Supplemontto BUCKIINGOt flAT plywooD pliTts tN coilpRrsstoN, sHfAR,OR COftBtNrDCoftpRtsstoNANDs]trAR Buchling of f,lat Plyuood Plates in Uniform Shear With face Grain at Angles of Oo,+46o, and 9Oo Revised July l9OO I N F 0 R M A T t 1CiN i l ,1i 1" 'l.]i A N DR l A i - F i f i i r ' i l i l l9ri2 No. t3l6-H UNITED STATESDEPARTMENTOF AGRICULTURE , FOREST SERVICE FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY . Madison S,Wisconsin ln Coopcration with thc Univcnity ol lVimoarin SUCKf,INGOF TT.A[ PIYTfOODPI"AfES IN UNISORI,ISHEAB WIIH FACSGRAINAT AI{GI,ESOT OO, +II(O. ANDAOO 3y A. W. VOSS,Englneer C. 3. ITORRIS,&rglneer and. JgStrE PAII,IA, Jr.* 1 Sorest Prod.ucts laboratoryrS Sorest Serviee U, S. Department of Agrieul-hrre Introtl.uc,tion X'orest Proclucts Laboratory Report No. 1316-H, lssued ln FebnraTy 1945, presented.prelimlnary resulte of an experimental stucly of a nathenatical anaLysls for the buckltng of flat plywood plates subJected to ghear. The fornula that hacl been prevtously ilevelopetl tn Forest Proclucts Laboratory Report No. tJ16 was fouad satisfactory for the plates tested. Curves were dran'mto show the correlatlon between the tests .and.conputatlons rnad.ewlth constants for both clauped. and. slmplf, supportetl edges. Fron the linlted nrnber of tests reported., an effectlve uLtlmate-stress curve was obtainetl for cleslgn pur]poses lhe Arny-Navy-Clvl1 Subconnlttee, aftef revtewlng Report No, 1315-8, requosted. that results of ad.clitlonal tests, lncludlng 'square plates wlth face grain at angles of +4Jo and. 45o, together with whatever check tests nlght be roqulrecl to exanlnb the effect of the stlffness of the load.tng fra^nes on observed. stresses, be inc!.ud.ed.ln thls revlsed. raport. Y Thls report supersed.esReport No. 1315-H and.presents a more extensive experlrnentaL stutl.y of the nathenatieal analysls presentetl. ln Forest Prodlucts laboratory Report No. 1J15 for the buckllng of fLat plywood"plates und.er shear Ioad.. Inclucled. in it are results of tests nade on plwood. plates of soveral. proportions and. with their face graln at varimrs angles' as follows: lFornrerLy an englneer at the Forest Products laboratory. The other authors assume responslblltty for the present revision. 4{aintalned at Madlson, Wls., ln cooperatlon wtth the Uaiverslty of WisconsLn. Rept. No. 1J16-Ii, Revtserl Agricul.turo-Madlsoa Wlth the face graln at 0o (paral-}el to short d.imenslons) Plates 10 by 20 inches PLates L0 by l0 inches Wtth the face graln at 90o (perpenclicular to short d.lnensions) Plates 10 by 20 lnches Plates 10 by J0 tnches With the faee grain at +4J.o (paralle1 to tension diagonal) Plates sqlrsre.(slze varied) Plates 10 by 20 inehes Plates 10 by J0 lnches With the face graln at AJo (per?endlcular to teaslon d.iagonal) Plates square (size vartett) Plates 10 by 20 lnches Plates L0 by l0 inches In each of these condltlons the thlckness of the pLate and. the stlffness of the loatllng' frame were variedl, $he forsnrLa d.eveloped.in Report No. 1115 rdas found satisfactory. A group of curvss for applylng the buckLing coefficlent, k"r, for lnfinltely lon€ pS.ates to flnlte plates ls presentod.. Curves showlng the relatlonship betr'reenobserved. stresses and computerl stresses with ed.gesof the plates Adjustnent factors s1ryLy supported. antl. with eclges clamped are included. requlrod. to brlng theorettcal and observed. stresses lnto agreement aro presented. Analysis of the data on frame stiffness of this stlffness on buckllng stresses. showed.no coosistont effect The effectlve ultlnate-shear stresses were obtalneil ancLplotted. agalnst a nond.inenslonal p,araneter of paneL wid.th to establlsh a curve for the d.eslgn of plates subJecteil to shear. Pumose Secau.seof the presslng neetL for d.eslgn criterla necessary to the d.urlng the war, forrnr]-as aatL constadts rvoro butLt[1ng of wooil aircraft d"evelopeclby mathenatical analysos. Ono such analysis was presontod. ln Forest Products Laboratory Report No. 1J16 on the btrckllng of flat plyt*ootl p3.atos ln conpresslon, shoar, or conbinecl corupresston and. shear. Ehe forrmrla for coupresslon r,ras subsequently substantlatecl experimentalLy, and. tho results Rept. No. 1J15-H, Revlsod -?- lrere $rbllshetl tn Forest Proclucts laboratory Report $o, L316-D. Bhe uork presented. hereln was an experfuoental lnvestlgation of forrtrLa 2L.(energy aethotl), of Forest Products Laboratory Report No. L3L6 gcr = k"\]?1"2 for the crltlcal buckllng stress of plywoocl.plates untler ualforn slroar, together with an enplricaL study of the ua^:rfunrnshear stress that plyrlrood panels rtl,l zustaln after buckllng. Descrlptlon of MateriaL The pLywood.for thls serles of tests r,rasnade from Sltka strlruce logs obtained. as-part of a shipment fron the state of Washingto# and iron yetfowpopLar logs obtalnetl fron Tennessee. The Sitka spruce was cut into flttches and shlpped to a plywood nanufacturer to be quarter-sLlcecl to the speclfleiL thlclaresses. The sLlced. veneer r,vasreturnect to the Forest Products T,aboratory to be clried, edge-glued, and.'prossetLinto 2- by 6-foot plywood.paneLs. The yellor'r-poplar was rotary cut, drled., and pressed. into paneLs at the laboratory. Tbe faeo graln of tbe ftnlsheil plywooct uas at angles of 0o, 9Oo, and 45o wlth refcrcnce to the ehort sld.o of the panels. Marklne and Matchlne Panelp were numbereclaccorcLing to constnrctlon and specios' as shom ta tablo L5.it Constnictlons 4 to 21, lncLuslver w€f,o of, the usual plywood constnrctlon; that is, the graln directlon of each ply nas perpend.icuLar to Constructions I+Oto I+5, lncluslve, the grain d.lrectlon of, the adJacent plies. were cllfferent only ln that the graln d.lrectlon of the center two.plies trae para3-1-e1".In add.ition to the constnrctlon number, srnall. letters (a,' b, c, etc,) were used. to,distlngulsh panels of llke specles and constnrction fron one a,yrother, A typlcaL laycut of speclnens ls shor,nrla figure 108.5 tlne 45o rnaterlal was used. both in negatlve and positive shear, Eo that the face graln was [he para1LeL and. perpend.icglar, respectlveLy, to the compression tliagonaI. deslgnattons for lndtvidual spectnms suffixedl to the paneL d.esignatlons and the tests thereby lnd.lcated. were as follows: 3shtpnent 1580. &Ur" t"Utes and figures In thls supplement aTe nustbered eonsectrtivcly wlth G. Figures thoso of Report No. LJ16 and its iuppleurents 3, C, D, g, F, a^nd. 1J4 through 138 have been d.eletetl, however, ln the revlsloa of Beport No. 1JL6-H. 53o"ro.e tho plwood paacls t{ere narufachued. to rneet speclflcatlon AI{-NN-PJL1a anit were thougtrt equal to commerclal alreraft grad.e, no attorapt r.ras nacle to avold. ninor d.efocts tn the face pLies, since there was probabLy as nnrch varlation ln tho inner plles as la the faco pIles Rept. l{o. 1316-H, Revlserl -3- -Desfunatlon [est L, 2, etc. Plate buckllng 81, 82, etc. Shear strength (pane1) Plate shear test for nodulus ln shear of rigidtty D and. E Statlc benillng wlth the face grain paraL1.e1 to span 3 and. G Statlc benillng wtth the face graln perpend,torLar to span $ach frane nernler wae assigned the sane ld-entificatlon as the plate plus an addtfron uhich lt was cut, after the buckllng test was coqgleted, tlonal number to fulentlfy each nernber of the f,rarne. All speclnens and coupons were condttloneb to produce a noisture content betr+eefr, 3-Ll2 and"5-Ll2 percent at tine of test so as tb avold. results that woulcl'requlre correctton for moisture content. Method of 1e.g_t Preparatioq gl Specinens ALl test speclmens werE eut on ftne-euttlng, shaqp, clrsular saus after the panels narkecl as lndlcatecL ln ftgure 108 had been cut on a bandl saw lnto sectlone. , Suckllng test spectnens were prepared. as shown ln flgure 10p. Flrst the corners uere cut by drllllng l-lnch-tllanoter hoLes centered. 1/2 tnch fron the corrcer of the test area and Llz lnch away fron the corner on a llne at &5o to the eclges. The pLate wae thon cut to slze on a cirsular sorrro Ehe specinen rrras then gluecl lnto a frane of uhlte plno, hartl mapJ.e,or yellow blrch. I'lhlte plne franes wore used on a few of the very thln spoclnons (three f/tl8-lnch plles), slnce the hoavy'hardwood. franes caused sone breakago at the 0n thcso thln corners of tho fragtle platos during hand.llng bcfore tost. plates frre,nos wore-ma.d.eof Jl4- by 2-inch memborsglueil to each sid.o of the plyvrood., whlle on the thlckest pLates the frane members were l-Jl9 AV Z$lt+ lncheg. i'or the bulk of the spectnens between these two extremes, the frame rnenbers were 314 ly z-)14 lnebes, A gap of approxlnately f/f6 inch vras rnaintained. at the comers between the encls of the fra.ne nenbers to prevent thelr Holes to recelve the loaillng plns were locatetl bearing otr one another. aecor€.ing to the table of d.lnenslons glven on flgure 109 andl were clrtIled 3.arge to provltlo the aecessary bedrlng area on the frane. sufficientLy Rept. No. $16-8, Bevised. -lr- Frane nenbers were prE)ared for static bentllng tests after tha plate buckllng test was coqgleteil. Eaeh rnenber, nade up of tlro blocks wlth the pl5nvood.glued between then, was r€noved. fron the test plate by neans of a band.-saw cut along the edlge of the area testecl for shear buckllng. Ehts satiled.surface of the fra.ne nembers was then Jolneredl to a flat, srnooth surface for abottt 2 lnches fron each end. to bear on the supports tlurlng the '! static bend.tngtest. fest Pro_cedures The proeedures for the statlc bencl.lng test of frane nenbers and. for the shear streugth test of pltrnroocl(coupons sI ana s2)are glven in the appond.lx. Statlc bend.ing tests nad.e on coupons D, E, tr', and. G are ttescrlbod. ln the append.lx to I'orest Products Laboratory Report No. 1316-D. [llrg p}?te shear tost on coupon C ts tllscussed, and. tlescrlbed ln X'orest Procluetd':laboratory RErort No. 1301, rrMethodof, Measuring the Shearlrg Moitull of:Wood.tt The procedure for the buckling test of plywootl plates ln shear ras eetabllshed only after rnrch tlmo and effort had been d.evotecl to experlnentatlon wlth nethocls of supportlng and loaillng plates and wtth noth.oils of observlng the crtticaL buckllng load.. : Ihe method of obtalning the crltical buckJ.lng stress of pL5nrood. pLates in shear ls illustrated. ln flgure 110, r,lbleh shows a spoelnen uncler l-oad. Load.was applled to the frane of the speclnen thro4h wood loacling blocks fltted with I-lnch-sqrrare steel bars. Ilard.enotl-stool rollers and loacLing plns transmltted the load. to the frame, ancl the frame transnltted the Loadl to the plywood. panel by glue shear. The test proeedure was as foLlows: The loadlng plns and. rolLers hrere assembled.lnto the drl}leil hol-es. Whennecessary, the holes were reamed. wlth a hancl rearner to provide a snug fit for the pins. A tLlal gage graduatecl to 0.0001 lnch vas then adjusted to oae menber of tbe frane of the speclmen to measure the flexure of thd rnember1n the plane of the plyr'rood.. [hls frame gage was adJustetl so that tts sptnil.le contacteil. the eclge of the pLyr*ood.at the center of the frame member Diagoruil d.efornatton (when record.ecl) was neacured on the eouprssslon d.lagonal across the center of the pane}. To obtain this neasurenent two tlla1 gages (not shordaln flg; 1L0) graduateit to O.OOOIlnch were mor:nted. oppoeite one another on opposite sld.es of one of the longer frane nernbers. Bhe spindles of the dlals rrrere connectedl to the opposlte frane neurber by flne wlres that passed.over the center of the panel, one oa each sld.o, ancl rnad.eangLes of 4Jo wlth the ed.ges of the paaol. The readings of tho two tlia1s were averagerl to nlnlnlze the effects of arrf, sltght trvlstlng of the framo caused.by trrarptng and of anf, sllght eecentric drtlling of tho holes for the loatllng pins. The speclmen was thon placett la the tosting nachine. To prevent tho panel fron twlstlng antl to keep the frane properly alinocl, guld.o ralls were Rept. {o. }315-H, Revteed, -5- claaped. to the frane at the two corners not loaded.. fhese raiLs were cla,rpeil. tlghtly to one frame nember, but were shimneil to allow approximately 0.002-lnch eLearance for the ad.Jacent frane member. A smaLl loacl r,ras then app1leil to hold the speclnen between the head.s of the nachlne whlLe pLrmblng and. centerlng the set-up on the load.ing blocke. DlaI gage6 were tben bror:ght lnto posltlon to measure lateral clef].ectlon (buckllng) at the center anrl approxinately at the quarter polnts of the longitudtnal. center Llne of the dpocinen. llhe potnte of contact between the splnd.les of the ga€es ancl the panel were narkecl wlth a pencll, thumb taeks to whlch silver contact polnts bad beea.soltLered were forcedl lnto the plywood, anil the necessary electrlcal connecttons ldere nade to a couple of clry-cell battorles ancl a buzzcr. Slnce the oxact posltlons of the crosts of the buchles lrero unprodlctable, especialLy ln very thin pl.ywood, a Bnall prebuckllng load. was appLledl, antl thp contacts were spotteil on the panel at the polnts of naxinum lateral movementas shownby a stralghtedge. Thls procedlure usuall.y resuJ.ted ln a gootl set of eurves fron whleh the buekllng Load was easlLy read,. The questlon as to whether thts procedure weakened the paael and. caused. lt to sustaln lesi load. before buckllng lvas ansveredl by maktng several test runs, consecutlvely, on each of several paneLs. No weakenlng was evldent, and. buckllng took pLace at about the sane Ioad. on al-l nurs. fhis repeatetl. loading proeedure appllecl to only a few of the thln speclnens that hacl.a 1ow ratlo of buekllng.strese to estlslatecl proportlonal-Ilnlt stress. -A1thoughon sone of the thick panels the eLectrical coatact was ellninated for the gages neasurlng lateral defLection, lt was felt that the pressure of the d.lal spindles on thln speclnens wouLd,tnfLuence ttre buckLlng. The system of electrieal eontact rvas therefore used, D.rring test the splndles were kept free of the spoeineas oxcept at tfune of reading, when contact hras nacle with onl-y enough prossuro to corrplote thc circult and to onergize the buzzer. To tako the'road.lngs of thc frame and.tliagonal gagos was no problon, gages hail to be read. one at a timo and. r.rlth conbut the latoral-d.oflectlon "sld.erablo caro to prcvent lateral pressure on the panol by the spindle. Wltilo the readings uero belng taken, the Load"on the speclaten was heltl. constant. Und.er thls arrangement some scatter of polnts could alwa,ys be ergrected.,partly because of the d.tfficulty of..hoLdtlng an even load (especially at the hlgher Load.s) ana partly because of the factor of hunan er?or'ln.the technlque of measurlng the Lateral defLecttons. flhe loatl was applled la lncrenents so estlmated as to glve at least l0 rearlings before ]uckltng occurred, fhe speed of the h'eaclof, the testtng machlne durlng the appllcatlon of load hras approxtmately 0.018 lnch per Readings were taken ae rapiclly as posslble ln'ord.er to prevent ninute. unnecessary ereqp of the specinen and. wero contlnued past bucklr,ng. The ga.ges for neasurlng lateral d.eflectlon were then renoved., antl tho buckles Sallure were narked on, the speclnon as lt rsas betng loaded to fallure. usuaLly occurred. ln one of two rrrays-- bXr conpro'sslon and. bsniling at ono of the corncrs not load.ed, or by shear along the frqmo'. Failurc by shear along the fra,no r,ras typlcal for tho 0o and. !0o face-grain pane3.s. Rept. t{o. J.JI6-[I, Revl^sod -6- Methotl of Choosi.ne the Observed 3uckllne Load. fo d.eternine the crltlcal buckllng load., the follou'tng neasurementg were takea at each increment of loatl. and were plotted agalast the loa.d-. 1. 2. 3. Lateral cleflections of the plywootl pLate. Dl.agonel compresslon acfoss the plate at 45o to the edges. DefLectlon of the frames ln the plane of the plate. 0f tirese measurenents the lateral deflections were the nost conslstent antl were therefore conetd,erocL 0f second.ary the best tndlcators of buckling. luportanrce were the readlngs of the diagonal courpression. The chief d.ifficulty ln uslng these ctlagonal measllrenents to d.eternine the crltlcal loact was that usuallj' sevoral changes of slope of the pl.ottecl cufire were obtalned before buckllng, as evldenced by Lateral d.efLections, occurred.. However, the dctertlnation of the critical Loatl by use of these dlagonaL moasurements appoarod. fairly reliable for tho thlcker panols. The frane itcfLections urere too inconsisteat to bo used as inrlicators of buckllng. Whlle the curves plottccl fron these measurementsgenorally followed a given pattcrn for panels havLng a certaln face-graln d.lreetlon, the cha^ngesln slope of tbe curve were too irregular to be of value. lfheaever the lateral deflections gave a sbarp tlefinltion of a critlcal buckltng Loacl, the plots of the other measurenents lndlcated the sane erltical load., The loarl, latera].-d.efleetlon curve seldom changecl.d.lrection wltb a sharp and.prectse break at the crittcal buckllng loatl (I'orest Products Laboratory Report No. 1316-D), probably on account of an inittal curvature la the plate. The curve usr:alIy assustedla nelr slope ln a graclual na,nner. The buckllng load. was chosen Just above the knee of the curve. tr'lgure /5 of I'orest Products Laboratory Report No.-13L5-D illustrates the marurerof selecting the Ioad., as follolrs: 3y extrapolating the cun'e of rrrn No. 4, the buclcllng load. chosen on run No. 5 wouLtl have been read. at a polnt uhere the eurve'beglns to level off. A slnllar sitr.ratlon ls shown agaln in figure )Z of I'orest Products l.,aboratory Roport No. 1J16-G, ln whlch the buckllng d.eflectlon curve is conqlared.to strains neasured. wlth nete,lectrlc gages set at the center and. edges of the panel. These exanples arc taken from the buckLing of plywood.plates uniLer compresslon. lhe fol-l-owing oxarples show that thts eamenethod ls applicabLe to plates und.er unlform shear. Specimens 5xc-1 antL 6xc-2 were sut fron the same 2- by 6-foot plywooiLpanel. It so happened that spectmen 5xc-1 (fig.fff) unttl behavecl.wrder test in an ld.eal nanner; the lateral novenent uas sllght the bucl<ling load. was reached., and then rapid nrovernentwas record.ed.. There buci<llng load on thls speclmen r.ras ls no questlon but that the crltical 21450 pound.s; Specimen 6xe-2 (trg. 112) behaved.ln a contrary fashion. If the methocl of chooslng buckllng load.s were appIied., 2,100 pound-sruould be No chosen because at this load two of the curves become straight Ilnes. buctcllng load. was chosen for thls specimen because of lts noncritlcal behavior, but it ls d.esiretl to polnt out that, even in such an extreme case' the critlcal buckllng loacl can be approxinatecl. Rept. ITo. I315-H, Revlsect -7- Specioen lftrn-2 (fig. 1lJ) firtfrer shows this nethod of choosing the type Strain gages of the electric-resistance buckling load to be correct. were glued to bottr faces of the plate opposite each other, and stralns were and of frane deflection recorded in addition to measurerrents of lateral the buckling load chosen fron the strains recorded by the deflections. gages rras approxi:nat'eIy 3 ,2OO pounds. ltris load vras also indinetalectric cated by all dial. gages. Dletalectric gages nurnbered 3 and B increased ln strain wrder compression until buckling Tras reached, when compresslve strain was relieved, and a slight jncrease ln tension vras noted lrith gages nrrnbered I and 5. Gages nurnber 2 and 7 should theoretically have renained at zero strain ntrjLe tension and coupression equalized each other, but at buckling, a new relationship developed. the buclcling load plcked fron the lateralcurves agreed vni.th that indicated by the el-ectrio-resistance deflection strain gages. Matched to this spcluen lyas sp€ci.uen ldtxn-lr cunres for which are shorrm in figure 111+. Ttris is a ttrrylcal set of curres ttrat agaln indicates the correctness of Ure method of chooslng buokling Load, A different type of behavlor io shown in the curves of figure 115. these curves are representative of specimens that begi.:r to borrvin one di.rection on the application of Load and that at buckUng change into a uave pattern of a quite different form. ftre buckllng load is then relatively simple to read fron the cunres and is usuaLly at a point wtrere one of the lateral gages reverses. The curv€s for specinen 17dr-l (fig. It5) iffustrate The cunres for ttre rnatched speci.nen 1?xh-2 (fig. 1t6) are also shovun this. jn order to conpare the nethods of reading buclcling loads. The selection of a critical buckling load frequentJy required personal judgroent in the interpretation of the load-deformation cul:\res, To eliminate any possibility of ttre results being influenced by this judgnent, all of the obsenred critical loads rryereestablished, and the observed critical stress lras deternined, before the critical stresses nere conputed by use of ttre theory. Presentatlon of Data and Computations- ltre data obtai.ned from the plyvuood tests and the resuli s of conputations are presented in tables 1Z to 26 and in figures 11? through 126r- J.L| (wit'h figure L27,l,2B, and 129 being used in computatioas) and 130 througtr 133. fn tabl-es lJ through 26, colurnn 1 gives the panel designation, and column 2 identifies the buclcling test plates. Data pertaining to the buckling test are Blvgn i-n colurnns 3 througfu J and include widt]r (a), length (b), and thiclmess (ft) Aimensions in colr:nns 3r hr aurrd5, The obsenred critical-buckling stress given in cohrnn 6 and the effectlve ultimate stress 'r,abulated in column 7 were courputed from loads obserrred in test by the formrla: qr Report No. 1316-H, Revised - P h ''Etrba -8- (1) WhenP is the crltlcal buckllng load, q ls the critical buckllng stress; and when P is the narlna:tn load, g is the effeettve ultfunate stress, J-abelecl.I'" tn thls report. Data fron the shear strength test specliens ( sI and s2) matchstLwlth the bucklLng test plate are glven ln coLunns 8, 9, and. 10. ftre thlcloess (t) ls glven ln colunn 8, and. the length of the sid.es (w) of the square test area ls g5.ven ln eolumr t. fhe rnaxinu.nload (\1tr) attained. tluring..t1le.test was used. to compute the uLtlnate stress (fr6) by the followlng forrnula: W,,t + Fs6=ffi This ultimate (a) stress ls given ln colu.m 10. fhe notlu.ll of el.asttcity 31 and. 32 were conputecl fron bencling tests of specimens D, E, T, anil G by the forrnrla: E'r o r E cQ= where P I D I lPIl 48DI (:) = load. upon the centrally load.ed.coupon ln pouatl.s = length of span over which the coupon vras tested in tnches = deflecttoa of the coupon at Loail P ln lnches '= noment of inertia of the eross section of the coupon in lnches. [he nodu].us EI results when the face grain of the coupon ls paralj-el to the span, aad. the nodulus E2 when the face graln ts perpend.leular to the span. The load rvas kept sufftcieatly low so that the proportlonal- llntt hroulclnot be exceed.ed.. The vaLues obtalned are tabulateiL ln colrrnns tI andl 12 of the tables. The ratlo Ef (Sf + E2) ls glven ln cohlnn g of the tabl-es. The ruotlulus of elasticlty ft, 1o the cllrectlon of the grain of the wood used. ln nalclng the plywood was comtrnrtetl from the fonnula: Et=#(nr+12) which resuLts fron (lt) the forrnula: Ef,+Sf=31 +32 (5) tt be assulned that gT of - 2= 0 ! += F{,, and where 3f = rodolus of elasticlty (See Forest Products Laboratory Beport rvood.in the tangential tl.lrectton. No. L3L6-3, p€€e 3.) Thls assurptlon ls not groatLy ta erxor for thls use. lf Rept. No. 1316-8, Rev1sed. -9- buckllng stresses given ln colurm 14 for slrrply strpported. ,[he critlcal and, ed.ges ln colunn:lJ for claqred, eilges wefe..co{prited by forruul.a (Z?) ot Forest Products Labdratory Report' l{ot, fJff,; ltArqf, rs : Q 'car = o " h where rt= h= a= i<'- -2 the noilulus of elastielty of the wood the thlc}rlees of the plyruootl plate (col. 5) the wld.th of the plywood,pLate (col. 3) a coefflctent that d.epend,son the plate and that was determined. as follows: Fron the dlata on statlc bend.lng tests the ratlo nhlch is glven ln colrlnn $, was obtalnedl, [hls ratio $as used. to enter. the curves iu figure 127 fot cla4>ecl etlges and ln flgure L29 for strply supportetl edges and to obtain the proper values of k.r, the coefficlent long for tnflnltely plates subJeited. to shear. These coefflcients then w€re corrected. for the flnite pLate, as follows: Sga1n the ratlo flgure "t* Pz was used -- this 128 for claupeil ed.gosand. ln figure to obtain the corresponrdttngvalue ot buckle length ln an lnfinttely lflre Length-width ratlo two' valuee or 4 *, plato long to obtaln thearatlo of L to enter ihe cunres ln 130 for sinply l.o.r the ratio supportetl edges and of the theorotical to tho wlitth of the pLate. I fo" each plate abrl. tlne testeil was then divid.ecl by tbe for each ectgeconcll.tlon. These of + were then usetl to obtain the ratio 61 IE91o" each ed.gecond.itloo br ks by applicatlon of the proper curve fron figure.l3L when the face graLn was at 0o or pOo, or fron flgure IJ2 when the face graia was at +Jl'5o. 3y taking the regiprocals antl mrl.tipLylng by the k". for each ed.gecond.ition a value of k" ratios supported. edges and a value of k" for cla.nped eclges were cleternlaed.. fhe two vaLues of eer, one for simply supporteil ed.gesand. one for clanpefl for sirply ed.ges, rvere then easlly cornputed by the forunrlai Ratios of the criticaL bucldtng stresses to the shear strength (col.10) were computed.by using the observed. stress (col. 6), the stress for sirply supported. eclges (col. 14), and. the stress for clanpeil. adges (cot. 15), aad' were tabul.ated" ln columRe l-6, I?, and IB, respectlvely. Rept. 1To. 1J15-H, Revlsecl -10- Ehe ratto .E- glven ln coh:.nn 19 ts a nondlnenslonaL paraneter of Bo panel ryid.th obtalnad, by the formrla: e- (8q.. (3) of Forest Proclucts Laboratory Report No. 916-I.) ao The values tabulated the reclprocal tn colrrnn 19 r,uereobtalned. by taklng the square root of QcI obs of the values o, glven in coLruur L6. 3sd The ratio of the effectlve ultlnete stress of the plates tested. for buckling to the ultlmate stress of the matchecLcoupons tested. ln shear ls glven ln cohrnn 20. Tor conpartson of the stresses computeclfor sinply supported. eclges and. the obserred. stresses flgures llft,through 126were prepared, r,rith the q^_ (slmpty supported) frour column L? ot the tables plotted. as values of # Fsd 8"" abscissas *i tn. values of fron column 15 as ord.inates. Fed 3or couparlson of the stresees eor;nrted for fireit ed.ges and. the ob'servecl stresses flgures ll7l through 125r lrere prepared. in a slnilar Eanner. An eqpirlcal curve obtalaect fron a conrposlte pLotting of all tests gro;, colr:mn 20 for the wfth !i fron coh.rmnLp for the absclsgas ancl b ao Fsg orcllnates ls given in flgure LJ]. I'ron this curre the effeetlve uLtlnate shearlng stress of flat pl-ywoodlp3-ates can bs estlnated for d.eslgn pur1)oses. Stre datl obtainecl fron tests of frane nerobers are presented. la tables lfa thror:gh 26a. ::' The plate speclmen fron which the frane menbers were cut is ld.entlfied ln cohunn 1'of these tables, and. the nr:mber of the frame menbers tested. for eaeh pLate ls shown 1n colurnn 2. Colurnns3, 4, anr[,5 show, respectively, the span, nlclth, andl clepth of the nember at test. Wlil.th iac].ud.es the thicknese of the plyuood and. two thiclcnesses of the materlal forming the frane. The varue of Er courrputed. for each memberls glven ln coiunn 6, and. the average value of SI for the two long sldes of the fra,ne, or aLl sid.es tested 1nthecaseofsq1]arep1ates,1sg1ventnco1unnf.Inco1umn81sthe ratio of the critlcal stress observed.$urlng the test of the platd to the crltlcaL stress computed.for siuply supportetl eclges obtalned. fron tables 1? through 26 by dlvlcllng colu-ton6 by colrrrnr 14. Rept. No, 916-8, Revlsed. -1r- ' Critlcal Dlscusslon of Results . *,.., Suckllne Stresses Ehe critlcal buckllng stresses obtalned by test are conpared. with those cor;nrtetl by rneans of the theory presented. ln Forest Products Laboratory Reports Nos. 1J16 and. 1116-8 and wlth attdltton;I theoretlcal results. The follorving egtratlon, nrrmber (ef) of report 13L6, was usad: .2 Qcr = k"Ef* a' ln whlch Etr = nodulus of eLastlclty l. a= b= kb- ln the dHrectlon of the graln of the wood of which the plp*ood ls rad.e thlcloess of the pLywood sualler dinension of t*re pl5nrood plate larger dt.nenslon of the p15'wooilplate a coefflclent, the value of which clErends-upon the conetnrctlon of the plyuood. antl the ratlo I a The procedlure was to flnd that value of k , that ls kor, that appltes to lnfinltoly long panels ancl then to ad.Just this value to apply to panels of flnite length by neaas of curves obtalued fron varlous nrithenatlcaL a^nalyses. The values of k* were obtalned. froro the cur"res plottecl ln figures 127 to L29, lncluslve, as previously ileserlbecl. flbese figures were pl-otteil fron the origlnal nathenatlcal tlata obtained la coanreetlon with Report $o. 13L6-3. The adJustnent of k", to ks was nacle by neans of the curves of figuros 1JL and. 132' For plyt'roocL shlch were obtalned fron varlous mathenatlcaL investlgatlons. havlng its face graln para1Lel to oae of the edges ancl the od.ges slmply supportod., the work of E.Seydlel was usod, fron whtch the curvs of figure 12 of Report No. 3.J16was obtalneil aacl'replotted. ln flgure L)Z of the prosont.rqlort. l'lhon thc otlges of theso panels wero clarrtrlod.,the work of R. C. T. Snitl$g was usod.. A curvo obtained. fron Snithrs roport rvae also plotted. 1n flgure $2. Ehc ctrsp ln the qurvo was usod, ln the computatlons ln tho prescnt report, ln orror, coultl althorrgh the srnooth dlashed sulrro, wh{ch ls only sllghtly gralp dlrcctlons at 45o to havo been usod. For panols havlng thollfe.ce their od.gos, forutrlae tl.'orivoil by Green aad. Hearroon4were used. The deterrainalts ln these forduLas rvere expand.ed.,andsolved to obtaln the grbup of curres d.rawn ln flgure 1J1. The use of these curnres has been prevlously d.escribed. 9R. c. E. sni.th. 'r3uckllng of PlyrvooclPlates in Shear.tr Australlan for Sclentiflc antl lad.ustrtal Researcb - Dtvlslon of Aeronautlcs. Cor:ncll Report sM51. 4. I'The Suckltng of Flat Rectangular Pl-ywooti Magazlne. L945 Ser. f, voL. xx:rvl, rrp. 659-688. E. Green a"odB. F. s, Hearnon. Plates.rl Phllosophlcal Rept. No. 1116-8, Revlseil. -l,2- In figures ll?Ato L2&and 11?nto 1268, lncluslve, values of the stresses are plotteil agalast'contrnrteclvalues' r'ilth both observed.crittcal yalues dlivldletl by the approprlate strength of the pL5rwoocl. In generaL' thg stress are greater than the conputed. values for obseflred. values of critlcal plates wtth stqgly supported. edges, and are less than those coutrruteclfor plates with clanrped ed.geswhen the courputed stresses are less than the The stratght Llne shown ln each ftgure ls ertencletl stress. proportlonal-limlt hrckllng stress ls Less fron 0 over the lang€ ln whlch the computed crltical If tho computetl shear. proportlonal-llmlt in stress than the approxi.nate to the slopes of eqtral buckllng stresses are corrected. by factors crltical these Ilnes, the observed.Etresses are approxlnateLy obtalnecl. For each graln d.lrection two such f,actors were obtalnecli one to apply to computecL stresses when aEsr:mlngedges ere etuplY. supForted, and the other to corymtefl stresses when assr:nfng the edges are clampedl. An average factor was obtalned for each graln d.lrectlon and for each of the two nethod.s of couputatlon. lhese factors are aE follows: 0 Slrply supporteil etlses 1.05 1.111 1.00 1.30 0o 900 -450 +45" Cla'nped.ettees o.64 .?l+ .66 .8ll [he factors applyln€ to computations basecl on simply sugrportetl edges are suUstantlally unity, with the ereeptlon of the one appl-ying to a facegra5.n directlon of +4Jo. It is ind.icatetl, tberefore, that the pLates tested were uor6 neaily sln$ly sulporteil ttra^u clanpecl. She d.ata showlng the effect of the supportlng frames on the crlticaL 'in tables lfa througt.'26a. .Analysls of buckllng stresses are preeentedt thego. aita tnatcateil that the stiffness o.f the frames, over the lfurlted. ran€e bucltltng stresses. stutlletL, had no conslstent effect on the observqd crltlcal Fffoc_tlve Ul-tlnate Stl:esses Ehe effective ultlmate stress of plywood plates antl, the sheat strength of the pllrwooit were both obtainetl ln thls stud5r. l{hen buckllng occurs ln a pLate srrbJeetetl to shear before lt fai],s, tbe average or effectlve ultl-nate (f*) fs lower than the ultlnate stress (f"r) attalned when the p3.ate "tte"" falls r'rlthout bucklLng. t'ron the forrmrld for the crlttcal- buckllng stress It ls obvtous that glven natertal a plate can be nad.Esufflclentl-y narrow to buckle at the fron a wid.th, labe1ed, aor l.s sa,mestress at wl:-i.chfallure occurs. llhls partlcular stress andLsolvlng for ao. obtaiued. by uslng the strength for the critlcal []nrs: Rept. No. 1316-U, Revised, -L3- plate nay be erpressed ln terns of the Stnilarly, the wid.th of a partlcular obserrred.criticaL load. fhus: ,e-ksE,h3 9cr obe Ehe ratio that wlll of the lrtdth of a finlte plate of a given naterlal caus€ buckltng to occur at fallure le: g% to the wid.th ''"4 whlch, fron the above equations, equals \/, V 9cr obs Iao obtalned by taklng the above sqtrare root of obserred. stresses ls therefore a noncllnenslonaL parameter of paneJ. wldth that d.oes not d.epentL on the edge or end. cond.ltlons of the plate except as they enter the shear-test da.ta. The ratlo with 9- for abscigsas and..1g'- gsa Fs@ 'o graln and. ord.lnates fitterl separate pLots of the clata for each panel size Ttre llghtnelght Llnes ind.icate the area in whlch the plots of d.lrectlon. Of course, nost of the plots rvere brrnchecl lnd.lvltlual tests were scatteretl. aLoag the curve. fhe broken Ilne shows, for corparisoa, the curve resultlng when the absclssas are the recLprocals of the ord.inates. Ehe general eurve in ftgure lll [he general curve shoun ln flgure 1-33wy be used as follotus to obtain . the effectlie ultinate streis that a plate- wttt- carry if the strength and elastlc propertles of the materlal ln the pl.ate are lmown. Ftrst solve for (a") fn the forsula for the crltlcal buclcllng stress by uslng the shear buckllng stress. llhen with the d.lnension (a) of the strength as the crltleal and read' piate, ottatn the _ _ -ratlo (=). ' a o T . Entsr the curve at thls valuo og (*) &o ' ltultlply this ratlo by the shear strength tbe corresponitlng va}1e of #. tsd of the naterlal- (Fre), and. the result wiLl be the effectlve ultlmate strese for the plate. rr (ao) ls computedby assuntng s1nply supported edges, tho value wtlL be snaller ttran for a:ry other etlge contlltion because the ratlo 9- is l-arger &o. rr^ than f,or any other od.gocond.ltlon aniL tho read.lng ef --.:- f1'e6 the cunro ls a !sg minlnum for the plate. Rept, No, 1J16-H, Rovisod -LlF Conclusions fhe nathenatlcal anaLysls glven ln Forest Proclucts Laboratory Report No. lJ15 givcs buckLing stresses tLue to shear thatse ln reasonabLo agreement with e:qgorinental resuLtd''lf the ecl.geffurltles of the plates are taken into accouat. The use of conputations based on plates with siurpl-y supported. ed.ges lead.s to slightly conservative results. The ultinate effectlve btress can be obtalned fron figure IIJ wtth sufflclent accurbclr for ilesign Inrryoges if the ed.geflxity of the plate ls estimated.. This curve wiLl gtve conservatlve values lf the ed.gesof the plates are assuned.to be simply supported.. Appendlx Method. of _Tggt for Ultlmate Shear Stress of Plywood Plate.s A stand.ard test for determinlng the ulttmate shear stress of plywood. had not been established. when thls series of tests was performed.. A tentativo nethod.that hatt glven consistent results at the Forest Procluets T.raboratory was followed.; fhe coupon for test was shapedLas shown in flgure L08, coupons 51 and. 52. The d.etail at the eorner of the couDon lras the same as that shormrfor the buckLing test specinen tn flgure 10pl The cllameter of the pin was 1/4 Lnch,.rrAttuas 1/4 inch, rr3l' uas Jll6 j.:nc]n,anrdthe clia^neterof tbe roLler was JlV lnch for all the coupons Dinensions of the coupons were such that the sqrlare area woul-d.not buckLe before failure occumed. and. that the area gluecl to the blocks rvould. be sufficieat to transmlt the forces between the blocks and the plywoocl without failure. [hic]nress of the pl5rwood.rangecl.fron abouf LlL6 lnch to 1/4 lneh, and the slde of thq sqr:ar- rqngedt fron I-1/4 lnches to 4-tl2 inches, tlepend.ingon the direction of strese antl the thlclmess of the pLyrvood. ' Iia.rtl.woocl bLocks tlt6 lnch shorter ttran the siiles of the square were Iocatecl. on the plywood. coupons by the use of a jlg and. were gluett to the plyrvooclwith a'coltl-sotttng urea-resln glue. Pressure was applled. tq the glued parts by wood.clqmps for at least 15 hours. After the glue was set, the coupon was conpLetectfor test by d.rilllng 1/4-lnch-diameter hoLes wlth the spoclnen heltL .ln a J 19. - .."i In settlng up the apparatus for test , If4-tnch-d.ianeter plns ana liilt+,-,' lnch-d.laneter rollers were assenbled. on the colrpon; aad. two steel wcd.gcshapcd. hoad.s wlth surfacos at 45o to the vertical were contored. ln a lrydraullc testing nachlne. The specirnen was then placeil between the head.s as shoronin Rept. No. L116-8, Revtsed -L5- flgure IJp. .A load of 10 pounds was nalntained. on the speclnen whtle the ellnenent andl bearlng between the parts ln the set-up nere checked.. The load. was then lncreased until the specirnen falIed[, a&d.a maxfumm Ioad rvas obtained., I'allures occurred elther in shear parallel to the sldes of the square or Ln coqpresslon or tenglon along the ttlagonals of the square, tlependh! upon the constructlon of tho plyr.rood.and. the relatlvo strengths la shoar, coarpression, and tensl.on. The ultlnate (Z) as 'folLows: where Fsd = ultlnate Ehear stress was eomputeclfron the naxlur:m loail by formrla shear stress trfittt= uLttnate load., regard.Iees of type of fallure = thlekness of plywood t Ir = length of one slde of square. fhls nothod assunes that the sffect of ths load.lng plas locatett t/4 lnch outelfle the ed.goof the sqlrare ls the sarneas if the plns were centered, at the odge of tho squarer Trvo coupoas were testeil for each 2- by 6-foot panel, and. the average ultlnate stress was used. for the cornputatlon of the effoctive rvidiths of buckled pLates. fhe clata on theso tests of coupons ar€ glven in tables I7 'ccLr.unns p, througb Z6 Ln 8, anit L0. Test of FraraoMombers I'tane memberswere tested. ln statlc bencllng, as lllustratecL ln flgure 140, to d.etermlne the stlffness of the franes tn the plane of the plywood.n Srds were supported. on l-lnch roller plates centsred. 1 luch fron each end. on the smoothed.surfaces. Ehe d.lstance bei;ween the l-ateralljr adJustable knlfe-ecl.ge supporis was record.ed.as the spa.n. loacl. was applied. at the center through a curved. wood.enloadlng bl-ock. Deforoatlon ln lnches was obtatned. fron a dlaL read.lng to 0.001 tnch that was nountecl on the supporting base anil bore on the plyr.rootl between the solld-wood. coqgoaents of the frane. Lroad.-d.eflection curves were plotted., ancl the slope tras usecl to compute the value of II by the formtrla: Ef= where 1 PIJ 165- load. ln pound.s L = span ln lnches D = d.eficction ln inchee D- Rept. i{o. 1316-H, Revlsed, -16- Table 15. --Pllrwood constructlons and specLes Con8 r tnrc tlon .---.-.-.: No a tVpe -.-; o 11 : 1 : 1 L6 t7 18 L9 20 thlclmese t/zo L/'t+B .1 I: I:1 t/zo L/L6 L/'+B e'l 1 :l : 1 : 1 : I t/zo t/t6 L/\8 :l I:1: I: I: I r/zo L/L6 2L L/!e l+O l+r \2 1:2:1 ,+, U+ t+Z 1 :2 : 1 Rept. No. 1515-E, Revisetl Specles : t/16 6 7 I 9 Prv L/48 I , : : Ll20 L:/16 l'+8 t/zo L/L6 Yellolr-poplar Do. Do'. 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N r.l[98 2.r12 1.1+6lt 2.rL6 L,4L.52I,tI0.0, 1.7, l , 1 6 ' 1 . t6. , , . . . . , . . : . . . . . . . . . . . i . l r l r 2 9 . ar . ' . . . . , . . ' ! , . . . . . . . . . . ' . 1,221,, | . . . . , . . , . . ! . . . . , . , . . . . . . 2.t+96 r.58, 2.rL9 r.r81 2.106 r.590 2.rL6 r,l+61,5 ! 1r5rr.o r z,&. I , 7 4 1 , t: . . . . . , . . . . 8 . , . , , . . . . . . . , I , r 9 8 , 9: . . . . . . . . . . ! . . . . . . . . . . , , , Irtoe.,i.....,....t........,,,.. IO 10 lo 10 L,fr I.'9I 1.t86 1.t80 2.W 2.fr 2.r08 2,N L,9@.6 1r,80!,8 I L.r2 r , & 7 6 . 9: . . , , . . . . . . ! , . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 , 6 [ 0 . ]! , . , . . . . . . , r . . . . . . , , . . . . , 1 , 8 1 9 . 5! . . , . . . . . . . ! , . . . . . . ' . . . . . 103l.?rl .2.r@r lo ! I.?rO.2,106 t 10 ! I.?rOz 2,rgr. ro ! t.?gl t 2,*5 . *:"t I 6 E I r.t8r r.r88 L.fi r.r8r L.# 1.96 2.OO5 t.995 r,roo.8: 1,U6.6 t 2.r9 1 r U 2 . 2t . . . . . . . . . . ! . . . . . . . . . . . . . L , L r r . 2. , . . . . . . . . . t . . . . . . . . . . , , . 1 , 0 8 0 . 2. . . . . . . , . . . r , . . . . . . . . , . . . LD r e'ur.5. ro81.7bo|2,N,2rEl6.9 Lo I r,Ttt | 2.)@| 2,@'7 t....'.....3............' t . . . . . . . . . . ! . . ' . . . ....... . 2 ' r l p . E l o ! 1 . 7 1 2| 2 . 5 $ L O I L . T 5 9t 2 . \ 9 | z ' l g r . E r . . . . . . . . . . ! ' . . . . r . . . ' . . . l+oil-i2 E I I I r.t&f t L,r1g | | I.'EE t 2.a4lr 2.a4o 2.2n e.2r2 L,r6.rt L,LrL.o: l.E2 1 ' ! 9 8 ' 9: . . . . . . . " . ! . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,504., ! . . . . . . . . , . | . . . . . . , . . . . . . 1 ' l + 1 r 5! . ,. . . . . . . . . 1 ' . . . . . . . . . . . . 17o-Y, aod-rj 6 I I 6 L,# r t.# r r.tE | 1,58et e.ro4 e,rll 2'108 2.r& I,580.2t L,r'16.6. 1,i6 l,48t.t r. .. ,. ,. ...: ,,. ...... .. ,. !..........:.,.,...,,,... 1,515.2 l,@8.5 ! . , . ,. . . .. , | . . . . . .. . , . , . . [Od-Y4 I I 8 8 r.r9, | 2.75f r.r8t 2 2r7ro L.59) | 2.n0 I.60I r 2.T/'2 11169,0r l,l9a.6t 2.67 L , 6 A , 2r . , . . . . , . . . ! . . . . . . . . . . . . . I , 8 I r . 6i . . . . . . , , , . r . , . . , . . . . . , . , 1 , 1 1 2 . 8r . . . . . . . . , , ! . . . . , , . , . ; . . . 4Od-'| 0 E I I L.rtgo I r.196 r 1.6e ! L.rr, I r,b5.1 r 1,69?.f r a,6 ,.te t.o18 ' 2 , 0 8 1 . ,! . : , . . , , . . . ! . . , . . . . . . . . . . r , ? 1 8 , 6! . . . . , . i . , , r . . . . . . . . . . . . . , '01E 1 , 9 0 [ . 6! . . . . . . . . . t . . , . . . . . , . . , . ,,0$ 5a-rl 6 6 6 L.6r9 . 1.616 I L.6*. L.6)E z 2.rr\ 2.rL' 2.tu 2.rr7 boc-at I 2 , + 4Oc-vt 1 2 ,Ir 4.Oc-tt I.'OI I I zn8r?9,oF L)56.6t L,@r.z t l.u 9 6 7 . 7r . . " . . . . . . t I,Dl.!, : .... .,.... !. ...,. ....... I ' 1 2 r , ot . , . . . . . . . . t , , . . . . . . . . . . . l?a-vl 8 6 E 8 t r I z L,Trr t 2.W2 . 1 . ? 1 8, 2 . 1 6 . l . ? U l 3 2 . r e 0! L . 7 3 9| z ' ' d l t .98 L,69r.L. r,?22., t t , 7 c 5 , 7r . . . . . . . . . . ! . . . ' . . . . . . " . l,&r.f r........'.!........'.... \ffi.7 rr.........r.....r.....'. 1.09 2'271.7. 2'4.2r 2'o,c.r:.......'..t'..........'. 2 r ? p A , 58 . . . . . . . . . . 8 . ' . . . . . ' . . . . ' 2,#1'\ 3..........!.'...,......' It uI Lt u : : r t I.?le . 2.r@ I I.?r, .z,rL'l . r . ? r e t 2 , \ 9 Et 1 . ? 4 9t 2 . r l r s l.ts 2t T9,, | 2.t+7r.2 | 2 , 1 1 7 , 11 " . . 1 . . ' . ' ! " . . . . . . ' . . . . 2 , 7 & ) . )t . ' . . . . . . . . 3 . . . . . ' . ' . . . ' . 2 ' l ) 9 0 ' lr . r . . " . . . . : . . . . . . . ' . . . . . f?b-r€ 8 g I I r I r r l.?Pa | 2,2)o I t.Tz) s e,e[9t l . ? P l i! e . z , o t 1 , ? ? 3:t g . g t 8 ! r.1? L,6L6,2 ! l,to.2 r' r,610.Ir...'......t..."........ r,l8r.t t.......'..:............. 1,[U.8 r..,'......t..'.......... 1?t-6 I I I I r . s s r.?:to I.1tl r.tr I.?[9 l7o,t!' r . t : r t ! r 1.11r | 1,619.11r e.!ol I lr&!'l e . 1 9 8! 1 , E 9 6 . ,r . . . " . . . . . . t . . . r . . . . . . . . . e.teoI l,?rl,l t..,.......!.'........... e.ru r lr&t.l r.........'r............. 8rI.?Mr!.orr: 6 tL.Ttt ! r.oil t E t I.?'o rr.OV , 8! l.Zto !r.olt: .b € 1 1 8 0 . 5 22 , 2 Y r . 6 : l'9El.t t..'.'.....t............. 2,lrr., to....r....t..."........ 2 , l e l . et . . . . . . . . . . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . z:"r | i 9j 6 ---9 _ 4t 1 -^o layouts of specimens Flgure 1o8.--Typical on sheets of PlYrood 2 bY 5 feet. PANELEEFOPE FPIMEI,SEMELY PUT,IOOO !' t2 TA'LE OF OIMENSIONS a ,' 1 a E' to 7. ttb 3" 8', ti' 2' 4 2' ,j' r' v 2' I aETltLoF QzttEp SHawtNo aaAUEIIIO PILEP ISSEMELY b AUMETER fr HOLE t' t6 t' 4 7. 6 t c.!o6 t Figure J-OP.--ltlethocl of preparlng buckJ-ing specimens. ,' 2t Flgure 1Lo.--libthod used for uaklag ehear buckl_lng test, ehorlng lateral and frare gages in place. Dlagonal. gages not sholrn. z l't 089{5 F I I -4 \ \D \ F I q 4 \ ;\ ^*"+ q \ s { \D t a s s s s s $ .s s s s s -qi (counoal $ s s $ rl F{ orot Ia I \ t\\ q\D ts S\ =< -/ 3S I s{ s s s \ sl s s $ s s $ .\ tI & -R qr NF FT s s \. s s N (sounoa)orot s s s t E: OJ I H b A \ + * / <ta \ ofe s' \ _e-g .F -/ -f 4 lq{ $JS -Et=|4J\ \){ \ \ TT \ \J rs s \--^ 5-$ 3 q \ s\* \ \ G a =u t t\ "\J E { \-r \_ s s E a \+. s I \T. --\# -F s si s s s a s' gN 4p0o t" RAA| E 64 I 90Trol"l I LATERAL I 4po0 L,4TERAL I I ,ENT ER LATER,4 L .< 3/oo :'ti;;;;;'; I UCKL/NG LAAD / I s \ s -l -t \ 800 \ o \ t00 120 60 20 4' 80 (Urenntt 0.00t tNcH i f RAr|E o.000t ttcH) DEFoRtulATlON 0 Flgure Ltl+. --Flexure z A 6as46F of frame ancl lateral I $urlng test' tleflectlon /40 of speciren l+l+x n-I s \s Ir\ \ "-f \ N, s s\ h 9\ s S I .i'.l'a* ci -l ,t' I/ q t' SE {\ t () \ \ YI d $P \.o- ri I\ r =o*o \s -* sa \ J Or' s.3. s ss Q1' s s is F-9 T: fis q8 s SQ o Ed t L] 3: FS F -( -$ € > / --w s\ s I sl \- c, \ / / I qi I \t ;a [$ *g F $$ / s \s I 'A\' s s s €' s s $ F{ d OF O-l a{ F{' s sF 2F s I I s BN \ F , d d E {x R -\ : rrl tll| ( q{g El Or{ q{O h Orl H 5 P O'ct o od k o (n-l tD I tA t{${ O,q oOFl t() h* f bo q{ q oS F \*-"2 g8 -{ F 6,-r i+ N Utt-{ Ooo b0q{ qr o E *r 'r{ h (sounoa)orot s 5 I gEBBeB T e o s . r{ \OEld(DX FldOta A r{ OF qf *l H-l F ss . \ s s s \' ss O0 o'c, d q{ .iJ -l+, O Fr{dd Gl l-lFlH I ! os d .El R \J s s\s ooEl Prr{ fi g.E, H SR tr ss * I \' h Fl *u \{ 3.H \* s s ss lsJ o q= q-l l{t \ F.q -e-# )D-€-g \ s e\) +{lr{l O O drl ddob0 s s s. s s -q ST F qr a s (s 'i'l .!, I N o o o o o $ E o B I @ o b H II o o o6 7 / A 't. H E E o ! o I t o o o @ o oo o ./" o .y 6 I ffitl€o anTal 8lffics + NAxNuN sla€r;s.or NAttHEory(w the crrrrre wlth a slope that ls recomeacledl as an atlJuetnent factor, X'lgure 1i?.--4, ior the conluted stresges together rrlth tlata pJ.ottedl for the couparlson of obeerved str€iees'wlth stresses contr[t€d by assnnlng slnply supportetl etlges. pr the sa&e except that cJ.a.ryecleclgeswere aesumecllnstead of slnply supported'_^ Zl'iE 058F edlges. Teet speclnens were 10 i 20 lnches. Face g::aln was Oo. $ s s $ s \ $o, q Is 't. o o F o 14 o o { sB o o s sgl $ o o e,) 1 >a o B cvwpurEo cRtrtcAl srzEss + MAxtntutt srz€ss oF uArcHEocarnn (ff) Tlgure 1t8.--4r the ou:re rlth a alope that ls reconnentletl as an ailJustnent factor ior {:he conrpl1teaEtresses togetber with tlata pLottedl for the conlnrleon of obeerred st1,eeeeevlth etreesee conqrutedby aeeunlng sinply supported edlges. E, the saue eroelt that claqred edges wetr€ assuJnecllnstead of srnqFly eupported '' etlge6. i-rTeet apectnene were IO x ]O luchee. Face graln was Oo.. znsrrrpt a7 o F. \1" t o / R s / \, 6 R s /" "y \ F q ss "{ A .t. p O9 (,) o sE { @ o - H o / ? IAIPUTEO B o.7 C?ITICAL STREgS + MAXII'IUM gTRESS OF MATCHEO COUPON. /sd.) IFsi/ zn g'g|0_, Flgure 119.--$ the cunre wlth a slope that le necormendlerlae an adJuetuent factor for thE couputeil gtresseE together wlth data pLottetl for the coaparleon of obserretl sttessee rrlth stresses corputetl by assunlng eiuply supported etlgee. 9r the Balneexcept that clanpetl edlgeswere asounetl tnstead of slmply supportetl ed.ges. Test speclmens were I0 x 20 lnches. Face graln was !0o. s $ T b H ss .t' H { sE s8 E QTPUTEO CflTEAL SIRESS + NAXIM,IA SIRESS OF NAICHEO ,orr*(8, flgure 120.--4, thE curve wlth a elope ilrat le recornnendetlae an edJustment facto'r for the corrlnrted etresses together with clata plotteil for the couparlson of obserretl stresses wlth etresses corlnrtetl by assunlng Blrply eupp,ortett edgee. $ the sane except that claqred eclges v'ere assurrc,cllnstead of slnply supportecl edges. Teet speclmenBvG,:re10 u JO iucbee. Fece graln was pOo. nrwlt, o o o $ o s o o s N T s o !4 / F. ,/, t I .t. ,1 A B E, !D o o o o o 'o qt a< {" o B atntTEo cilrEAL sTnEss + ilaxtilutl s7ni5€ tr aaTcHEo Flgure 121.--A, the cruve rlth a elope that ls reconnentleil as an adJuetuent faotor for the conrputetletresses together with data plottetl for the conparlson of observeil etregses rtth gtreeses conryrutettby aeeunlng slnply eupporteil edges. p,l lihe eamEexcept that clanpedl ettgee w€re assumd lnetead of slnply supported eclges. ,,TeEt speclmensuere l-o x 20 lnches. Face grain ras -l+5o. zrgrstz, o o o o $E o o ,o u I o : b I s* v: : ,7 x I A S .t. F o : sB o s s s o o $ ,7 ^& ttt { ,B wufEo cnncal srnEgs+ tranfunt sTEEss oF natTHEo MtMt (E) FLgure L22.--A, the currre rrtth e dlope that ls reconrendlecl as an ad.Justnent factor for {:he coqrutecl etreseee togother rrtth ttata plottetl for the ccinparlson of obselllred stresgge rlth gtreeses corputetl by aesrrmlngeirply supportecl eclges. BJ the ea're except tJrat claqred etlgee were asaunod lnetead of slnply supBorted eclges. iTest speclnene were 1O x 50 lnches. Face gratn naa -45". ,. .rrw,>, o o o o 0 '* o oo l o o F (4 s / A T .t. F (4 a E I + tttAxtttuV ilTRESSff @uruTEO AwKL|NO STRESS ilATCnEO,*r--(w) ailJustnent Ftgure L25,--L, the currre rrlth a slope that ls reconnended' as aa the complottecl for data vith together factor for the computeit stresses slnply assunlng by computecl sireeses rttb etresses parleou of observei tnwe1.e essumecl iupportetl ettges. FJ the sa,ne except th't clon'etl edges Face Equar€. 1fere sui"porbed eclges. iest epectnens eteia of ehlly ;;;;"--hi;: zwoz\F ss' $ S o o /o d|0 A s F (D ss / A .t. F a q sE -'8 H a2 B a3 a4 o5 a7 a9 #*ft*) + MAXIMUIII STRESS OF MATCHED AMPUTEO CflTEAL ST'RESS Ftgure 124 ---4, the curve wlth a slope that ls recormend.ed as an adJustnent tlata plotted for the comiactor for Ehe coryutetl etregses together'vlth parLsoa of observed stresses lrith stresses computed by assr:mlng slnply iupportecl eclges. 9., the sarrte except that cJ-a,4reclettges vere assu'nect lnfest speclmens wele 1O x 20 lnches. steia of elnp1y sufporbetl edges. zMVoTrr Face graln was +h5-'l o o o & o s o r o $ I I s/ s sv Hfl" ss A ,.t. $ { sB a E to B Mtpu.TEo cRtncALsrREss + uaxtauil STRESS OF . t3 t,t t2 ilArcHEo *t*n(F*) t4 Ftgure 125.--L, the cu:rre wlth a slope that te reconnencletl as an aiUustnent iactor for Ehe computedlstresseg together rrtth dtata plottecl for" the conprarlson of obseflecl stresses nlth etresses conputecl by aeeunlng einplyl supported edgbs. Er the eame except that clarnFed eclges v€re assumecl tnsteaa or srnply supporterl etlges. Test speclnene were 10 x 5O lnches. z185076r Face greln ras +t5i: sl sB a E 8 tann/t cutR rE, drncAL slnf,slt + tAnrur rrar-;r'srE srnEss Mrm(E/ untEo *ro(ff) taEtwo Flgure L26.--L, the curne v'ith a sl-ope that ls recornmencletlas an actJustment factor for the computecl stresges together wlth clata plottecl for the conp,arison of observecl stresses wlth stresses computetl by assurnlng simply supportedl etlges. p; the sarne except thst cla.rnpectedges were assumetl lnstead of slnply supportecl'etlges. Test specinens were squf,rreo Face graln 'z;|d.lo?fF , vas+l+,o. s \, IGJ llq I \ #l* h'f o d +t / f, / o f g{ ,o I d {, o H fl it- \ \} \o \ s s N I 0t d .d o +t P o \/ a qs F{ s o q; ,7=, Pt // \ / ,/ ( / \ a / \ \) a \Fi s ti $ \ al \s -sy \i a { s j..',S s g{l oFt oo k o,q o H,q d OF{ +) ,g qt . + { ul o \ & p o o o o t" N (h st ooh nC .ld doQr doElo P.r{ I \ \ \-/ I I h.N g .r-{ I \ qt N s b \' \s d u)d o d Elr{ d Aul o) r{ o{J ,{ b0 bo{J o drd o C OtsI-{ P{ Fq r{ V \ \s s g rc\{J d -{i{*)d Fl o+ J F! {J O h0..{ (D O N ,?=, \s \s' e) s; s; Jkr \si ei s I / g .rl P fl F4 q{ r{ tuqt do o.r{ d .ckoo o d tDP{).F{ o\ et o l{.u ElEoo FiEplH O q-{F ( ' r) P5 {q5r a4 Fl q-i O c' o h / s s; \ + -{ trl oooP or..{ 5 v, ${q-{ h tr \/ GI F] "1 q, o N SJ \ {y \ \s ct OdPP () O\fi Ul O .rl Ert r Pt Io €h s .r.i *ty s \i s { qi O'r{ u) fr Hll) 5q{o"q b00 ()H r{ F{ q g P r{ l .d P T1 I : F{t qlo C'+J .qk oo a tr91 rl 5 ut oh ut F{ +, ql P{ F{E 'rl Pr o 'd ok oo F' .l AO AX r{ h$i qo{ k -s Ol CJ !o PO du) !d s ei rr{ . t -r \PP o b qt 8-+ J{ t,,+l od & '|qt t{ tb0 ;o fn \ F{ $ o c, qt q{ lL t{ t .cl b0P , .F{ Ft{ ri e € N sf +., rl +)CL qt .rl ra) $ q g P F{ <t qFi (t o t\J 4 o ln ci $ o o sdi lr) tu 9P \rl p0, i .d so fit FQ H{ I{ dn' out E UI P{ F! t{ f;H Fl tn aa o +rh do d A .td o) 'rd H Or{ O q-r I htl r-{ O A"d P kFl oo ${ o -0, .o tdu) \. PQ' $ 8+o -fis !(l) .P .EI rl +, F tE (tg od +, +Jo .98 ft 7c' {H o JDO {J oct \ SI rl .PH H g6 rl{ lu) oi c, () \ h\ Ht tf\ r{d t\ ko) TA \ F b0P .r{ F{ }{ P R @ q sN qr 0) I N t{l ql @ o UI ql o .t li'6 l\ I k Itll +) o o +' ql E +, t i{ F{ o rri o F I I I I I L ra) !t N { |\ p ll ll II Ir It I $ it s/ v ll $ f il $ $sd { [- dg 8et r{g{ I I I ll I / !. rg{ rn Gt // rntr -{O tr / o l{ 'ct AA t{)d 2 r{ h h E 6 /csJ I ( E/frWtMt o:tHilvn lo ssfats 9lvnuTl + ssta$ ttvryuTn ]AuJ:t!!! I N Flgrrrc lr9.--ItGtlrodl of Eklug z u 6eael F pancl shear test. Flgure llr0.--Statlc beacllng teat for stlffuees of fraoe nedber..