Site
BE-Lon
BR-Sa2
CH-Oe2
DE-Geb
DE-Kli
DK-Ris
ES-ES2
FR-Gri
IE-Ca1
IT-BCi
JP-Mas
KR-Hnm
NL-Lan
UK-ESa
US-ARM
US-Bo1
US-Bo2
US-IB1
US-Ne1
US-Ne2
US-Ne3
CA-NS6
CA-NS7
IT-Noe
IT-Pia
US-Bn3
US-KS2
US-NC1
US-SO2
US-SO3
US-SO4
CA-Oas
CN-Anh
DE-Hai
DK-Sor
FR-Fon
FR-Hes
IT-Col
IT-Non
Land Cover
CRO
CRO
CRO
CRO
CRO
CRO
CRO
CRO
CRO
CRO
CRO
CRO
CRO
CRO
CRO
CRO
CRO
CRO
CRO
CRO
CRO
CSH
CSH
CSH
CSH
CSH
CSH
CSH
CSH
CSH
CSH
DBF
DBF
DBF
DBF
DBF
DBF
DBF
DBF
Latitude
50.5522
-3.0119
47.2863
51.1001
50.8929
55.5303
39.2755
48.844
52.8588
40.5238
36.05397
34.55
51.9536
55.90694
36.6058
40.0062
40.009
41.8593
41.1651
41.1649
41.1797
55.9167
56.6358
40.606
42.5839
63.9227
28.6086
35.8115
33.3739
33.3772
33.3844
53.6289
33
51.0793
55.4869
48.4763
48.6742
41.8494
44.6898
Longitude
4.7449398
-54.536499
7.7343302
10.9143
13.5225
12.0972
-0.31522
1.95243
-6.9181399
14.9574
140.02692
126.57
4.9029002
-2.8586099
-97.4888
-88.290398
-88.290001
-88.222702
-96.476601
-96.4701
-96.439697
-98.964401
-99.948303
8.151
10.0784
-145.744
-80.671501
-76.711502
-116.62289
-116.62269
-116.64025
-106.198
117
10.452
11.6458
2.7801499
7.06462
13.5881
11.0887
Site
IT-PT1
IT-Ro1
IT-Ro2
IT-Vig
JP-Tak
SE-Abi
UK-Ham
UK-PL3
US-Bar
US-Bn2
US-Ha1
US-LPH
US-MMS
US-MOz
US-Oho
US-UMB
US-WCr
AU-Tum
AU-Wac
BR-Ban
BR-Ji2
BR-Ma2
BR-Sa1
BR-Sa3
FR-Pue
GF-Guy
ID-Pag
IT-Cpz
IT-Lec
PT-Esp
PT-Mi1
SE-Nor
VU-Coc
CA-Ca1
CA-Ca2
CA-Ca3
CA-Man
CA-NS1
CA-NS2
CA-NS3
Land Cover
DBF
DBF
DBF
DBF
DBF
DBF
DBF
DBF
DBF
DBF
DBF
DBF
DBF
DBF
DBF
DBF
DBF
EBF
EBF
EBF
EBF
EBF
EBF
EBF
EBF
EBF
EBF
EBF
EBF
EBF
EBF
EBF
EBF
ENF
ENF
ENF
ENF
ENF
ENF
ENF
Latitude
45.2009
42.4081
42.3903
45.31667
36.1462
68.36239
51.1208
51.45
44.0646
63.9198
42.5378
42.5419
39.3231
38.7441
41.5545
45.5598
45.8059
-35.6557
-37.429
-9.82442
-10.0832
-2.6091
-2.85667
-3.01803
43.7414
5.2777
2.345
41.7052
43.3046
38.6394
38.5407
60.0865
-15.4427
49.8672
49.8705
49.5346
55.8796
55.8792
55.9058
55.9117
Longitude
9.0610399
11.93
11.9209
8.8500004
137.423
18.79475
-0.86083
-1.26667
-71.288078
-145.37801
-72.171501
-72.184998
-86.413101
-92.199997
-83.843803
-84.713799
-90.079903
148.15199
145.187
-50.1591
-61.930901
-60.209301
-54.9589
-54.971401
3.59583
-52.928799
114.036
12.3761
11.2706
-8.6018
-8.0003996
17.479504
167.192
-125.334
-125.291
-124.9
-98.480797
-98.483902
-98.524696
-98.382202
Site
CA-NS4
CA-NS5
CA-Obs
CA-Ojp
CA-Qcu
CA-Qfo
CA-SJ1
CA-SJ2
CA-SJ3
CA-TP4
CZ-BK1
DE-Har
DE-Tha
DE-Wet
ES-ES1
FI-Hyy
FI-Sod
FR-LBr
IL-Yat
IT-Lav
IT-Ren
IT-SRo
NL-Loo
RU-Fyo
SE-Fla
SE-Sk1
SE-Sk2
UK-Gri
US-Blo
US-Bn1
US-Dk3
US-Ho1
US-Ho2
US-Me2
US-Me3
US-Me4
US-NC2
US-NR1
US-SP1
US-SP2
Land Cover
ENF
ENF
ENF
ENF
ENF
ENF
ENF
ENF
ENF
ENF
ENF
ENF
ENF
ENF
ENF
ENF
ENF
ENF
ENF
ENF
ENF
ENF
ENF
ENF
ENF
ENF
ENF
ENF
ENF
ENF
ENF
ENF
ENF
ENF
ENF
ENF
ENF
ENF
ENF
ENF
Latitude
55.9117
55.8631
53.9872
53.9163
49.2671
49.6925
53.908
53.945
53.8758
42.7098
49.5026
47.9344
50.9636
50.4535
39.346
61.8474
67.3619
44.7171
31.345
45.9553
46.5878
43.72786
52.1679
56.46167
64.1128
60.125
60.12967
56.60722
38.8952
63.9198
35.9782
45.2041
45.2091
44.4523
44.3154
44.4992
35.8031
40.0329
29.7381
29.7648
Longitude
-98.382202
-98.485001
-105.118
-104.692
-74.036499
-74.342102
-104.656
-104.649
-104.645
-80.357399
18.538401
7.6009998
13.5669
11.4575
-0.31881
24.2948
26.6378
-0.7693
35.051498
11.2812
11.4347
10.28444
5.7439599
32.923889
19.4569
17.9181
17.840059
-3.7980599
-120.63275
-145.37801
-79.0942
-68.740196
-68.747002
-121.5574
-121.6078
-121.6224
-76.6679
-105.546
-82.218803
-82.244797
Site
US-SP3
US-Wrc
AT-Neu
CA-Let
CH-Oe1
CN-HaM
DE-Gri
DE-Meh
DK-Lva
ES-VDA
FI-Sii
FR-Lq1
FR-Lq2
HU-Bug
HU-Mat
IE-Dri
IT-Amp
IT-LMa
IT-MBo
NL-Ca1
NL-Hor
PT-Mi2
UK-EBu
US-Aud
US-Bkg
US-Dk1
US-FPe
US-Goo
US-IB2
US-Var
US-Wkg
AU-How
BR-Sp1
BW-Ma1
ES-LMa
US-FR2
US-SRM
US-Ton
Land Cover
ENF
ENF
GRA
GRA
GRA
GRA
GRA
GRA
GRA
GRA
GRA
GRA
GRA
GRA
GRA
GRA
GRA
GRA
GRA
GRA
GRA
GRA
GRA
GRA
GRA
GRA
GRA
GRA
GRA
GRA
GRA
SAV
SAV
SAV
SAV
SAV
SAV
SAV
Latitude
29.7548
45.8205
47.11667
49.7093
47.2856
37.37
50.9495
51.2753
55.6833
42.1522
61.833
45.6441
45.6392
46.6911
47.8469
51.9867
41.9041
45.5813
46.0156
51.971
52.0289
38.4765
55.866
31.5907
44.3453
35.9712
48.3077
34.2547
41.8406
38.4133
31.7365
-12.4943
-21.6195
-19.9155
39.9415
29.9495
31.8214
38.4316
Table S1. Sites from the FLUXNET data included in the study.
Longitude
-82.1633
-121.952
11.3175
-112.94
7.7321401
101.18
13.5125
10.6555
12.0833
1.4485
24.193001
2.73703
2.73703
19.601299
19.726
-8.7518101
13.6052
7.1546302
11.0467
4.927
5.0675001
-8.0245504
-3.20578
-110.51
-96.836197
-79.093399
-105.1019
-89.873497
-88.240997
-120.95073
-109.942
131.15199
-47.649899
23.560499
-5.7733598
-97.996201
-110.866
-120.966
12
Tower
10
Model
8
6
4
2
0
50 100 150 200 250 300 350
GPP Anomalies (gC m-2 day-1)
GPP (gC m-2 day-1)
14
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
Day of year
Tower
Model
50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Day of year
Figure S1. Examples of the two types of variability examined in this study. The left panel shows
the variability examined in intra-annual analysis. The objective here is to assess how closely
daily modeled GPP agree with daily tower GPP for each site-year. The pight panel shows the
variability examined in inter-annual analysis. The aim here is to examine the agreement between
anomalies in daily modeled and tower GPP. Anomalies in tower GPP for a site-year were
calculated by subtracting mean daily tower GPP for the site from the GPP for the site-year.
Anomalies in model GPP were calculated in the same way.
EVI-Linear
EVI-NonLinear
PAR-EVI
20
15
10
Tower -derived GPP (gC m-2 day-1)
5
IoA=0.82
IoA=0.82
IoA=0.84
0
PAR-FPAR
MOD17
TG
20
15
10
5
IoA=0.76
IoA=0.73
IoA=0.83
0
MOD17-Tower
VPRM
NN
20
15
10
5
IoA=0.84
IoA=0.84
IoA=0.85
0
0
5
10
15
20
0
5
10
15
-
20
0
5
10
15
20
-
Model GPP (gC m 2 day 1)
Figure S2: Agreement between daily GPP estimated from the nine models and derived from
FLUXNET measurements for all the sites across the seven biomes. Red shows area with highest
density of data points. Blue and green show low density of data points.
EVI-Linear
PAR-EVI
EVI-NonLinear
5
3
1
Tower -derived GPP Anomalies(gC m -2 day-1)
-1
-3
IoA=0.43
IoA=0.43
IoA=0.43
-5
PAR-FPAR
MOD17
TG
5
3
1
-1
-3
IoA=0.38
IoA=0.38
IoA=0.48
-5
MOD17-Tower
VPRM
NN
5
3
1
-1
-3
-5
-5
IoA=0.49
-3
-1
1
3
IoA=0.50
5
-5
-3
-1
1
3
IoA=0.47
5
-5
-3
-1
1
3
5
Model Anomalies (gC m-2 day-1)
Figure S3: Agreement between anomalies in daily GPP estimated from the nine models and
derived from FLUXNET measurements for all the site-years across the seven biomes. Red shows
area with highest density of data points. Blue and green show low density of data points.