NPOESS PREPARATORY PROJECT
(ADVANCED IR AND MICROWAVE SENSING,
CONTINUATION OF EOS SCIENCE)
PAUL MENZEL
ORA SENIOR SCIENTIST
NOAA/NESDIS
FEBRUARY 2002
NATIONAL POLAR-ORBITING OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SATELLITE SYSTEM
Joint IPO/NASA Risk Reduction Demo –
NPOESS Preparatory Project (NPP)
• Joint IPO/NASA flight of selected critical imager and sounding
systems
•
•
•
•
VIIRS - Vis/IR Imager Radiometer Suite (IPO Developed)
CrIS - Cross-track IR Sounder (IPO)
ATMS - Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (NASA)
Instrument of Opportunity - GPS, CERES, …??? (NASA)
• Provides NPOESS with risk reduction
demonstration
• Provides NASA with selected EOS AM and
EOS PM continuity data
• Joint NASA/IPO program to establish
EDRs and study CDRs
35_98
3
NPOESS Organizational Relationships
Under Secretary for
Acquisition, Technology
& Logistics
Under Secretary for
Oceans & Atmosphere
Deputy
Administrator
Joint Agency
Requirements
Council
Executive Committee
System Program
Director
Associate Director
Associate Director
Associate Director
for Acquisition for Technology Transition for Operations
Integrated Program Office
Users
Senior Users
Advisory
Group
Joint Agency
Requirements
Group
NPP PROPOSED INSTRUMENTS
FROM IPO
VIIRS (VISIBLE INFRARED IMAGER RADIOMETER SUITE)
21 CHANNELS (INCLUDING .4, .5, .6, .7, .8, .9, 1.2 1.4, 1.6,
2.3, 3.7, 8.6, 10.3, 11.0, 12.0 UM)
12 BIT, 0.8 KM RES, VIS CAL, IRW NEDT OF .1 K
CRIS (CROSS TRACK IR SOUNDER)
INTERFEROMETER COVERING SW (4.0 UM) TO LW (15.4)
1 KM (VERT), ~10 KM (HOR), AND 1 K RES
LEVERAGED FROM NASA
ATMS (ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY MICROWAVE SOUNDER)
COVERING 23, 31, 50, 57, 89, 166, AND 183 GHZ BANDS
10 KM FOV AT 183, S/N AS GOOD AS AMSU IN CRIS FOV,
118 GHZ ALSO BEING EXPLORED
NATIONAL POLAR-ORBITING OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SATELLITE SYSTEM
Visible/Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite
VIIRS
Description
Collects visible/infrared imagery and radiometric data. Data types include atmospheric,
clouds, earth radiation budget, clear-air land/water surfaces (including ocean color),
and low light visible imagery. Primary contributions for satisfying 26 EDRs.
Heritage and Risk Reduction
NPOESS Phase 1 Contractors
System Definition/Risk Reduction
35_98
ITT Aerospace
Raytheon, SBRS
DMSP - Operational Linescan System
(OLS)
MOLS on F18-20
POES - Advanced Very High Resolution
Radiometer (AVHRR/3)
EOS MODerate resolution Imaging
Spectro-radiometer (MODIS)
7
VIIRS
Band #
(m)
application
Reflective Bands
M1,2
0.412, 0.450
M3,4
0.488, 0.555
I1
0.630
M5
.672
M6,7
0.751, 0.865
I2
0.865
M8
1.24
M9
1.378
M10
1.61
I3
1.61
M11
2.26
ocean color / aerosol
ocean color / aerosol
imagery
ocean color / aerosol
atm corr
NDVI
cld particle size
cirrus
snow fraction
snow map
clouds
Emissive Bands
M12
3.7
I4
3.74
M13
4.05
M14
8.55
M15
10.8
I5
11.55
M16
2.0
SST
imagery / clouds
SST / fires
cld top properties
SST
cloud imagery
SST
VIIRS
Band
M1
M2
M3
M4
I1
M5
M6
M7
I2
M8
M9
M10
I3
M11
M12
I4
M13
M14
M15
M16
I5
Band Ctr
412
nm
445
nm
488
nm
555
nm
645
nm
672
nm
751
nm
865
nm
865
nm
1.24
m
1.378
m
1.61
m
1.61
m
2.25
m
3.70
m
3.74
m
4.05
m
8.55
m
10.8
m
12.0
m
11.5
m
Band Width
20
nm
18
nm
20
nm
20
nm
50
nm
20
nm
15
nm
39
nm
39
nm
0.020
m
0.015
m
.06
m
.06
m
.05
m
.18
m
.38
m
.16
m
0.3
m
1.0
m
1.0
m
1.9
m
Ltyp
(44.9)
55.5(40)
51.8(32)
29(21)
22(10)
SNR/ NEDT
(670)
476(506)
487(515)
321(446)
231(195)
9.6
25(6.4)
(756)
510(314)
5.4
6
7.3
317
437
526
1
300K
300K
300K
300K
300K
300K
300K
167
.037
.156
.020
.032
.041
.040
.041
M FOV 800 m
I FOV 400 m
VIIRS, MODIS, FY-1C, AVHRR
CO2
O2
O3
H2O
O2
H2O
H2O
H2O
O2
H2O
H2O
CO2
Earth emitted spectra overlaid on Planck function envelopes
VIIRS
MODIS
.58 - .68 um (B 1)
.84 - .89 um (B 2)
3.6 - 3.9 um (B 3) 10.3 - 11.3 um (B 4) 11.5 - 12.5 um (B 5)
FY 1C
1.58 - 1.64 um (B 6)
.43 - .48 um (B 7)
.48 - .53 um (B 8)
.53 - .58 um (B 9)
.90 - .97 um (B 10)
0.6, 1.6, & 11.0 um data
over Madison in Jan 97
1.38 um (or 1.88 um) detects high thin cirrus
0.64
1.64
1.88
11.01
MODIS
identifies
cloud
classes
Clouds separate into classes
when multispectral radiance information is viewed
Hi cld
Mid cld
vis
1.6 um
Lo cld
Snow
Clear
LSD
1.6 um
8.6-11 um
11 um
11 um
Cloud Properties
True Color Image
Cloud Mask
Land Classification
Cloud Opt Thickness
Cloud Effective Radius
Cloud Top Temp
Bispectral Phase
October 1, 2001
Aerosol Optical Thickness
(Coarse Particle Mode)
September 2000
ta (0.55 µm)
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
Atmosphere Applications
Algorithm N
(Product N)
(MOD I S)
Band
1 (8N)
2 (9N)
3 (3N)
4 (4)
5 (1)
6 (15)
7 (2)
8 (19)
9 (5)
10 (26)
11 (6)
12 (7)
13 (20)
14 ( 21-22)
15 (27)
16 (29)
17 (New)
18 (31)
19 (32)
20 (33)
Bandwidth
0.402 - 0.422
0.433 - 0.453
0.480 - 0.500
0.545 - 0.565
0.620 - 0.670
0.743 - 0.753
0.841 - 0.876
0.915 - 0.965
1.230 - 1.250
1.360 - 1.390
1.628 - 1.652
2.105 - 2.155
3.660 - 3.840
3.929 - 3.989
6.535 - 6.895
8.400 - 8.700
10.0 - 10.5
10.75 - 11.25
11.75 - 12.25
13.185 - 13.485
1 (35)
Cloud
mask
2 (05) 3 (04) 5 (06) 5,6 (06) 6 (06)
PW
AOT & CT H CPh
C_OT
I R, NI R
SD
T&E
EPR
1, 7, 8 1, PW, 1, 2,
1, 8
Ozone 7, 8
land
snow
clouds
clouds/shadow
low cl./shadow
6
NI R
NI R
NI R
thin cirrus
snow
heavy aerosol
land
ocean
ocean
snow/oc.
snow/ice
ocean
6
land
clouds
high moist
cirrus
cloud/ice discrim.
window
Low moist
thin cirrus
5
P
IR
IR
P
land
5, 6
5
P
X
Land Applications
Algorithm N
(Product N)
(MODIS)
Band
1 (8N)
2 (9N)
3 (3N)
4 (4)
5 (1)
6 (15)
7 (2)
8 (19)
9 (5)
10 (26)
11 (6)
12 (7)
13 (20)
14 ( 21-22)
15 (27)
16 (29)
17 (New)
18 (31)
19 (32)
20 (33)
Bandwidth
0.402 - 0.422
0.433 - 0.453
0.480 - 0.500
0.545 - 0.565
0.620 - 0.670
0.743 - 0.753
0.841 - 0.876
0.915 - 0.965
1.230 - 1.250
1.360 - 1.390
1.628 - 1.652
2.105 - 2.155
3.660 - 3.840
3.929 - 3.989
6.535 - 6.895
8.400 - 8.700
10.0 - 10.5
10.75 - 11.25
11.75 - 12.25
13.185 - 13.485
7 (28) 8 (11) 9 (09) 10 (43) 11 (10,29) 12 (12) 13 (13) 14 (15) 15 (16,17) 16 (14)
SST LST&
AC
BRDF
S/I_M
LC
VI
LAI,
PSN,
Fire
E
Albedo
ST
FPAR
NPP
1 1, 2, 11, 1, 3, 1, 3, PW,
1
9, 10, 13, 1, 9 9, 10, 14, 12, 8, 1, PW
12, 13 PW
11
11, 8
12, 1
PW
X
P
X
X
C
C
P
C
P
X
X
C
C
P
C
C
X
C
P
C
X
X
L4
P
L4
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
L4
X
L4
P
L4
P
P
P
P
P
tri-linear
X
tri-linear
X
Algorithm N
(MOD I S)
Band
1 (8N)
2 (9N)
3 (3N)
4 (4)
5 (1)
6 (15)
7 (2)
8 (19)
9 (5)
10 (26)
11 (6)
12 (7)
13 (20)
14 ( 21-22)
15 (27)
16 (29)
17 (New)
18 (31)
19 (32)
20 (33)
(Product N)
1 (35)
Cloud
mask
7 (28) 17 (18) 18 (21) 19 (21) 21 (39) 23 (25)
SST NWLR Chlr-1 Chlr-2 CWE
D CC
1
Bandwidth
0.402 - 0.422
0.433 - 0.453
0.480 - 0.500
0.545 - 0.565
snow
0.620 - 0.670
clouds
0.743 - 0.753
0.841 - 0.876
clouds/shadow
0.915 - 0.965
low cl./shadow
1.230 - 1.250
1.360 - 1.390
thin cirrus
1.628 - 1.652
snow
2.105 - 2.155
heavy aerosol
3.660 - 3.840
3.929 - 3.989
clouds
6.535 - 6.895
high moist
8.400 - 8.700
cirrus
10.0 - 10.5
cloud/ice discrim.
10.75 - 11.25
window
11.75 - 12.25
Low moist
13.185 - 13.485
thin cirrus
Ocean Applications
17, 21 17, 21
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
P
P
SST
NWLR
Chlr-1,2
CWE
CFl
DCC
-sea surface temperature
- normalized water leaving radiance
- chlorophyll concentration
- clear water epsilon
- chlorophyll fluorescence
- detached cocolyth concentration

x
Winds from MODIS: An Arctic Example
Cloud-track winds (left) and water vapor winds (right) from MODIS for a case in the western
Arctic. The wind vectors were derived from a sequence of three images, each separated by 100
minutes. They are plotted on the first 11 m (left) and 6.7 m (right) images in the sequence.
Orbital Issues
How often can wind vectors be obtained from a polarorbiting satellites? The figure below shows the time of
successive overpasses at a given latitude-longitude point on
a single day with only the Terra satellite. The figure at the
upper right shows the frequency of "looks" by two
satellites: Terra and (the future) Aqua. The figure at the
lower right shows the temporal sampling with five
satellites.
NATIONAL POLAR-ORBITING OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SATELLITE SYSTEM
Cross Track Infrared Sounder
CrIS
Description
Measures Earth’s radiation to determine the vertical distribution of temperature,
moisture and pressure in the atmosphere. Primary contributions for satisfying 3 EDRs.
Heritage and Risk Reduction
UW -
Seminal design of Interferometer
Thermal Sounder (ITS)
NASA -
Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS)
EUMETSAT - Infrared Atmospheric Sounding
Interferometer Radiometer (IASI)
NPOESS Phase 1 Contractors System
Definition/Risk Reduction
35_98
ITT Aerospace
Raytheon, SBRS
POES -
High-resolution infrared sensor (HIRS)
POES N’-
Early validation of operational
instrument and algorithms
MIT/LL -
Prototyping of flight Michelson
Interferometer
NAST -
NPOESS Airborne Sounder Testbed
37
CrIS Spectral Coverage
B
CrIS and AIRS Spectra
15 m CO2 Lines
Unapodized CrIS
B
AIRS (1200x)
CrIS
AIRS
These water vapor weighting functions reflect the radiance sensitivity of the specific channels
to a water vapor % change at a specific level (equivalent to dR/dlnq scaled by dlnp).
Moisture
Weighting
Functions
UW/CIMSS
The advanced sounder has more and sharper weighting functions
IMG demonstrates interferometer capability to detect low level
inversions: example over Ontario with inversion (absorption
line BTs warmer) and Texas without (abs line BTs colder)
Spikes down Cooling with height
Spikes up Heating with height
VIIRS with H2O & CO2 bands will help CrIS for cloud clearing
Guaranteed NEdN and NEdT Performance
System
Performance
Design Goals
NEdNs Are Much
Better Than
Government
Design Goals
Values Include
All Expected
Error Effects
NEdN (mW/m^2 sr cm^-1)
1.000
ITT Guaranteed
Performance
0.100
0.010
0.001
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
2200
2400
2600
Wavenumber (cm^1)
15% Margin
Included in
NEdNs and
NEdTs
NEdT @ 250K
10
ITT Guaranteed
Performance
1
0.1
0.01
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Wavenumber (cm-1)
2000
Scanning HIS PCA-Filtered Radiances
Longwave Window Region (760-850 cm-1)
100 Single S-HIS Brightness T Spectra
Random Noise-Filtered and Unfiltered (Rec 4001-4100)
Filtered
Unfiltered
12-10-00 AFWEX
II II I
|I I
ATMS Spectral Regions
Suggested ATMS Channels
Ch
n(GHz)
BW(GHz)
Characteristic
1*
2*
3*
4
5*
6*
7*
8*
9*
10*
11*
12*
13*
14*
15*
16*
17
18*
19
20*
21
22*
23.8
31.4
50.3
51.76
52.8
53.596±.115
54.4
54.94
55.5
57.2903
57.2903 ±.217
57.2903 ±.322 ±.048
57.2903 ±.322 ±.022
57.2903 ±.322 ±.010
57.2903 ±.322 ±.004
89.0
166.31
183.31±7
183.31±4.5
183.31±3
183.31±1.8
183.31±1
0.27
0.18
0.18
0.40
0.40
0.17
0.40
0.40
0.33
0.33
0.078
0.036
0.016
0.008
0.03
6.0
4.0
2.0
2.0
1.0
1.0
0.5
split window-water vapor 100 mm
split window-water vapor 500 mm
window-surface emissivity
window-surface emissivity
surface air
4 km ~ 700 mb temp and precip
9 km ~ 400 mb temp and precip
11 km ~ 250 mb
13 km ~ 180 mb
17 km ~ 90 mb
19 km ~ 50 mb
25 km ~ 25 mb
29 km ~ 10 mb
32 km ~ 6 mb
37 km ~ 3 mb
window-precip and water vapor 150 mm
H2O 18 mm
H2O 8 mm
H2O 4.5 mm
H2O 2.5 mm
H2O 1.2 mm
H2O 0.5 mm
* In common with AMSU/HSB
Improved resolution on AMSU enables
clear depiction of the typhoon location
NPOESS Products
(NPOESS IORD Environmental Data Records by Instrument)
Atmospheric Vertical Moisture Profile
Atmospheric Vertical Temperature Profile
Imagery
Sea Surface Temperature
Sea Surface Winds
Soil Moisture
Aerosol Optical Thickness
Aerosol Particle Size
Albedo (Surface)
Auroral Boundary
Auroral Imagery
Cloud Base Height
Cloud Cover/Layers
Cloud Effective Particle Size
Cloud Ice Water Path
Cloud Liquid Water
Cloud Optical Depth/Transmittance
Cloud Top Height
Cloud Top Pressure
Cloud Top Temperature
Currents (Ocean)
VIIRS
CMIS
CrIS/ATMS
Downward Longwave Radiance (Sfc)
Electric Fields
Electron Density Profile
Energetic Ions
Fresh Water Ice
Geomagnetic Field
Ice Surface Temperature
In-situ Plasma Fluctuations
In-situ Plasma Temperature
Insolation
Ionospheric Scintillation
Medium Energy Charged Particles
Land Surface Temperature
Littoral Sediment Transport
Mass Loading / Turbidity
Net Heat Flux
Net Short Wave Radiance (TOA)
Neutral Density Profile
Neutral Winds
Ocean Color/Chlorophyll
Ocean Wave Characteristics
OMPS
SES
GPSOS
ERBS
Environmental Data Records (EDRs) with Key Performance Parameters
Ozone - Total Column/Profile
Precipitable Water
Precipitation Type/Rate
Pressure (Surface/Profile)
Sea Ice Age and Ice Edge Motion
Sea Surface Height/Topography
Snow Cover/Depth
Solar Irradiance
Supra-Thermal - Auroral Particles
Surface Type
Fires
Surface Wind Stress
Suspended Matter
Total Auroral Energy Deposition
Total Longwave Radiance (TOA)
Total Water Content
Vegetation Index (NDVI)
TSIS
ALT
NPP Data Processing –
Candidate Ground Data System Architecture
Space/Ground Comm
Sites (TBD)
S/C
Co
S/C Management
(primary)
Data Routing &
Retrieval
Suitland (TBD)
SDS
Cal/Val
Level 1B
Process Level 1B
NASA Institutional
Level 2+
(AOs)
RDRs
Institution
Systems
IDPS
IDPS
Air Force Weather Agency
Institution
Systems
Level 2+
L1Bs
RDRs
Institution
Systems
SDRs
EDRs
Global
Community
NOAA NESDIS
IDPS
IDPS
Air Force Global Weather
Institution
Systems
FNMOC
IDPS
Institution
Systems
NAVOCEANO
- NASA funded
- IPO funded
- Other
NPP data availability
NPP will have direct X-band High Data Rate (HRD)
broadcast. In addition, NPP global Stored Mission
data (SMD) will be routed to four (4) U.S. Operational
Processing Centers for processing into Raw Data
Records (RDR), Sensor Data Records (SDR), and
Environmental Data Records (EDR). NESDIS will
provide the worldwide user community access to near
real-time processed NPP data and higher-level
products via the NESDIS Central Environmental
Satellite Computer System (CEMSCS) servers, as well
as access to archived NPP data via other distributed
servers at the NESDIS Data Centers.
NESDIS will be archiving all the NPP data.
NPOESS web site (npoesslib.ipo.noaa.gov/electlib.htm)
MODIS Emissive Band
Cal/Val from ER-2 Platform
MAS 11um
• Transfer S-HIS cal to MAS
• Co-locate MODIS FOV on MAS
• Remove spectral, geometric dependence
• WISC-T2000, SAFARI-2000, TX-2001
MODIS on
Terra
MODIS FOV
Windows
MAS, SHIS
on ER-2
q
705 km
CO2
20 km
H2O
CO2
Baja
11um
Pre launch correction
14.3um
Post launch correction
14.3um
A known optical leak at 11um caused the
image of the Baja peninsula to be present in
MODIS 14.3um data. Through testing, the
pre-launch correction coefficients were
revised, removing the contamination.
Correcting Crosstalk
MODIS Band 27 (6.7 m), 2001-06-04 16:45 UTC
Original L1B (V003)
Destriped
Polar Satellite Transition Schedule
(9 March 2001)
Slopes indicate 10-90% need (NPOESS GAP 5b)
Projected End of Life based on 50% Need
Local Equatorial Crossing Time
CY
99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
0530
DMSP
F18
F16
F20
NPOESS
C3
WindSat/Coriolis
0730
- 1030
F15
DMSP
POES
F17
F19
C1 or C2
NPOESS
NPOESS
METOP
M
EOS-Terra
NPP
1330
POES
L (16)
N’
N
C2 or C1
NPOESS
Earliest Need to back-up launch
EOS-Aqua
Mission
Satisfaction
S/C
Deliveries
S/C delivery interval driven by 15 month IAT schedule
Earliest Availability