EFFECT OF ALICALINITY Of PHENOL- AND
RESORCINOL-RESIN GLUES ON
DURAMITY OF JOINTS IN PLYWOOD
August 1949
ANFGRictictittni—RSIEV9t13At141)__REAF44444,ED„.
Ptarril
INFORMATION REVIEWED
AND REAFFIRMED
1962
No. 12174S
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
FOREST SERVICE
FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY
Madison. 5, Wisconsin
In Cooperation with the University of Wisconsin
EFFECT OF ALKALINITY OF PHENOL- AND RESORCINOL-RESIN
GLUES ON DURABILITY OF JOINTS IN PLYWOOD1By R. F. BLONQUIST, Chemist
Forest Products Laboratory, 2 Forest Service
U. S. Department of Agriculture
Summary
The durability of yellow birch and of Douglas-fir plywood bonded
with a hot-press phenol-resin, an intermediate-temperature-setting phenolresin, and a room temperature setting resorcinol-resin glue, each formulated with varying amounts of caustic soda up to an amount that rendered
the glue impractical for spreading, has been investigated over a 2-to-3year period under each of four exposure conditions. These included exposures at approximately normal room conditions, at an elevated temperature and low humidity, at a high humidity at room temperature, and to a
repeating cycle of high and low humidities.
In general, the specimens exhibited typical behavior characteristic of well-glued joints made with the more durable glues under the same
test conditions. Under some exposure conditions, no significant relationship between the amount-of alkalinity and the durability developed.
There was evidence, however, that the most alkaline hot-press phenolresin glues were somewhat more destructive to the wood than were the less
alkaline glues when specimens were tested wet after 3 years of exposure
at the high temperature. Further, the two most alkaline hot-press phenol
formulations were most affected in joints in birch plywood when subjected
to the cycles of high and low humidities, in which case the adverse
effects noted appeared to be due mainly to damage to the glue, although
there were some indirect indications that the wood was also affected.
The amounts of alkali incorporated in some of these formulas, however,
were much higher than are known to be incorporated in any currently used
resin glues.
-This study was made in cooperation with the Bureau of Ships, U. S. Navy
Project NS-032-010.
Maintained at Madison 5, Wis., in cooperation with the University of
Wisconsin.
Report No. 81748
-1-
Agriculture-Madison
The determination of film p711 does not appear to be an adequate
method of distinguishing the excessively alkaline glues that appeared to
damage the wood under certain conditions, from less alkaline glues that
were sufficiently durable in these tests.
Introduction
Various alkaline materials, of which caustic soda is perhaps the
most common, are often used as catalysts with phenol- and resorcinol-resin
glues. These agents are used primarily to accelerate the curing reactions.
In recent years the amounts of alkali used with certain of the hot-press
phenol resins for bonding plywood have reached such levels that a question
arose concerning possible deleterious action of the alkali on either the ,
wood or the glue during subsequent service of the plywood. Previous rorka
at this Laboratory indicated that the use of relatively large amounts of acid
catalysts with certain intermediate-temperature-setting phenol-resin clues
resulted in a damage to the mod adjacent to the glue, particularly during
exposure to elevated temperatures and at high relative humidities. It was
the purpose of the present study to ascertain whether the presence of alkali
in the glue lines would have any similar undesirable effects on the durability of glued wood joints made with these phenol- and resorcinol-resin glues.
Preparation of Material
Glues
Three types of glues were selected for this study, including a hotpress liquid phenol-resin that had previously been found in laboratory tests
to be suitable for use on both hardwood and softwood plywood, an intermediatetemperature-setting phenol-resin, and a room-temperature-setting resorcinolresin glue. The last two glues were not intended primarily for plywood gluing, but were of interest for laminating and assembly gluing. The hot-press
resin, as received, had a liquid pH value of 9.2. The manufacturer recommended the addition of 4 parts caustic soda aid 2.5 parts sodium carbonate
per 100 grams of liquid resin for gluing Douglas-fir plywood. The intermediate-temperature-setting phenol-resin and the resorcinol-resin were both
liquid resins to which are normally added certain specified amounts of a
peraformaldehyde hardener before using. Tic liquid pH of the intermediatetemperature-setting phenol-resin without hardener was 7.9, and the corresponding value for the resorcinol-resin was 7.2. Glue formulations used in this
work are shown in table 1. The compositions wore selected, on the basis of
a considerable number of preliminary tests, to represent a range of alkali
contents for each type of glue from the normal mixture in common use to that
mixture with the highest alkali content that still had a reasonable working
like and spreading characteristics. The proportions of alkali, walnut-shell
flour, water, and resin were adjusted so that the solids content of the
different formulations in each series were approximately the same (51 to 58
.Forest :Products Laboratory Reports Nom.. 1345 and 1530
Report No. R1748
percent for the hot-press phenol-resin formulations), as were the viscosities
when measured by a Stormer viscosimeter. The viscosity standard for each
series of formulations was that of the normal glue mixture, without additional caustic, when mixed as recommended by the manufacturer.
The alkali was added in concentrated water solutions (12 to 24 normal)
to the resin at or below 75° F., and the mixtures mere kept cool so that the
temperatures of the mix were at 75° F. when the walnut-shell flour and the
paraformaldefryde hardeners were added as required. The alkali was added not
more than 1 hour before the glue was to be used.
Test Specimens
Six three-ply, 3/16-inch yellow birch plywood and six three-ply,
1/4-inch Douglas-fir plywood panels, each 18 by 25 inches, were prepared from
rotary-cut veneers with each of the hot-press phenol-resin formulations. The
veneers were at approximately 6 percent moisture' content when glued. Twelve
three-.ply, 3/16-inch yellow birch plywood panels, each 12 by 12 inches, were
prepared with each of the intermediate-temperature-setting phenol-resin and
with each of the resorcinol-resin glue formulations. These veneers were at
spread
approximately 12 percent moisture content when glued. All glue was
on both faces of the core ply with a roll spreader at the rate of approximately 20 grams per square foot of single glue line. The hot-pressed Douglasfir panels were pressed in a hydraulic press under a pressure of 150 pounds
per square inch, while the hot-pressed yellow birch panels were pressed
under a pressure of 200 pounds per square inch. Panels glued with the intermediate-temperature-setting phenol-resin and the resorcinol-resin glue were
pressed in mechanical presses under a pressure of approximately 150 pounds
per square inch. The assembly periods and curing conditions are given in
table 1. All panels were conditioned, after removal.from pressure, for at
least one week at 80° F. and 65 percent relative humidity before being cut
into plywood shear-test specimens: Specimens cut from. the panels of each
series of the various glue-species combinations were sorted into five
representative groups, one for the initial dry and wet tests and one for
each of the four different exposure conditions employed. Each control
value was the average of tests of 30 specimens.
Method of Test
Exp osure Conditions
Groups:-of specimens were exposed to the following conditions:
Continuous 80° F. and 65 percent relative humidity.
Continuous 158° F. and • 20 percent relative humidity.
Continuous 80° F. and 97 percent relative humidity.
Exposure to a repeating cycle consisting of 2 weeks at
80° F. and 97 percent relative humidity, followed by 2
weeks at 80° F. and 30 percent relative humidity.
Rep ort No. 81748
Test Periods
At the end of 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months at each of conditions
1, 2, 3 and 4, a group of five representative specimens for each glue and
each species was removed and tested immediately. In addition, a group of
specimens, glued with the various hot•press phenol-resin glues (A-1 through
A-8), was tested after 36 months in each exposure. Specimens from condition
4 were tested at the end of the 30-percent-relative-humidity exposure. In
all tests, an additional group of five specimens, removed at the same time,
was immersed in water at room temperature for 48 hours and was then tested
while wet. The specimens were tested in shear in a standard plywood-testing
machine loading at the rate of approximately 600 pounds per minute.
Results
General.
It may be interesting to note the relationships between the amounts
of alkali added and the film pH values. Increasing.the amount of caustic
soda in the hot-press phenol-resin mixtures increased the film pH until
about 9.6 grams of solid sodium hydroxide had been added per 100 grams of
liquid resin. Beyond this point the film pH varied' somewhat irregularly,
for which no good explanation is known at this time, but it appeared that
the film pH values began to level off at around 11.5 for this particular
resin. Increasing the amount of alkali somewhere between three- and fourfold made very little difference in the film pH value. These different
amounts of alkali could probably have been determined experimentally by
titration procedures, although this was not attempted in the present study.
Electrometric titration, rather than a colcrimetric determination, would be
needed because of the deep color of the resin mixtures. The amounts of
alkali added to the resorcinol resiw and to the intermediate-temperaturesetting phenol resin were much lower, since larger amounts caused a rapid
gelling of the mixtures that made them unspreadable. Thus the amounts of
alkali present in even the most alkaline glues of the lower-temperaturesetting types were small compared to those in the hot-press phenol-resin
series.
The average results of the plywood shear tests are given in tables
2 through 13.
In general, the original quality of joints was satisfactory.
Initial wet-strength values and the corresponding percentages of wood
failure were somewhat lower with the two most highly alkaline formulations
of the hot-press phenol-resin glues (A-7 and A-8) on both species of veneer.
Initial dry-test results were slightly lower with formulation A-7 than with
the more alkaline formulation A-8. No explanation is known for this difference, tnd considering the trends in the test values as the exposures continued) it is probably not significant. All glue mixtures could be spread
satisfactorily on the mechanical spreader, although formulation A-8 tended
Report No. 81748
-4-
to be somewhat gelatinous in the pot and was considered to be on the
border line as far as the working properties of a practical glue are
concerned. Initial dry-and wet-joint strength and wood-failure values
for specimens glued with all formulations of the room-temperaturesetting resorcinol-resin glue (B-1 through B-4) and of the intermediatetemperature-setting phenol-resin glue (C-1 through C-4) were considered
satisfactory. All of the formulations of glues B and C had good spreading and working characteristics.
Continuous Exposure at 80° F.
and 65 Percent Relative Humidity
The results of tests after continuous exposure'at 80° F. and
percent
relative humidity are given intables 2, 3, and 4. In general,
65
the dry-strength values showed a tendency to increase slightly but rather
consistently throughout the 2)4 or 36 months of exposure. This trend
could be attributed in part to additional curing of the glue during exposure or to a slight relief of stresses developed in the wood during
gluing. In general, the dry wood failures remained consistently high
throughout. In the wet tests, no' consistent trends were noted in jointstrength values. When tested wet, however, joints made with glues A-7
and A-8 showed increasing wood failure as the exposure period increased.
This increasing wood failure, combined with relatively constant jointstrength values, might be attributed to a deleterious effect of the
glue on the wood.
Continuous Exposure at 158° F. and 20 Percent Relative Humidity
The results of tests after continuous exposure-at 158° F. and
After
20 percent relative humidity are given intabics 5, 6, and 7.
24 or 36 months in this exposure all plywood specimens may be expected
to be somewhat weaker due . to the effect of the heat on the wood itself.
Birch plywood specimens glued with the hot-press phenol-resin formulations lost from 3 to 22 percent of their original dry strength when
tested dry, although there was no consistent trend in these results
•
that could be related to the amount of alkalinity. Generally high
percentages of wood failure were maintained throughout the tests. Birch
plywood glued with these hot-press phenol-resin formulations lost from
percent of their original wet strength when tested wet, and
21 to 43
the actual shear
generally this amount of loss in strength increased and
strengths decreased as the amount of alkali increased. High percentages
of wood failure were observed in all of the 36-month wet tests. Douglasthe same glues, lost from 19 to 29
fir plywood specimens, glued with
percent of their original strength in dry tests and 29 to 40 percent
in the wet tests. The shear-test values in the wet tests after-36
months tended to be somewhat lower with the more alkaline glues, although
the percentage of decrease from the control values was often erratic
and was not related to the amount of alkali present. Wood-failure values
were generally high after 36 months of this exposure.
Report No. 81748
Although final wood-failure values with formulations,A6 ) A7, and A8
did not exceed 81 percent on the Douglas-fir specimens when tested
wet, these values generally represented increases over the original
values. This trend in wood-failure values was likewise shown more
significantly in the corresponding wet tests on birch specimens. The
data would indicate that any possible effects of increasing the amount
of alkali in this hot-press phenol-resin glue are not of real significance in dry strengths under this'exposure, but there is evidence that
as the amount of alkali increases, the wet strengths of the joints
decrease both in birch and in Douglas-fir plywood. Examination of the
types and amounts of wood failure in the dry specimens broken after
the 3 years of this high-temperature cxposure generally showed no
significant differences in appearance of the broken joints on either
the birch or fir specimens as the mount of alkali in the glue increased. The types ef breaks were considered quite typical of the
failures with other types of durable glues exposed under the same
conditions. In the birch and fir specimens tested wet after the
3-year exposure at 158° F. and 20 percent relative humidity, there
was a tendency for the failure to be shallower in the core for the
four most alkaline glues when compared to the four lass alkaline
mixtures. This trend was more significant in the birch than in the
fir specimens. All specimens broke, however, with definitely high
percentages of wood failure. This difference in the appearance of
the wood failure in the four most • alkaline glues and the decreases
in joint strength when tested wet, as previously noted, indicate a
definite effect of alkalinity on the wood under this exposure, which
effect was more significant on the birch than on the fir. From these
results it seems probable that there was some deleterious effect from
large amounts of alkali in the glue on the wood under the continuous
exposure at 158° F. and 20 percent relative humidity. The effect of
alkali does not appear to be as great, however, as vas previously
noted with one acid-catalyzed phenol-resin glue under the same
conditions.a
-Forest Products Laboratory Report No. 1345
Report No. R1748
-6-
Birch plywood specimens glued with the various formulations of the
room-temperature-setting resorcinol-resin all lost approximately one-fourth
of their original dry strengths when tested dry after 21 months of this
exposure. These joints also lost from 20 to 31 percent of their original
wet strength when tested wet after the same length of this exposure. The
original high levels of wood failure were maintained throughout this exposure, with the exception of the dry tests on the most alkline formulation,
B-4, for which an increase in wood failure was noted during the first year,
which was followed by a decrease to the original level. Birch plywood
glued with the various formulations of the intermediate-temperature-setting
phenol-resin also showed losses of 18 to 29 percent in dry and wet strength
after this exposure, but there was no consistent relationship betrmen the
magnitude of these changes and the amount of alkalinity. Wood-failure
values also remained at their original high levels, and the broken joints
were normal in appearance. From these data it appears that increasing the
amount of alkali in a room-temperature-setting resorcinol-resin glue or in
an intermediate-temperature. setting phenol-resin glue within the limits
used in these experiments has no significant effect on the joint quality
after 2L months of exposure at 3.50° F. sad 20 percent relative humidity.
Continuous Exposure at 80° F. and 97 Percent Relative Humidity
The results of tests after continuous ex posure at 80° F. and 95
percent" relative humidity are given in tables 8, 9, and 10. Yellow birch
plywood, glued with the various hot-press phenol-resin formulations A-1
through A-4, retained in this exposure from 89 to 100 percent of their
original dry strength and high percentages of wood failure. In the dry
tests after 3 years of exposure, birch specimens glued with A-5 and A-6
retained approximately 80 percent of their original strength and the
wood-failure values were rather erratic, with some high percentages and
some low percentages of wood failure in the same group of five specimens
tested at a given time. This difference may have been due to some variation in moisture content of the specimen at the time of test, since a similar
variation in wood-failure values was not noted in the' corresponding specimens tested wet at the same time. In the latter case, approximately 70 percent of the original met strength was retained and nearly complete wood
failure was observed. Birch specimens glued with A-7 retained their original
level of strength, but showed very shallow wood failure, in small amounts,
3
yhon tested dry. Birch specimens glued with A-8 and tested dry after
years of exposure at this high relative humidity were badly delaminated
before testing and showed only 37 percent of their original strength and
no wood failure. There seemed to be very little glue in the glueline,
although the original quality of the joints had been adequate. Birch specito 80 percent of their
mens glued with .1-1 through A-5 retained from 71
years of this high humidity
3
original'wet strength when tested wet after
exposure, and the broken joints had a normal a ppearance for durable glues
under this type of exposure. Joints with A-6 retained 76 percent of
original wet strength and showed some erratic wood failures in the 24- and
wore generally considered rather normal
36-month tests, but these failures
retained
in appearance for this condition. Birch specimens glued with A-7
Report No. R1748
74 percent of original wet strength under the same conditions and showed
good wood failure, but of a finer hairlike type in the core, as compared to
the less alkaline glues. 'The birch specimens glued with A-8 were definitely
affected by this exposure, and when tested wet after 3 years of exposure, they
retained only 25 percent of their original wet strength and showed absolutely
no,wood failure. As in the dry tests, there appeared to be a lack of suffi.
cient'glue in the joint. After the broken specimens, glued with A- 8, had
dried, it was observed that the face plies had shrunk at least 10 percent in
width at the end of the test area (saw-kerf end) and that the specimens were
badly warped. Such shrinkage and warpage were not observed on any of the .
specimens glued with less alkaline glues when tested wet and then dried,
and it may have been due to an unusual swelling and shrinkage of the wood
as a result of chemical damage to the wood by the highly alkaline glue in
this exposure.
The fir specimens glued with the various hot-press phenol-resin
formulations satisfactorily withstood 3 years of exposure at 80° F. and
97 percent relative humidity. All specimens retained 87 percent or more
of their original strength in both wet and dry tests and generally maintained
their original levels of wood failure or increased them. There were no
unusual appearances in the broken specimens. Apparently the highly alkaline
glue, A-8, is less damaging to joints in Douglas-fir than in yellow birch.
It maybe noted that very limited tests at the Forest Products Laboratory
have indicated that Douglas-fir is somewhat more acid than birch.
Yellow birch specimens' glued with the various resorcinol - resin
formulations, B-1 through B-4, shored significant but variable decreases
in joint strengths when tested both dry and wet after 18 and 24 months of
exposure to 80° F. and 97 percent relative humidity, while failure was
nearly entirely in the wood. The decreases in shear-test values cannot be
attributed to the presence of alkali in the glueline, since joints made
with the glue with no additional alkali (21-1) decreased more in strength
than those made with the most alkline formulations (A-3 and A-4). The variations in rates of decrease of joint strength were apparently due to some
variability in the conditions of the exposure between the 12- and the 24month tests that resulted in increased destruction to the wood from some
external influence, probably decay. No specimens were available for making
additional tests with these glues under this exposure.
Yellow birch specimens glued with the different intermediate-temperature-setting phenol-resin formulations C-1 through C-4, all maintained from
79 to 100 percent of their original strength and high percentages of wood
failure when tested both dry and wet after 2 years of exposure at this high
humidity. There was no indication of loss in durability of these joints
because of the alkalinity of the glue.
Report No. R1748
Exposure to Alternating 97 Percent - 30 Percent
Relative Humidity at 80° F.
The results of tests after alternate exposure to 97 percent and
to 30 percent relative humidity at 80° F. are given in tables 11, 12, and
13. The hot-press phenol-resin formulations A,.1 through A-5 retained
from 70 to 100 percent of their original dry and wet strength in the birch
plywood throughout 3 years of exposure to this cycle. Wood-failure values
when tested'dry after 3 years were somewhat lower and more erratic with
A-4 and A-5, although this variation was not noted in the corresponding
wet tests. Birch specimens glued with A-6 retained 89 percent of the
original dry strength, and the wood failure value after 3 years was the
same as originally, although there was a considerable variation invood
failure during the exposure period. When tested wet after 3 years, the
corresponding specimens with A-6 retained only 61 percent of original :
strength and wood failure values were low. Birch plywood glued with A-7
and A-8 retained only 57 to 63 percent of original dry strength and 40 to
56 percent when tested wet after 3 years, and percentages of wood failure
end A-8 after
decreased to very low levels, Birch specimens glued with 3 years of exposure showed some delamination before testing wet, and the
broken specimens, dried after test, showed some abnormal shrinkage across
the grain of the open face veneer, as was noted after the continuous exposure tests at 80° F. and 97 percent relative humidity.
All joints in Douglas-fir plywood glued with A-1 through A-8 retained
essentially their original levels of joint strength and wood failure when
tested dry after 3 years of exposure under this cyclic condition. The corresponding specimens glued with A-1 through A-5 retained their original
quality when tested wetafter this exposure. The Douglas-fir specimens
glued with A -6, A - 7, and A- 8 showed losses of original wet strength of 10
to 24 percent and some decreases in wood failure when tested Wet, although
these changes were much less than in the corresponding tests on birch
specimens.
Yellow birch plywood specimens glued with the resorcinol-resin and
intermediate-temperature-setting phenol ►resin formulations containing various amounts of caustic soda all retained their original high levels of
strength and wood failure after 2 years of exposure to this high-humidity -low humidity cycle.
It should be noted in the data'of table 1 that the film pH values of
the hot-press, phenol-resin glues A-6, A-7, and A-8 do not ade q uately distinguish the more highly alkaline glues that showed questionable durability,
from some of less alkaline glues that performed satisfactorily in all of the
exposures in this study. For this reason, some test other than film pf night
prove more desirable in establishing arid specifying permissible alkalinity
of phenol-resin glues. The imporatnt factor is apparently the total
alkalinity, rather than the pH, and this could perhaps be more adequately
determined by a titration procedure. Electrometric titration, rather than
the simpler colorimetric procedure, would probably be required because of
the color of the glues. No attempts were made to develop such a procedure.
Report No. 81748
-9 -
This study did not include an investigation of the durability of
these same glues in laminated constructions with thick laminations or with
species other than yellow birch and Douglas-fir. The degree of correlation
between the results of this present study and such studies on laminated
timbers is hot known. Since such laminating procedures would most likely
involve the use of the resorcinol-resin or of the intermediate-temperaturesetting phenol-resin glues, which performed satisfactorily in all of the
present tests, it is believed that excessive alkalinity with these mixed
glues is not likely to be a serious problem unless excessive alkali is added
separately to one wood surface before assembly, since addition of alkali
beyond the levels used in the present study resulted in glue mixtures that
had excessively short working-life limitations.
Conclusions
Varying the amount of caustic soda in a hot-press phenol-resin, an
intermediate-temperature-setting phenol-resin, and a room-temperature-setting*
resorcinol-resin glue up to a level where the glues were no longer spreadable,
had no effect that was considered significant on the durability of glue
joints in yellow birch and in Douglas-fir plywood made with these glues when
exposed continuously at 80° F. and 65 percent relative humidity for periods
of 2 or 3 years.
After a 3 -year exposure at 158° F. and 20 percent relative humidity,
there was evidence of damage to the wood in the birch plywood specimens
tested wet after exposure when glued with the most alkaline hot-press phenolresin formulations. There was no definite transition point in the amount of
alkalinity at which this effect became abnormally great. A similar but less
severe trend was noted in the wet tests of Douglas-fir plywood. No significant changes in dry strengths'in either fir or birch plywood that were related to the amount of alkali, were noted. Birch plywood specimens glued
with the intermediate-temperature-setting phenol-resin and rith the resorcinol
resin containing various amounts of caustic soda, all suffered typical losses
in joint strength while maintaining high percentages of wood failure after
2 years of exposure at this high temperature, but there vas no relationship
between the amount of this change and the alkalinity of the glue mixtures.
Continuous exposure at 80° F. and 97 percent relative humidity
appeared to be the most damaging exposure to the most alkaline hot-press,
phenol-resin glues in this series of tests. The two most alkaline of these
formulations, one containing approximately 29 and the other 35 grams of
solid caustic soda per 100 grams of liquid resin, were most significantly
affected, with the latter formulation being most seriously affected. There
appeared to be some definite indication that this most alkaline formulation
affected both the wood and the glue itself. Birch joints made with the six
least alkaline hot-press phenol-resin formultions showed good performance
for this type of exposure, and there was no clear indication that increasing the amount of alkali within this range was harmful. Joints in Douglasfir plywood were not seriously affected by this high-humidity exposure.
Report No. R1748
-10-
Birch plywood glued with the various intermediate-temperature-setting phenolresin and resorcinol-resin formulations withstood 2 years of exposure at
80° F. and 97 percent relative humidity without showing any significant
effect that could be correlated with the alkalinity of the glue.
After 3 years of cyclic exposure at a high and at a low relative
humidity (97 percent relative humidity and 30 percent relative humidity
at 80° F.) the two most alkaline hot-press phenol-resin formulations showed
significant losses in strength and wood failure in birch plywood. These
changes appeared to be due to failure of the glue, and possible effects on
the wood were masked by low joint-test values. Similar trends to a distinctly lesser degree were observed in the tests of these [tame two most
alkaline glues on Douglas-fir plywood. Birch plywood, glued with the
intermediate-temperature-setting phenol-resin and with the resorcinol-resin
formulations with different degrees of alkalinity, were not significantly
affected by the high-low-humidity cyclic exposure.
The determination of film pH is technically inadequate for distinguishing between those glues that produced joints that were insufficiently
durable because of excess alkalinity and glues that were durable under : the
conditions studied. Although no experimental investigations were made, it
is possible that a more adequate procedure would be a titration of free
alkali in the wet mixed glue.
Report No. 81748 -11-
Table 1.--Glue mixtures and gluing conditions used in preparation of plywood
test specimens
Glue : Amount of : pH of : Film :Approximate4:Average :Curing : Length
mixture:sodium hydrox-:freshly: pH :working life: closed :temper-:
of
: ide added to : mixed :value3: at 75° F. :assemblY: ature : cure
: liquid resin : glue? : :
: period :
: period
-----6.-: :-_-
:- --- : :---------:
:
:G ► . per 100 gm:
-.
:
Min.
: Min. :
°F. :Min.:Hrs.
Hot-press phenol resins
A-1 :
2.4
4.8
A-5 :
9.6
14.4
19.4
• 10.0 :
• 10.8 :
• 110 :
:
: 11.6 :
• 11.2 :
A-6 :
24.2
A-7 :
A-8 :
28.8
A-2 :
A-3 :
A-4 :
34.6
11.124 :
(6)
:
40
(15)
(6)
(Z',)
:
:
:
40:
(3')
•
35
35
(;')
:
: 285 : 15 :
285 : 15 :
45
: 285 : 15 :
50
: 285 : 15 :
: 285 : 15 :
: 285 : 15 :
34: 285 : 15
45
: 285 : 15 :
:
()
11.5 :
:
(6)
Room-temperature-setting resorcinol resinl
B-1 :
B-2 :
B-3 :
0
: 8 7.1 : 7.4 :
1.9
3.2
:
:
B-4 :
4.8
:
244
:
55
:
75 :
: 16
7.7 : 7.6 :
8.0 : 8.2 :
59
23
:
:
24
:
75 :
: 16
: 16
11
:
:
:
75 :
8.4 : 8.8 :
7
7
75 :
:
16
Intermediate-temperature-setting phenol resin!.
C-1 :
C-2 :
0
4.3
0-3 :
5.8
C-4 :
7.2
• t.),8.0 : 8.1 :
: .9.1 : 10.4 :
. ,29.3 : 10.7 :
: 210.2 : 11.2 :
253
102
42
:
60
24
17
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: 16
: 16
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1 Twenty grams of glue per square foot was applied to each side of the center
ply. The assembly temperature was 75° F.
_Measured on wet glue mixture 30 minutes after mixing.
2As measured according to AAF Specification.14124A
4Measured-on a separate batch of mixed glue, with the ingredients being at
75° F.,.mixed at 75° F. and observed after exposure in air at 75 9 F.
5
-In mixing, the alkali Was added to the resin while cold as 12, 18, or 24
normal solutions in water. Twenty grams of walnut-shell flour were added
for each 100 grams of liquid resin. The pH of the liquid resin only was
9.2. This glue is normally prepared for use by addition of 4 parts sodium
hydroxide and 2.5 parts sodium carbonate per 100 parts liquid resin.
forking life of mixture was. greater than 24 hours.
In mixing, alkali was added, as a 12 normal solution of sodium hydroxide in
water (480 grams per 1,000 cubic centimeters solution), to the-resin when
cold. The mixture was then stirred well and brought to 75° F. $ and the
recommended amount of the regular hardener was added. These glues are
normally used without addition of any alkali.
`Determined on another lot of the same glue.
-Cured in a press in a kiln at this temperature and maintaining 12 percent
equilibrium moisture content.
Report No. 81748
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