FOREST PRODUCTS LIBRARY
FOREST RESEARCH LABORATORY
OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY
STRENGTH Of JOINTS IN HARD MAPLE
IDIOM, GLUED WITH CERTAIN RESIN
GLUES, AFTER VARIOUS OPEN AND
CLOSED ASSEMBLY PERIODS
Information Reviewed and Reaffirmed
July 1955
This Report is One of a Series
Issued in Cooperation with the
ARMY-NAVY-CIVIL COMMITTEE
on
AIRCRAFT DESIGN CRITERIA
Under the Supervision of the
AERONAUTICAL MARV
No. 1542
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
FOREST SERVICE
FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY
Madison 5,Wisconsin
In Cooperation with the University of Wisconsin
STRENGTH OF JOINTS IN HARD MAPLE BLOCKS, GLUED UITH
CERTAIN RESIN GLUES, AFTER VARIOUS OPEN AND
1
CLOSED ASSEMBLY PERIODSBy
W. Z. OLSON, Technologist
and
H. D. BRUCE, Chemist
11.11,m101.1.=
Introduction
This report is part of an investigation being made at the Forest
Products Laboratory to find suitable gluing techniques for room-temperaturesetting and intermediate-temperature-setting resorcinol-, phenol-, and
melamine-resin glues. Blocks of hard maple lumber were glued together with
each of nine commercial resin glues allowing various periods of open and
closed assembly within the range customarily required in practical gluing
operations. This was done at three room temperatures. After the joints
were cured and conditioned, they were tested for strength and the test
data were plotted to reveal the effect of the assembly period and temperature on the joint strength.
Nine glues, designated by letters in this report, were tested.
Glues A, B, and C were intermediate-temperature-setting phenol resins;
glues D, E, F, and G were room-temperature-setting resorcinol resins;
glue H was an intermediate-temperature-setting melamine resin catalyzed
with acid to accelerate the setting; and glue I was a nearly neutral
intermediate-temperature-setting melamine resin.
Procedures
Hard maple boards were conditioned in air at 80 0 F. and 65 percent
relative humidity to approximately 12 percent moisture content and were
then sawed and surfaced to blocks 3/4 by 2-1/2 by 12 inches in size. Only
selected maple was used within a range of specific gravity of 0.63 to 0.69
based on oven-dry weight and volume. The blocks were glued together in
stacks of six laminations.
-This is one of a series of progress reports prepared by the Forest Products
Laboratory relating to the use of wood in aircraft. Results here reported
are preliminary and may be revised as additional data become available.
Rept. No. 1542
-1-
Both surfaces were spread with glue. The average spreading rate was
about 35 pounds per 1,000 square feet of each contact surface or 70 pounds
per 1,000 square feet of joint area.
Assembly temperatures of 70°, 90°, and 105° F. were used. When the
assembly temperature was 90° or 105° F., the glue was maintained at about
70° F. by a water jacket around the glue pot to prolong the working life.
For the preparation of the block joints with closed assembly, the
glue was applied, within 15 minutes after mixing, to the upper surface of
the first lamination and to the under surface of the second lamination, and
the two spread surfaces were immediately laid in contact. After a measured
time interval, the glue was spread on the upper surface of the second lamination and on the under surface of the third lamination, and the two spread
surfaces at once laid together. This procedure was followed until 6 laminations were assembled, using the same batch of mixed glue for the five glue
lines. Pressure was then applied. Each glue line thus had a different closed
assembly . ..time, from a long period for the first glue line to a short period
for the last.
For the preparation of block joints with open assembly, a similar procedure was used except that the laminations were kept separate and the gluecoated surfaces were exposed to the air until the time for application of
pressure.
The closed assembly periods were usually 3, 30, 60, 90, and 120
minutes at 70° and 90° F., and 3, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes at 105° F.
The open assembly periods were 3, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes at 70° and
90° F., and 3, 10, 20, 30, and 45 minutes at 105° F.
Pressure was applied to the assembly by pressure-equalizing head
clamps tightened to either 50 or 200 pounds per square inch pressure with a
calibrated torque wrench. Although 50 pounds per square inch is below the
usually recommended pressure, the surfaces were well-fitting surfaces and
there was little need for high pressure to force them together.
The clamped assembly was immediately placed in a kiln in which the
temperature and relative humidity were controlled to maintain a moisture content of 10 to 12 percent. A kiln temperature of 180° F. was used for the
phenol-resin glues and the neutral melamine-resin glue.. The resorcinolresin glues and acid-catalyzed melamine-resin glue were cured at 140° F.
All assemblies were left in the kiln for 24 hours to cure the glue to a
high degree. After removal from the kiln, the blocks were conditioned 1 to
2 weeks in air at 80° F. and 65 percent relative humidity,
Three blocks, each containing six laminations, were prepared at each
assembly temperature with each pressure, and 4 step-type, block-joint specimens were cut from each block. As each lamination or step represented a
different assembly time, 12 joint tests were thus provided for each combination of assembly time, assembly temperature, and pressure. Occasionally
extra specimens were made when a more significant average was considered
necessary. The specimens were tested by shearing to failure in a universal
testing machine with the shearing head moving about 0.015 inch per minute.
Rept. No. 1542
-2-
Results
The average joint strength and wood failure data are presented
graphically in figures 1 through 15. In table 1 are given approximately
the maximum assembly periods that, as indicated by the results of this
study could be employed to obtain joint strengths of 2,800 pounds per
square inch or more on hard maple blocks glued together at the different
glue-room temperatures using a double spread and 200 pounds per square inch
pressure. With lower pressures, maximum assembly periods were often shorter,
although this was by no means invariably true, as shown by the curves for
50 and 200 pounds per square inch pressure in figures 1 through 15. For
single spreading somewhat shorter maximum assembly periods could probably
be expected, particularly if the assembly be open. The data of table 1 and
figures indicate the individual behavior of the various glues tested.
From table 1 it is seen that the three intermediate-temperaturesetting phenol-resins (glues A, B, and C) performed very much alike, allowing closed assembly periods of at least 60 to 120 minutes depending on the
glue room temperature. In open assembly, in which glues A and B of this
type were tested, the results' indicate allowable assembly periods of 40 to
over 60 minutes for both glues.
The resorcinol-resin glues (D, E, F, and G) showed rather similar
limitations with respect to maximum closed assembly time, but the two tested
in open assembly (glues E and G) exhibited very distinct differences in the
maximum allowable open assembly time at all three temperatures. Even ithe
shortest allowable time, however, was still ample for many assembly operations.
The acid-catalyzed melamine-resin glue (glue H) when contrasted with
the results for the neutral melamine-resin (glue I), showed the effect of
the catalyst in shortening both the closed and open maximum allowable assembly
periods.
Rept. No. 1542
-3-
Table 1.--Maximum assembly periods at which a joint strength of 2,800 pounds
per square inch was achieved in hard maple blocks glued with
several types of glues under 200 pounds per square inch gluing
pressure
Closed assembly
•.
Open assembly
Glue and type : at 3 assembly temperatures : at 3 assembly temperatures
70° F. : 90° F. : 105° F. : 70° F. : 90° F. : 105° F.
: Minutes : Minutes :
•
1•
A, phenol-
: 120+ : 120+ :
:
:
•
1
•
B, phenol-
: 120+ : 120+ :
:
:
•
1
C, phenol-
:
120+ :
120+ :
2
D, resorci▪ nol- :
120+ :
120+ :
2
E, resorci▪ nol- :
120+ :
110 :
F, resorci▪ nol2 :
120+ .
:
.
•
:
60+ :
60+ :
60+ :
60+ •
60+
40
•
60+ :
20 :
20
:
5
35
.
100
:
60+ :
60+ :
60+ •.
90
:
55
:
60+ :
22
: 120+ : 120+ : 120+ :
60+ :
60+ :
90+ :
45+
•
60+ : 1
-Intermediate-temperature-setting.
2
-Room-temperature-setting.
2
Rept. No. 1542
60+ :
:
:
H, melamine-1 ' 4 :
Acid-catalyzed.
Minutes : Minutes
100
G, resorcinol? : 120+ •.
I, melamine-1
Minutes :
:
60+ :
60+ :
Minutes :
:
7
45+
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