C.TowbarformovingasmalltricyclegearaircraEbyhand.
StayClearofAircraE
•  25feetfromfrontofanidlingjetengine
•  100feetfromtherearofanidlingjetengine
StayClearofAircraE
Tiedown
•  TiedownallparkedaircraE
•  Headintowindifpossible
!
Reducessideloading
•  Leavespaceatwing7ps
•  Lockthenosewheelorthetailwheelinthe
fore-and-aEposi7on
•  UsetheaircraE’s7edownrings
•  Never7etoliEstruts
•  UsenylonorDacronrope
!
Manila(natural)ropeshrinkswhenitgetswet
Tiedown
•  Don’tover7ghtenrope
•  Usechocks
•  Lockcontrolsurfaces
!
Some7meassimpleas“seatbel7ng”theyoke
•  InstallliE“cancelling”devices
•  Installcovers
•  Forhelicopter–followthemanufacturer’s
instruc7onsforsecuringblades
Tiedown
Tiedown
Tiedown
Tiedown
Tiedown
ControlLocks
ControlLocks
LiE“Cancelling”Device
Beforestar7nganAircraEEngine:
•  Posi7ontheaircraEtoheadintotheprevailing
windtoensureadequateairflowovertheengine
forcoolingpurposes
•  Makesurethatnopropertydamageorpersonal
injurywilloccurfromthepropellerblastorjet
exhaust
•  Ifexternalelectricalpowerisusedforstar7ng,
ensurethatitcanberemovedsafelyanditis
sufficientforthetotalstar7ngsequence
Beforestar7nganAircraEEngine:
•  Duringanyandallstar7ngprocedures,a
“fireguard”equippedwithasuitablefire
ex7nguishershallbesta7onedinanappropriate
place
•  Theareainfrontofthejetinletmustbekept
clearofpersonnel,property,and/ordebris
(FOD).
•  Followmanufacturer’schecklistsforstart
proceduresandshutdownprocedures.
Beforestar7nganAircraEEngine:
•  Preheattheengineifcoldenoughtothickenthe
oil
•  Removeallcovers
•  Ifaradialengineandithasbeenshutdownfor
morethan30minutes
Handturnthepropellerthreeormorecomplete
revolu7ons
!  Preventshydrauliclock
!  Makesureigni7onisoff
!
•  FollowPOH
•  Video1
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StartaEnginewithaCarburetor
Masterswitchon
Carburetorheatoff
Selectfueltankandfuelpumpon
MixturecontrolintheFULLRICHposi7on
Prime
Primerpump–remembertoclosepump
!  PumpthroTle
!
•  SlightlyopenthroTle
StartaEnginewithaCarburetor
•  Igni7onswitchtoBoth
•  Engagestarter(aEeryelling“Clear”)
!
PumpingthethroTlemayhelp
•  Checktheoilpressure
•  Oncestarted,adjustthroTletoidlespeed
•  Adjustmixturecontrol
!
Veryleanonground
•  Don’trunstarterformorethanabout20to30
seconds
!
Tryre-primerandrestar7ng
StartaEnginewithaCarburetor
•  Iftheengineisflooded
Toomuchfuel
!  Mixturecontrolincutoff
!  Igni7onswitchoff
!  Cranktheengineun7lthefuelhasbeencleared
!
•  Ifafirestartswhilestar7nganengine,con7nue
crankingandseeifthefiregoesout
!
Iftheenginestarts,theextrafuelcangetsuckedinto
theengine
•  ShutenginedownbymovingmixturetoIDLE
CUTOFF
•  Video
Star7ngaLycomingFuelInjec7on
•  PrecisionAirmo7ve,Bendix,RSAsystem
injec7onsystems
•  PlacethemixturecontrolintheIDLECUTOFF
posi7on.
•  OpenthethroTleabout1/8oftheway
•  Turnonthemasterswitch
•  Selectfueltankandfuelpumpon
•  Primetheenginebymovingthemixturecontrol
toFULLRICHandwatchingthefuelflow-meter.
Atthefirstindica7onofflow,returnthemixture
controltoIDLECUTOFF.
Star7ngaLycomingFuelInjec7on
•  Turntheigni7onswitchtoBOTH
•  Engagethestarter(aEeryelling“Clear”)
•  Assoonastheenginestarts,movethemixture
controltoFULLRICH
•  Checktheoilpressure
•  Oncestarted,adjustthroTletoidlespeed
•  Adjustmixturecontrol
Star7ngaLycomingFuelInjec7on
•  Forahot,recentlyshutdownengine
Theprimingstepisusuallyeliminated
!  Primingunderthesecondi7onsusuallyfloodsthe
engine
!  FollowthePOH
!
•  Fuel-injectedenginesaredifficulttostartwhen
theyarehot.Thisiscausedbyengineheat
evapora7ngthefuelintheinjectorlines.
Thisiscallvaporlock
!  FaceaircraEintowindtocoolengine
!
•  Opencowlingflaps
!
FollowPOH
Star7ngaTCMFuelInjec7onSystem
•  SimilartoLycomingFuelInjec7on
•  PlacethemixturecontrolintheFULLRICH
posi7on
•  TurnthefuelboostpumponHIGH
•  Assoonasthereisanindica7onofflowonthe
fuelflowmeter,turntheigni7onswitchtoBOTH
andengagethestarter(aEeryelling“Clear”).
Theengineisprimedwhenyouseefuelflow
!  PrimingoccurswiththemixturecontrolinFULLRICH
!
Star7ngaTCMFuelInjec7onSystem
•  SolvingVaporLock
PlacethemixturecontrolintheIDLECUTOFF
posi7on
!  PlacethroTleinwideopenposi7on
!  TurnthefuelboostpumponHIGHfor20to30
seconds
!  Restartnormalstar7ngprocedure
!
Turboprop&TurbofanStar7ng
•  Manydifferentmethods–followthePOH
•  Basicsteps
Turnstarton
!  AtaspecificRPM,turntheigni7onsystemonand
thenthefuel
!  Atself-sustainingspeed,disengagethestarter
!
•  Oncestarted,checktheEGT(exhaustgas
temperature),TIT(turbineinlettemperature)or
ITT(interstageturbinetemperature)
•  Checkoilpressure
FailedTurbineStarts
•  Ifthereisaproblem,shutdownimmediately
•  HotStart
Exhaustgastemperatureexceedsspecifiedlimits
!  Usuallyexcessivelyrichfuel/airmixture
!  Cancausemajorenginedamage,engineneedstobe
inspected
!
•  HungorFalseStart
!
Theenginedoesn’treachnormalstar7ngRPM
•  Shutsdowntoosoon
!
Usuallyinsufficientpowertostarter
•  Startershutsdownearly
•  Starterdoesn’treachcorrectspeed
FailedTurbineStarts
•  Enginewillnotstart
Lackoffuel
!  Igni7onsystemproblem
!  Incorrectfuelmixer
!
TaxiingSignals
AircraEHandSignals
StandardFAAhandsignalsusedfordirec7nganaircraEontheground.
HelicopterHandSignals
Standardhandsignalsusedfordirec7ngahelicopter.
Taxiing
•  OnlyaratedpilotorA&Pisauthorizedtostart,
runupandtaxiaircraE
•  Standardposi7onforasignalmanisslightly
aheadofandinlinewiththeaircraE’sleE
wing7p
•  Signalmanmuststayfarenoughaheadofthe
wing7ptoremaininthepilot’sfieldofvision
•  Checkbrakesbeforetaxiing
!
Checkbrakesbeforestar7ngengine
Taxiing
•  Weathervaning–Thewindwilltrytoforcethe
planetofaceintothewind
Worstontaildragger
!  Worstwhenwindisadirectcrosswind
!
•  Aileron&Sidewind
!
Whenwindcomingfromthefront,turnyokeinto
thewind
•  Upwindaileronisup
!
!
Yokepointstoupaileron
Whenwindcomingfromtherear,turnyokeaway
fromthewind
•  Upwindaileronisdown
Taxiing
•  Elevatorposi7onwithtailwindfortricycle-gear
andtaildragger
!
Yokeforward
•  Elevatordown
•  Elevatorposi7onwithheadwindfortricycle-gear
!
Yokeneutral
•  Elevatorneutral
•  Elevatorposi7onwithheadwindfortaildragger
!
Yokeback
•  Elevatorup
Taxiing
•  Studyallthehandsignals
•  Uselightsatnight
CheckFluids
•  Alwaysfollowtheservicemanual
•  Reciproca7ngengine-checkoilaEerenginehas
beenres7ng
•  Turbineengine–checkoiljustaEershutdown
•  Makesureyouhavethecorrecttypeofoil
•  Don’toverfill
•  Makesuretousecorrecttypeofhydraulicfluid
!
Checkforleaks
•  Takecau7onwithhighpressurehydraulic
systems
ServicingOxygen
•  Twopeople
Oxygencontrolsonservicingequipment
!  WatchingaircraEsystempressure
!
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Observefilltankorder
Useonly“Aviator’sBreathingOxygen”
Keepawayfromflammableitems
Don’taddfuelandoxygenatthesame7me
Compressedoxygencancausefrostbite