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1.782 Environmental Engineering Masters of Engineering Project
Fall 2007 - Spring 2008
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MAE LA REFUGEE CAMP
WATER SUPPLY
9 November 2007
Mary Harding, Navid Rahimi, and Katherine Vater
MIT - CEE
MAE LA REFUGEE CAMP WATER
SYSTEM
|
Background and Overview
Mae La Camp
y Water Supply
y
|
I. Distribution System Modeling
Intermittent supply issues
y Program - EPANET
y
|
II. Water Treatment
Turbidity
y Stream flow & Rainfall
y
MAE LA LOCATION
China
Yunnan
India
Mandalay
Myanmar
Laos
Yangon
Hainan
Mae La refugee camp
Vietnam
Thailand
Mergui
Archipelago
n Sea
Andama
Bangkok
Quy Nhon
Cambodia
Phnom Penh
Gulf of Thailand
Songkhla
Ho Chi
Minh City
(Saigon)
South China Sea
Malaysia
Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare.
|
Karen, Karenni, and
Mon refugees
|
20,000 people
|
Semi-permanent camp for day
laborers
WATER SUPPLY & GEOGRAPHY
Mae Sot
Thailand
Myanmar
Road
Spring 17
A Tank
Christopher Tank
B Tank
M Tank
Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare.
Spring 9
C Tank Spring 5
River
Pump T
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OVERVIEW
S10
S9
B tank
C tank
75 m3
Tim pump
station
72
m3
150 m3
850m
1105m
1000m
75 m3
A tank
Christopher pump
station
100 m3
Christopher tank
Banana
pump
station
150 m3
|
|
|
Over 150 public tap stands
Springs, surface water, and
groundwater
Diverse pipe sizes and
joint connections
MOI tank
MOI pump station
10 000 m3
Pond spring
Pond
Brizou, Jean-Baptiste. “Thailand Mission: Maela Camp Nov. 2005- Aug. 2006: Final Report.”, AMI
PART I: DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Objectives:
1. Collect elevation & additional system data
|
Handheld GPS units to add data to GIS Map A
2. Create EPANET distribution model
|
Link GIS Map and flow data to EPANET A
3. Calibrate model
|
Salt or rhodamine testing
a
4. Suggest potential improvements
|
Pumping energy and cost, impact of new sources, contaminant
tracing
INTERMITTENT FLOW
|
Supply ≠ Demand
Pressure-driven analysis
y Network charging; pipes not always full
y
Variation of flow and roughness coefficient as expels air
| Quality concerns
|
Groundwater ingress and microbial regrowth while stagnant
y Pressure/velocity peaks allow for biofilm detachment
y
|
Social effects
Take more than necessary: “just in case” & non-metered
y Leave collector beneath tap to get every drop
y
Systems Components Fill Times in 2007
25,00
Fill times (min)
20,00
15,00
10,00
5,00
0,00
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Month
SP12+15
MOI
AT
SP8+CT
CT
SP10
CH
BT+SP9
Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare.
SP11
EPANET: PRINCIPLES & COMPONENTS
|
Principles
Hydraulics - Conservation of mass & energy
y Quality - Continuity of flow & reaction kinetics
y
|
Components
y
Nodes, pumps, pipes, reservoirs, tanks
EPANET: CAPABILITIES
| No
size limit
| Time-varying demand
| Pressure driven nodes
| Bulk reactions and pipewall reactions
Nth order reactions, Michaelis-Menton
| Head-loss
equations and
mixing tank models
| Use of ArcGIS data
EXISTING DATA
| Microsoft
Excel file
| Pipe lengths & diameters
| ~10 sections broken up by
feeder tanks
| No obvious joint
information
| Some missing or confusing data
PART II: WATER QUALITY
| Goal:
provide higher quality spring-water
using appropriate treatment processes
| Existing
y
y
y
situation
Known elevated turbidities
Various disconnected storage tanks and distribution systems
Chlorination
LOCATIONS OF STORAGE TANKS
TURBIDITY AT STORAGE TANKS
Data from D. Lantagne, August, 2007.
> 20 NTU
5 – 20 NTU
TURBIDITY AT STORAGE TANKS
Data from AMI, 2006-2007.
Turbidity at Storage Tanks
January - August, 2007
200
120
180
100
160
MOI Small
140
MOI New
MOI Old
120
100
60
80
Rainfall [mm]
Turbidity [NTU]
80
Spring 17
A Tank
B Tank
Christo
C to popu
40
60
C to IPD 1
Rainfall
40
20
20
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Month
Rainfall
Surface/Combined Source
Spring Source
STREAM FLOW AND RAINFALL
CORRELATION
Data from AMI, 2005-2007 and GOSIC, 1951-2007.
Rainfall
Average Stream Flow
160
4000
140
3500
120
3000
100
2500
80
2000
60
1500
40
1000
20
500
0
0
1
11
21
31
Week
41
51
Stream Flow [cubic meters per day]
Rainfall [mm]
Stream Flow Volume
DESIGN PARAMETERS
| Water
y
y
Quality Measurements
Turbidity
Total coliform
| Capacity
y
y
Confirm flow data
Determine flow composition
| Location
y
y
Size of units
Potential sites
ANALYSIS
| Determine necessary treatment processes
y Pre-treatment (rough filtration, sedimentation)
y Slow sand filtration
| Design
locations
| Integration of potential pipe system changes with treatment facilities
y
Fewer-more centralized locations?
POTENTIAL DIVISION BY FLOW VOLUMES
East
Central
River