Game fish loss in certain irrigation diversions of the West Gallatin River, Montana in relation to the
physical characteritics of canal intakes
by John C Spindler
A THESIS Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a degree of
Master of Science in Fish and Wildlife Management
Montana State University
© Copyright by John C Spindler (1954)
Abstract:
The relationship between legal game fish loss and various physical characteristics of canal intakes was
investigated on twelve irrigation diversions of the West Gallatin River, Montana during the summers of
1951 and 1952. The physical characteristics considered were: headgate location, construction and
manipulation; intake velocity, volume, gradient, width, depth and angle with river; location of intake in
relation to river flow, amount of water diverted in comparison to the amount retained by the river,
diversion dams, bottom types and cover. No correlation was apparent between legal game fish loss and
location, construction or manipulation of headgates and the linear regression of fish loss on velocity,
gradient, width or depth of intakes did not prove significant by the analysis of variance test. The
regression of fish loss on the angle of the intake with the river or the amount of cover at the intake and
adjacent river area did not prove significant and bottom types in the intakes and adjacent river areas or
the existence of diversion dams at the intake had no observable influence on fish loss. Legal game fish
loss was highest in canals with the higher volumes of flow and in those with intakes' located on river
bends and the highest loss in 1952 was sustained by a canal into which all but a negligible amount of
water was diverted from the river. GAME F IS H LOSS IN CERTAIN IRRIG A TIO N DIVERSIONS
OF THE IiEST GALLATIN R IV E R , MONTANA IN RELATION
TO THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANAL INTAKES
by
JOHN C . SPINDLER
A T H ESIS
S u b m itted t o th e G raduate F a c u lty
in
p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f th e re q u ire m e n ts
f o r a deg ree o f
M aster o f S c ie n ce in F is h and W ild life Management
at
Montana S ta te C o lleg e
Approved:
•tment
Examining Committee
.v is io n
Bozeman, Montana
M arch, 19$h
c; a \
- f
—2—
Table o f C o n te n ts
Page
A b s tra c t ...................................................................
3
I n tr o d u c tio n ............................
It
Acknowledgements ........................................'...................................................
6
G eneral d e s c r ip ti o n o f th e s tu d y a r e a ..................................
6
Methods .....................
6
V e l o c i t i e s , volumes and g r a d ie n ts ...........................................................
7
W idths and d e p t h s ......... ..................................................................................
8
Mapping ..................................................................................................................
8
F is h l o s s ...........................................................................................................
8
P h y s ic a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f c a n a l in ta k e s and f i s h lo s s .......................
H e a d g a te s ...............
10
10
V e lo c ity , volume and g r a d ie n t
.....................
12
W idth and d ep th .................................................................
13
L o c a tio n i n r e l a t i o n to r i v e r f l o w .........................................................
lit
Angle w ith r i v e r ...............................................................................................
lit
D iv e rs io n dams ...................................................................................................
15>
Bottom ty p e s and c o v er
...........................................................................
l£
D is c u s sio n ......................................................................................................................
17
Summary .............................................................................................................................
19
L i t e r a t u r e c i t e d ..........................................................................................................
21
Supplem ent ..............................................................................
22
110377
-3 -
ABSTRACT
The r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een l e g a l game f i s h lo s s and v a r io u s p h y s ic a l
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f c a n a l in ta k e s was in v e s t ig a te d on tw elv e i r r i g a t i o n
d iv e r s io n s o f th e West G a lla t in R iv e r, Montana d u rin g th e summers o f •
19^1 and 1952. The p h y s ic a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .c o n s i d e r e d .were: h ead g ate
l o c a t i o n , c o n s tr u c tio n and m a n ip u la tio n ; in ta k e v e l o c i t y , volum e, g r a d i­
e n t , w id th , d ep th and an g le w ith r i v e r ; lo c a t io n o f i n t a k e . i n r e l a t i o n to
r i v e r flo w , amount o f w a te r d iv e r te d in com parison to th e amount r e ta in e d
by th e r i v e r , d iv e r s io n dams, bottom ty p e s and c o v e r. No c o r r e l a t i o n was
a p p a re n t betw een l e g a l game f i s h lo s s and lo c a t i o n , c o n s tr u c tio n o r ma­
n ip u la tio n ' o f h e a d g a te s and th e l i n e a r r e g r e s s io n o f f i s h lo s s on v e lo c i­
t y , g r a d ie n t, w id th o r d e p th o f in ta k e s d id n o t prove s i g n i f i c a n t by th e
a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e t e s t . The r e g r e s s io n o f f i s h lo s s on th e a n g le o f
th e in ta k e w ith th e r i v e r o r th e amount o f c o v er a t th e in ta k e and ad­
j a c e n t r i v e r a r e a d id n o t p ro v e s i g n i f i c a n t and bottom ty p e s i n th e i n ­
ta k e s and a d ja c e n t r i v e r a re a s o r t h e .e x is te n c e o f d iv e r s io n dams a t th e
in ta k e had no o b se rv a b le in f lu e n c e on f i s h l o s s . L eg al game f i s h lo s s
was h ig h e s t i n c a n a ls w ith th e h ig h e r volum es o f flo w and i n th o se w ith
in ta k e s lo c a te d on r i v e r bends and. th e h ig h e s t lo s s i n 1952 was s u s ta in e d
by a c a n a l in to w hich a l l b u t a n e g lig ib le amount o f w a te r wap d iv e r te d
from th e r i v e r .
-I t-
INTRODUCTTON
Uamerous e f f o r t s have been made i n th e U n ite d S ta te s to p re v e n t f i s h
l o s s 'i n i r r i g a t i o n d iv e r s io n s .
One o f th e e a r l i e s t a tte m p ts was on C a l-
d o n ia C reek, New York ( E e i t r i t z , 195>2) i n 1865.
The m ost in te n s iv e
e f f o r t h a s p ro b a b ly been i n C a l if o r n ia (W ales, 19li-8j L e i t r i t z , 1952)
where a la r g e number o f d itc h e s have been s c re e n e d .
A f i s h s c re e n in g p o lic y was ad o p ted in Montana i n 1893 b u t was d i s ­
c o n tin u e d i n 1897 ( C lo th ie r , 1953a) and th e m aintenance o f s c re e n s was
abandoned by th e F is h and Game D epartm ent i n 19^2 (Montana F is h and Game
D epartm ent, 1 9 ^ 2 ).
Most o f th e work h as been d ir e c te d tow ard th e de­
velopm ent o f fish - s c re e n s which a re known to be e f f e c t i v e , b u t th e c o s t
o f i n s t a l l a t i o n and m aintenance h as l im it e d t h e i r u s e .
C lo th ie r (1953a) r e p o rte d a v a r i a t i o n i n th e f i s h l o s s between
i r r i g a t i o n d iv e r s io n s o f th e West G a lla t in R iv e r.
He a ls o found much
d i v e r s i t y in th e p h y s ic a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f th e c a n a ls .
The p re s e n t
s tu d y d e a ls w ith th e r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een th e p h y s ic a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
o f c a n a l in ta k e s and f i s h l o s s .
I f a r e l a t i o n s h i p e x i s t s , th e n f e a s i b l e
a l t e r a t i o n s o f e x i s t i n g and p ro p o sed d iv e r s io n s m ight re d u c e f i s h l o s s e s .
The U. S . F is h and W ild lif e S e rv ic e and th e Montana F is h and Game D e p art­
ment (1952) i n a. j o i n t r e p o r t on th e Fishlcun S upply C an al, su g g e ste d t h a t
th e d e s ig n , lo c a t io n and o p e ra tio n o f c a n a l h ead in g s, may have a d i r e c t
e f f e c t on f i s h l o s s .
The p r e s e n t in v e s t ig a ti o n was co n d u cted June
th ro u g h O c to b er, 1951 and 1952.
n
-5>-
T.IS-R5E
O—
canal
T.2S-R.3E
T.2S-R.4E
T.3S-R.4E
SCALE IN
F ig u re I .
T.2S-R.5E
T3S-R5E
MILES
A 20-m ile s e c tio n o f th e Vfest G a lla t in R iv e r,
showing th e 12 c a n a ls s tu d ie d
\ '
•*6**
Acknowledgements
The w r i t e r w ishes t o e x p re ss a p p r e c ia tio n to D r. C. J . D. Brown who
d ir e c te d th e p r o j e c t and a id e d i n th e p r e p a r a tio n o f th e m a n u sc rip t and
t o Mr. W illiam C lo th ie r f o r h i s a s s is ta n c e i n th e f ie ld *
Thanks a re a ls o
due Mr. M elvin Papke f o r in fo rm a tio n on d iv e r s io n flo w s and t o th e
ra n c h e rs o f G a l l a t i n V a lle y f o r t h e i r c o o p e ra tio n .
s u p e rv is e d th e s t a t i s t i c a l a n a ly s is o f th e d a ta .
D r. B ernard O stle
F in a n c ia l a s s is ta n c e
was f u r n is h e d by th e Montana F is h and Game D epartm ent u n d er th e F e d e ra l
1
■
■
A id to F is h ! R e s to r a tio n Act ( P r o je c t number F - 3 -E ).
■
G e n e ra l D e s c rip tio n o f th e Study A rea
A r a t h e r com plete d e s c r ip tio n o f th e liifest G a lla t in R iv e r and th e
d iv e rs io n s was g iv en by C lo th ie r ( 1 9 5 3 a ).
Of th e $2 d iv e r s io n s on th e
West G a l l a t i n , n in e (F ig u re l ) were s e le c te d f o r .s t u d y i n 1951.
These
w ere as fo llo w s : K le in sc h m id t, H ig h lih e , L o w lin e5 Keughen, Beck and
B o rd e r, Cream ery, C la rk , G illm ore-T odd and Cock r i l l .
Tn 1952, th e
Mammoth, Noble and Bopt-Mc C ullo ch d itc h e s were in c lu d e d i n a d d itio n
and th e G illm ore-T odd was d e le te d s in c e a c c e ss was n o t p e r m itte d .
METHODS
S ta tio n s were e s ta b lis h e d a t com parable lo c a tio n s n e a r th e head o f
e ac h c a n a l in ta k e and v e l o c i t i e s , d e p th s , w id th s and g r a d ie n ts were ta k e n .
A d e t a i l e d map o f th e in ta k e and a d ja c e n t r i v e r a re a was p re p a re d f o r
each o f th e tw e lv e d itc h e s (se e su p p lem en t, F ig u re s 2 -1 2 ).
The c a n a l
in ta k e i s d e fin e d as t h a t p a r t o f an i r r i g a t i o n d iv e rs io n from i t s o r ig i n
-7 -
a t th e r i v e r to th e f i r s t o r p rim a ry h e a d g a te .
O b se rv a tio n s were made on p rim ary h e a d g a te s in r e l a t i o n to th e ty p e
o f m a te r ia ls u s e d in c o n s tr u c tio n and th e m ethod. o f r e g u la tin g th e volume
o f flo w in to th e d iv e r s io n s .
■ ■ V e l o c i t i e s , volumes and g r a d ie n ts : ' C lo th ie r (1953b) r e p o r te d t h a t
th e g r e a t e s t movement o f f i s h i n t o i r r i g a t i o n d iv e rs io n s o c c u rre d d u rin g
th e h ig h -w a te r p e r io d .
In ta k e v e l o c i t i e s were ta k e n J u ly 7-9 (n e a r th e
end o f th e h ig h -w a te r p e rio d f o r 1952}.
A w a te r l e v e l s t a t i o n was
e s ta b lis h e d i n th e r i v e r n e a r th e Keughen c a n a l in ta k e .
A v a ria tio n in
l e v e l o f e i g h t and o n e -h a lf in c h e s was re c o rd e d d u rin g th e th re e days
r e q u ir e d to o b ta in th e v e l o c i t y re a d in g s a t a l l s t a t i o n s .
."Water v e l o c i t y was d e term in e d by th e f l o a t method (Welch,, 1958)
s in c e h ig h w a te r le v e l s p re v e n te d th e u se o f th e c u r r e n t m e te r.
A 25-50
f o o t range was e s ta b lis h e d a t each in ta k e and s u rfa c e f l o a t s were tim ed
from th e u p p e r t o th e lo w er end o f th e ra n g e .
■
Three re a d in g s were ta k e n ■
a t each s t a t i o n and th e average v e l o c i t y d e term in e d .
A com parison was
made betw een v e l o c i t i e s ta k e n by th e f l o a t method and by a Leupold and
S tev en s "M idget C u rre n t M eter" when l e v e l s p e rm itte d .
In th e s e com pari­
s o n s , th e f l o a t method showed h ig h e r v e l o c i t i e s i n a l l c a se s' w ith a p e r ­
cen tag e d if f e r e n c e ra n g in g from 10 a t th e lo w er v e l o c i t i e s to 23 a t th e
h ig h e r 3 th e av erag e was 16. 6 .
In fo rm a tio n on volume o f flow was s e c u re d from th e r i v e r com m ission­
e r and th e d e cree d r i g h t s (c u b ic f e e t p e r seco n d ) were u s e d f o r th e s tu d y
o f th e -r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een f i s h l o s s and volum e.
G ra d ie n ts were d e te r ­
—8—
mined a t each c a n a l in ta k e by th e u se o f a hand l e v e l .
M d th s and d e p th s
t
I n 1952, av erag e w id th s and d e p th s a c ro s s th e
c a n a l in ta k e s were o b ta in e d as soon as w a te r l e v e l s p e rm itte d ( J u ly 2k3 1 ).
The w a te r l e v e l f l u c t u a t i o n a t th e Keughen s t a t i o n d u rin g t h i s
p e r io d was th r e e in c h e s .
Three m easurem ents o f w id th were ta k e n a t each
s t a t i o n and th e average d e term in e d .
D epths were p b ta in e d b y m easuring
th e d is ta n c e from th e w a te r s u rfa c e to th e c a n a l bottom a t each o n e -fo o t
i n t e r v a l o f w id th and th e average d e term in e d by t o t a l l i n g th e re a d in g s
and d iv id in g by one more th a n th e number o f o b s e r v a tio n s .
Mapping?
P lane ta b le mapp were com pleted d u rin g th e p e rio d s June 20-
August 21, 1951 and J u ly 23-A ugust 15, 1952 (su p p lem en t. F ig u re s 2 -1 2 ).
I n 1 9 5 V th e a n g le betw een each in ta k e and th e r i v e r (F ig u re li) was
d e te rm in e d .
In 1952, each c a n a l in ta k e and th e r i v e r a d ja c e n t to th e
. d iv e r s io n from 150 f e e t downstream to 300 f e e t u p stream was mapped i n
d e t a i l and m easurem ents o f p h y s ic a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o b ta in e d .
The
p h y s ic a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s d eterm in ed were a s f o llo w s : lo c a tio n s o f p rim ary
h e a d g a te s , lo c a t io n o f th e c a n a l in ta k e s i n r e l a t i o n to th e d ir e c t i o n o f
r i v e r flo w , angle betw een th e in ta k e and th e r i v e r , bottom ty p e s , bottom
c o n to u rs , bank c o v er and lo c a t io n o f d iv e r s io n dams i f p r e s e n t .
F is h l o s s :
C lo th ie r (1953a) e s tim a te d th e l e g a l game f i s h ( t o t a l
le n g th , seven in c h e s o r o v er) lo s s in c e r t a i n d iv e rs io n s o f th e West
G a lla t in R iv e r f o r 1951»
His f ig u r e s (T able l ) were u se d f o r th e s tu d y
o f th e r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een f i s h lo s s and th e v a rio u s p h y s ic a l c h a r a c te r ­
i s t i c s o f th e in ta k e s f o r t h a t y e a r .
He found th e g r e a t e s t number o f
Game f i s h lo s s and v a rio u s p h y s ic a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f c a n a l in ta k e s f o r 195)1 and 19^2
1951
K ieih sch m id t
H ig h lih e
Low line
Mammoth
Keughen
Beck & B order
Noble
Cream ery
C la rk
G illm o re -Todd"
Bopt-Mc C u llo ch
C o c k r ill
"N o.
Lb.
5601
- 6 l2
132
227I
232
71
16?
3681
a
1761
—• e —
Itti
77
22
33
20
6
W ™ "™
16
5
E stim a te d
game - f i s h ,
l o s s 1952
SubL eg al
le g a l
No. Lb.
No.
11
21
82
51
13
22
7
0
19
3 .5
1 1 .1
1.6 2
2 2 .1;
1 0 .U
1 0 .0
2 .5
0 .0
5 .9
——
Ili
10
11
IUo
282
UU
3U
UU
iU
79
3U
P h y s ic a l C h a r a c te r is tic s
3.37
It. 60
3 .6 1
3 .0 9
2.37
2 .5 5
1 .7 8
U.91
——
3 .3
3 .7
76
22
2 .5 6
" 2.1t7
I-.
a s
151
lli8
IllS
7U
70
56
23
20
16
15
12
6
t
%8
e &
8*3
S j
"§>
S - ii
@a
! S i;
S i;
U.3
1 9 .8
2 0 .0
1 8 .8
•»
_____
3 .6
2 .5
1 5 .3
2 .1
5 »5
3 .2
15 .3
11*3
2 5 .0
U7.5
2 5 .0
3 7 .5
1 1 .3
3 .0
2 .1
1 .2
1 .2
1 .1
1 .2
2
I
.9
52
16
2lt
U6‘
0
————
————
——
——
0
3 .2
1 .5
2 6. 0 .
1 9 .0
1 .8
1 .3
0
36
——
————
a ?
Angle o f
in ta k e 1951
Uame o f d iv e r s io n
E stim ated"'
l e g a l game
f is h lo s s
V e lo c ity
(ft/s e c )
Table I .
68
33
——
——
CM
0
53
33
75
0
Uo
60
30
U2
31
.0
30
0
Loss in flu e n c e d by c re e k s e n te r in g c a n a ls ( C lo th ie r , 1 9 5 3 a ).
2 Sharp re d u c tio n s i n r a t e o f flow b e fo re sam pling may have in flu e n c e d l o s s ( C lo th ie r , 1 9 5 3 a ).
-1 0 -
f i s h i n th e f i r s t o n e - h a lf m ile o f* c a n a l.
I n 1952, poo f e e t o f each
c a n a l im m ed iately downstream from th e h e ad g a te was .sampled b y ah a l t e r - '
n a tin g - c n r r e n t " s h o c k e r" .
T his was d iv id e d in to th r e e s e c tio n s b y th e
u se o f b lo c k in g n e ts f o r convenience i n sam p lin g .
A ll f i s h c o l l e c t e d .
were c o u n te d , w eighed and m easured and th e r e s u l t s were u sed f o r th e
1952 co m p ariso n s.
V ery few f i s h s m a lle r th a n th re e in c h e s were in c lu d e d
s in c e th e n e t openings ( o n e - h a lf in c h s t r e t c h ) were to o la r g e t o r e t a i n
them .
A U d iv e r s io n s were sampled, d u rin g th e p e rio d J u ly l k t o August 8
e x c e p t th e H ig h lin e and th e Lowline c a n a ls which were sam pled A ugust 21
and Septem ber 13 r e s p e c t i v e l y .
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANAL INTAKES AND FISH LOSS
An a tte m p t was made to determ in e what r e l a t i o n s h i p , i f an y , e x is t e d
betw een f i s h lo s s and th e v a rio u s p h y s ic a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f c a n a l i n ­
ta k e s .
The h e ad g a te c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s c o n s id e re d w ere l o c a t i o n , con­
s t r u c t i o n and m a n ip u la tio n .
The in ta k e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s were v e l o c i t y ,
volum e, g r a d ie n t, w id th , d e p th , lo c a t io n i n r e l a t i o n t o r i v e r flo w , an g le
w ith r i v e r , d iv e r s io n dams, bottom ty p e s , c o v e r.
H e ad g a te s:
The p rim a ry h e a d g a te s o f some c a n a ls a re lo c a te d d i r e c t l y on
th e r i v e r w h ile i n o th e r s , th e y a re a t v a ry in g d is ta n c e s downstream.
The
l e g a l game f i s h lo s s i n 195l av erag ed 1 8 .8 pounds ( 70 .5 f i s h ) i n th e
Keughen, C la rk , G illm ore-T odd and C o c k f ill d iv e rs io n s which had h ead g ates
on th e r i v e r and 5 2 .0 pounds (8 8 .0 f i s h ) in th e Lowline and Creamery
c a n a ls w hich had h e a d g a te s dow nstream .
O th er d itc h e s s tu d ie d were e x - .
e lu d e d from t h i s com parison s in c e , l o s s was known to be in flu e n c e d by
-1 1 -
w a te r m a n ip u la tio n s o r o th e r cau ses ( C lo th ie r , 1 9 5 3 a)„
In 1952, th e
l e g a l lo s s averaged 7 .1 pounds ( l 5 .9 f i s h ) i n th e K le in sc h m id t, H ig h lin e ,
Mammoth, Keughen, N oble, Cream ery, Bopt-Mc C u llo ch and C o c k r ill d i - .
v e rs io n s T iiich have h e a d g a te s on th e
r i v e r and 8 .0 pounds (2 0 .5 f i s h ) i n
th e Beck and
B order and C la rk c a n a ls which, have h e a d g a te s downstream.
The s u b le g a l
game f i s h lo s s av erag ed 3 6 .8 f i s h i n th e fo rm er and 3 9 .0 i n
th e l a t t e r .
The lo s s i n th e Bowline d itc h was n o t u sed i n th e 1952 com­
p a ris o n s s in c e w a te r m a n ip u la tio n s may have in flu e n c e d i t ( C lo th ie r ,
1 9 5 3 a).
The h e a d g a te s o f some c a n a ls a re c o n s tr u c te d o f c o n c re te w h ile
o th e r s a re b u i l t o f wood.
I n 1 9 5 l, th e l e g a l game f i s h lo s s av erag ed
3iio8 pounds ( 8 8 . h f i s h ) i n th e B ow line, Keughen, Cream ery, C la rk and
G illm ore-T odd d iv e r s io n s w hich have h e a d g a te s c o n s tr u c te d o f c o n c re te •
and was 5 pounds ( l 6 .0 f i s h ) i n th e C o c k r ill c a n a l which h as a h ead g ate
b u i l t o f wood.
I n 1952, th e l e g a l l o s s av erag ed 8 .3 pounds ( l 8 .9 f i s h )
i n th e K le in sc h m id t, H ig h lin e , Mammoth, Keughen, Beck and B o rd er, Cream­
e r y , C la rk and Bopt-Mc C u llo ch d iv e rs io n s w hich have c o n c re te h e ad g a te s
and 3 .1 pounds ( 8 .5 f i s h ) i n th e Noble and C o c k r ill c a n a ls which have
wooden h e a d g a te s .
The s u b le g a l game f i s h l o s s av erag ed lj.2.0 f i s h i n th e
form er group o f d iv e rs io n s and 1 8 .0 i n th e l a t t e r .
W ater flo w i n t o each o f th e d iv e rs io n s s tu d ie d i s r e g u la te d by
v e r t i c a l m a n ip u la tio n o f a woodep- g a te i n th e h ead g ate opening e x ce p t
f o r one c a n a l w hich i s r e g u la te d b y p la c in g p la n k s on end from s id e to
^
I
s id e a c ro s s th e o p e n in g . I n 1951, th e l e g a l game f i s h l o s s av erag ed
'
-1 2 -
3 lt.6 pounds (8 2 .8 f i s h ) i n th e L ow linejl Keughen5 C la rk , G illm ore-T odd and
C o c k r ill d itc h e s which have v e r t i c a l l y m a n ip u la ted h e a d g a te s and was 33
pounds (IiU f i s h ) i n th e Cream ery c a n a l which has a h o r i z o n t a l l y manipu­
l a t e d h e a d g a te .
I n 1952, th e l e g a l l o s s av erag ed 8 .1 pounds ( l 8 .7 f i s h )
i n th e K le in sc h m id t, H ig h lin e , Mammoth, Keughen, Beck and B o rd er, N oble,
C la rk , Bopt-Mc C ullo ch and C o c k r ill d iv e rs io n s which have v e r t i c a l l y .
m a n ip u la ted h e a d g a te s w h ile th e r e was no l e g a l lo s s i n th e Creamery c a n a l
which h as a h o r i z o n t a l l y m a n ip u la ted h e a d g a te .
The s u b ^ le g a l lo s s a v e r­
aged 3 2 .6 f i s h i n th e fo rm er and- was 79 .0 i n th e l a t t e r .
V e lo c ity , volume and g r a d i e n t :
A com parison was made betw een f i s h lo s s
i n th o s e d iv e r s io n s h aving above av erag e and th o se h av in g b elo w average
v e l o c i t y , volume and g r a d ie n t a t th e in ta k e (T able l ) .
In 1952, th e
av erag e v e l o c i t y i n a l l c a n a l in ta k e s was 3 .13 f e e t p e r seco n d .
The
l e g a l game f i s h lo s s a v erag e d 1 0 .7 pounds (2 5 .5 f i s h ) i n th e K le in sc h m id t,
H ig h lin e ,- Mammoth and C la rk d itc h e s w hich had v e l o c i t i e s above average
and 5 .0 pounds ( l l .O f i s h ) i n th e Keughen, Beck and B o rd e r, N oble, Cream­
e r y , BoptfMe C u llo c h and C o c k r ill c a n a ls which had v e l o c i t i e s below a v e r­
age.
The s u b le g a l game f i s h lo s s av erag ed 2li.8 f i s h i n th e fo rm er and.
Uit.S i n th e l a t t e r .
I n 1951, th e av erag e volume o f flo w a t th e h ead g ate was U5.8 cu b ic
f e e t p e r seco n d .
The l e g a l game f i s h l o s s av erag ed 57*5 pounds (l5 0 f i s h )
i n th e Low line and Keughen c a n a ls which had above av erag e volumes and l 6 .0
pounds (39*8 f i s h ) i n th e Cream ery, C la rk , G illm ore-T odd and C o c k r ill d i ­
v e r s io n s which had volumes below a v e ra g e .
In 1952, th e average volume was
—1 3 -
f>7.0 cu b ic f e e t p e r seco n d .
The l e g a l lo s s av erag ed 1 1 .0 pounds (2ito0 '
f i s h ) i n th e K le in sc h m id t, H ig h lin e > Mammoth and Keughen c a n a ls which had
volumes above average and I4..2 pounds (1 2 .0 f i s h ) i n th e Beck and B o rd er,
N oble, C ream ery, C la rk , Bopt-Mc C u llo ch and C o c k r ill d itc h e s w hich had
volumes below a v e ra g e .
The s u b le g a l l o s s av erag ed 23 .8 f i s h i n th e
fo rm er and U 1..8 i n th e l a t t e r .
The g r a d ie n ts o f a l l c a n a l in ta k e s av erag ed 7 .8 f e e t p e r m ile .
The
l e g a l l o s s av erag ed 1 3 .1 pounds (3 0 .3 f i s h ) i n th e H ig h lin e , Mammoth and
C la rk d iv e rs io n s w hich had g r a d ie n ts above average and 3 .6 pounds (1 2 .8
f i s h ) i n th e K le in sc h m id t, Keughen, Beck and B o rd er, C o c k r ill, Noble and
Bopt-Mc C u llo ch c a n a ls which had g r a d ie n ts below a v e ra g e .
The average
s u b le g a l lo s s was 3 0 .7 f i s h i n th e form er and 3 3 .3 i n th e l a t t e r .
The
g r a d ie n t o f th e C ream ery in ta k e was n o t in c lu d e d d u e ■to a l t e r a t i o n r e s u l t ­
in g from highway c o n s tr u c tio n .
H idth and d e p th :
A com parison o f f i s h l o s s i n th e d iv e r s io n s in r e l a t i o n
to th e w id th s and d e p th s a c ro s s th e c a n a l in ta k e s was made in 1932
( Table l ) .
The average w id th a c ro s s a l l c a n a l in ta k e s was 2 ^ .1 f e e t .
The l e g a l game f i s h lo s s av erag ed 3 .2 pounds (1 1 .2 f i s h ) in th e Keughen,
Beck and B o rd e r, N oble, Creamery and Bopt-Mc C u llo ch d iv e r s io n s which
have in ta k e s w id e r th a n av erag e and 9 .3 pounds ( 2 2 .U f i s h ) i n th e K lein ­
schm idt," H ig h lin e , Mammoth, C la rk and C o c k r ill d itc h e s which have in ta k e s
n arro w er th a n a v e ra g e .
The average s u b le g a l l o s s was U9.U f i s h i n th e
fo rm er and 2 3 .0 i n th e l a t t e r .
1
The average d e p th a c ro ss a l l c a n a l1 in ta k e s was 1 .9 f e e t .
The l e g a l
lo s s av erag ed 1 1 .9 pounds (2 lu 0 f i s h ) i n th e K lein sch rn id t, Manmoth and .
Keughen d iv e rs io n s which have in ta k e s d e ep e r th a n av erag e and ko2 pounds
(1 2 .0 f i s h ) i n th e' Beck and B o rd e r, N oble, Creamery, C la rk , Bopt-Mc C u lloch and C o c k r ill d itc h e s w hich have in ta k e s sh a llo w e r th a n a v e ra g e .
The
s u b le g a l lo s s av erag ed 2 ^ .8 f i s h i n th e fo rm er and Ljli.8 i n th e l a t t e r .
L o c a tio n in r e l a t i o n t o r i v e r flo w :
Some in ta k e s a re lo c a te d on bends
■and o th e r s on s t r a i g h t s e c tio n s o f th e r i v e r .
A com parison o f f i s h lo s s
was made betw een d iv e r s io n s having in ta k e s on r i v e r bends and th o s e hav­
in g in ta k e s on s tr a ig h t- a - w a y s .
I n 1951, th e l e g a l game f i s h lo s s a v e r­
aged li9«3 pounds ( lilt..3 f i s h ) i n th e L ow line, Keughen and Creamery
d itp h e s which have in ta k e s on r i v e r bends and 1 0 .3 pounds (3 8 .3 f i s h ) i n
th e C la rk , G illm o re -Todd and C o c k r ill c a n a ls w hich have in ta k e s on
s tr a ig h t- a - w a y s .
I n 1952, th e l e g a l lo s s av erag ed 8 .3 pounds ( l ? . ? f i s h )
i n th e H ig h lin e , Mammoth, Keughen, N oble, Creamery and Bopt-Mc C ulloch
d iv e r s io n s w hich have in ta k e s on bends and 5»8 pounds (l5 « 5 f i s h ) i n th e
K le in sc h m id t, Beck and B o rd e r, C la rk and C o c k r ill d itc h e s w hich have i n ­
ta k e s on s tr a ig h t- a - w a y s .
The s u b le g a l lo s s av erag ed 1:3.5 f i s h i n th e
form er and 2 7 .8 i n th e l a t t e r .
Angle w ith r i v e r :
Some c a n a l in ta k e s a re p a r a l l e l w ith th e r i v e r from
t h e i r o r ig i n to a t l e a s t 150 f e e t downstream w h ile o th e rs le a v e th e r i v e r
a t an an g le ( Table l ) ,
Those which a re p a r a l l e l a r e . r e f e r r e d to .as form­
in g an a n g le o f z e ro d e g re e s w ith th e r i v e r .
A com parison o f f i s h lo s s
was made betw een d iv e r s io n s which form above av erag e a n g les and th o se
which form below av erag e a n g le s w ith th e r i v e r .
I n 1951, th e average
-1 5 -
an g le betw een th e in ta k e and th e r i v e r f o r a l l c a n a ls was 25 .7 d e g re e s .
The l e g a l .game f i s h lo s e av erag ed i # . 3 pounds (I l l u 3 f i s h ) i n th e Lowl i n e , Keughen and Creamery d iv e rs io n s which form g r e a te r th a n average
a n g le s w ith th e r i v e r and 1 0 .3 pounds (3 8 .3 f i s h ) in th e C la rk , G illm o re Todd and C o c k r ill d itc h e s w hich form l e s s th a n av erag e a n g le s .
In 1952,
th e average a n g le betw een th e in ta k e s and th e r i v e r was 2 8 .6 d e g re e s .
T h e .le g a l l o s s a v erag e d 8 .5 pounds (1 8 .3 f i s h ) i n th e H ig h lin e , Mammoth,
Keughen, Beck and B o rd er, N oble, Creamiery and Bopt-Mc C u llo ch d iv e rs io n s
which form g r e a t e r th a n average a n g le s w ith th e r i v e r and Lull pounds
(1 3 .3 f i s h ) i n th e K le in sc h m id t, C la rk and C o c k r ill c a n a ls which form
l e s s th a n average a n g le s .
■
The s u b le g a l lo s s av erag ed i|3 .6 f i s h i n th e
form er and 22.3 i n th e l a t t e r .
D iv e rs io n dams?
Most o f th e c a n a ls have d iv e rs io n dams c o n s tr u c te d
e i t h e r o f ro c k o r c o n c re te w hich e x te n d o u t in to th e r i v e r and d iv e r t
w a te r i n t o th e in ta k e .
I n 1952, a com parison o f f i s h lo s s 'w a s made be­
tw een d itc h e s w ith d iv e r s io n dams a t th e in ta k e and th o se w ith o u t.
The '
' K le in sc h m id t and Keughen c a n a ls have c o n c re te d iv e rs io n dams which were
n o t o p e ra te d ; t h e r e f o r e , . th e y were ex clu d ed from th e co m p ariso n .
The
l e g a l game f i s h l o s s averaged 9 .9 pounds (2 3 .0 f i s h ) i n th e H ig h lin e ,
Mammoth, Beck and B o rd er, Noble and Bopt-Mc C u llo c h d itc h e s which have
d iv e r s io n dams' and 3 .2 pounds (9 .7 f i s h ) i n th e Cream ery, C la rk and Cockr i l l c a n a ls which do n o t have d iv e r s io n dams.
The s u b le g a l lo s s averaged
3 8 ,1; f i s h i n th e form er and Lt5*0 i n th e l a t t e r .
Bottom ty p e s and c o v e r:
Some, in ta k e s and th e a d ja c e n t r i v e r bottom s were
-1 6 -
p r e dom in an tly s i l t - s a n d w h ile o th e rs were g ra v e l-ru b b le '.
I n 19^2, a
com parison o f f i s h lo s s in th e d iv e rs io n s was made i n r e l a t i o n t o th e s e
tw o-bottom ty p e s ,
■
l e g a l game f i s h lo s s av erag ed IuS pounds ( l l . ^ f i s h )
i n th e Beck and B o rd e r, Cream ery, Bopt-Mc C u llo ch and C o c k r ill d iv e rs io n s
w hich.have s i l t - s a n d bottom s i n th e in ta k e and a d ja c e n t r i v e r and 9„3
pounds (2 0 .3 f i s h ) i n th e K le in sc h m id t, H ig h lin e , Mammoth, Keughen, Noble
and C la rk c a n a ls which have bottom s o f g r a v e l- r u b b le .
The s u b le g a l lo s s
av erag ed !?5>*3 f i s h i n th e fo rm er and 2 3 .2 i n th e l a t t e r .
Cover was c l a s s i f i e d as p o o ls , overh an g in g b ru sh and u n d e rc u t banks
and th e a r e a o f each ty p e was d e te rm in e d ' (T able l ) .
The t o t a l p e rc e n ta g e
o f co v er f o r th e in ta k e and a d ja c e n t r i v e r a re a was o b ta in e d by a d d in g '
th e sq u are f e e t o f a re a o ccu p ied by w a te r th r e e f e e t and g r e a t e r i n d e p th ;
th e a re a co v ered by overhanging b ru s h ; th e a re a co v ered by overhanging
bank and d iv id in g by th e t o t a l sq u are f e e t o f w a te r a r e a .
I n 1932, a
com parison o f f i s h lo s s was made betw een d iv e rs io n s h av in g above average,
and th o s e h a v in g below av erag e c o v er on th e in ta k e s and a d ja c e n t r i v e r
a re as.
The average p e rc e n ta g e o f co v er was '21]..I p e r c e n t.
The l e g a l game
f i s h lo s s av erag ed 3«2 pounds (1 2 .3 f i s h ) i n th e K le in sc h m id t, H ig h lin e ,
Noble and C o c k r ill d iv e rs io n s w hich have above average c o v e r and 8 .7
pounds (1 9 .8 f i s h ) i n th e Mammoth, Keughen, Beck and B o rd e r, Creamery,
C la rk and Bopt-Mc C u llo c h d itc h e s which have below av erag e c o v e r.
The
s u b le g a l l o s s averaged l3«3 f i s h i n th e fo rm er and 3 6 .8 i n th e l a t t e r .
-1 7 ■
DISCU SSIO N
. An a tte m p t was made to c o r r e l a t e l e g a l game f i s h l o s s w ith th e
v a rio u s p h y s ic a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f c a n a l i n t a k e s .
S u b le g a l game f i s h
lo s s was n o t u sed s in c e th e method o f sam pling d id n o t p e rm it a tr u e
e s tim a tio n o f th e number o f f i s h s m a lle r th a n seven in c h e s .
The number
o f d itc h e s s tu d ie d i s sm all b u t th e y a re b e lie v e d to be r e p r e s e n ta tiv e
o f th e i r r i g a t i o n d iv e rs io n s o f th e West G a lla t in R iv e r , M ontana.
W hile some o f th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f h e a d g a te s , such a s lo c a t io n ,
c o n s tr u c tio n and m a n ip u la tio n , c o u ld be c o r r e l a t e d w ith f i s h l o s s , no
c o n fid e n ce i s p la c e d i n t h i s in fo rm a tio n s in c e o th e r f a c t o r s may have
g re a te r e f f e c t .
Among th e s e o th e r f a c t o r s a re volume o f flo w i n d itc h e s ,
amount o f w a te r d iv e r te d as compared to th e amount r e t a i n e d b y th e r i v e r
and lo c a t io n o f in ta k e s i n r e l a t i o n to r i v e r flo w .
The l e g a l game f i s h lo s s was p r o p o r tio n a l to th e volume o f flo w i n
th e d itc h e s e x c e p t f o r th e K lein sch m id t c a n a l.
To d eterm in e th e s i g n i f i ­
cance o f t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p , th e r e g r e s s io n o f f i s h lo s s on volume was
computed f o r b o th th e 1951 and 1952 co m p ariso n s.
In b o th c a s e s , th e
r e g r e s s io n was s i g n i f i c a n t a t P = 0 .0 5 , t h e r e f o r e j i t ap p ears t h a t a
re a s o n a b ly h ig h degree o f l i n e a r a s s o c ia tio n e x i s t s betw een l e g a l game
f i s h lo s s - and volume o f flo w i n th e d iv e r s io n s «
The m easurem ents f o r th e Mammoth and K lein sch m id t c a n a ls were n o t
in c lu d e d i n th e r e g r e s s io n c o m p u ta tio n s.
The Mammoth d itc h i s lo c a te d on
a l a t e r a l b ran ch o f th e G a lla t in R iv e r and from e a r l y i n th e i r r i g a t i o n
sea so n u n t i l th e h e a d g a te i s c lo s e d i n th e autumn, a p p ro x im a te ly J u ly I
-1 8 -
to O ctober
, a l l b u t a n e g lig ib le amount o f w a te r i s d iv e r te d from th e
r i v e r i n t o th e c a n a l.
In 1952, th e Mammoth d itc h s u s ta in e d th e h ig h e s t
l e g a l game f i s h lo s s and i t i s b e lie v e d t o be th e r e s u l t o f t h i s de­
w a te rin g p r a c t i c e .
A lthough th e K lein sch m id t c a n a l had th e l a r g e s t v o l­
ume o f flo w o f th e d itc h e s s tu d ie d , i t s u s ta in e d a v e ry low f i s h lo s s in
1952.
T his d iv e r s io n i s on the, u p p er p a r t o f th e s tu d y a re a (F ig u re I )
and th e r i v e r a d ja c e n t t o th e in ta k e i s n o t s u b je c t t o d e w a te rin g .
The
in ta k e i s a ls o on a s t r a i g h t s e c tio n o f th e r i v e r and a p p a r e n tly , few
f i s h a re p r e s e n t i n t h i s a r e a , p o s s ib ly a c c o u n tin g f o r th e I qw lo s s in
th e c a n a l.
The l i n e a r r e g r e s s io n s o f f i s h lo s s a g a in s t v e l o c i t y , g r a d ie n t,
d e p th o r w id th d id h o t prove t o be s i g n i f i c a n t .
I t i s t h e r e f o r e assumed
t h a t th e s e p h y s ic a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s in f lu e n c e f i s h lo s s i n i r r i g a t i o n
d iv e rs io n s, o n ly when i n c o m b in atio n .
In c o n s id e rin g c a n a l in ta k e s i n r e l a t i o n to r i v e r flo w , th e h ig h e s t
l e g a l game f i s h lo s s was s u s ta in e d b y those^'b n 'r i v e r b e n d s , h u t. i n .l9 5 l,
th e s e c a n a ls (L ow line, Keughen and Cream ery) a ls o .had h ig h e r volumes o f
flo w .
However, i f th e Low line and Keughen d iv e rs io n s were ex clu d ed from
th e com parison, making th e c a n a ls w ith in ta k e s lo c a te d on bends more com­
p a ra b le in volume o f flo w to th o s e w ith in ta k e s lo c a te d on s t r a i g h t - a ways, th e lo s s i n th e form er would s t i l l be a lm o st th re e tim e s t h a t i n
th e l a t t e r . . I n 1952, th e av erag e volume o f flo w f o r th e d iv e rs io n s w ith
in ta k e s on r i v e r bends was p r a c t i c a l l y th e same as th o s e w ith in ta k e s on
s tr a ig h t- a - w a y s .■ The- l e g a l game f i s h lo s s was h ig h e s t i n c a n a ls w ith i n ­
-1 9 -
ta k e s on r i v e r b e n d s.
The r e g r e s s io n s o f f i s h lo s s a g a in s t th e a n g le o f th e in ta k e Tzdth
th e r i v e r d id n o t prove t o be s i g n i f i c a n t .
The in fo rm a tio n g a in e d from
t h i s s tu d y does n o t su p p o rt th e !inference t h a t th e an g le by which th e i n ­
ta k e le a v e s th e r i v e r h as any in flu e n c e on l e g a l game f i s h l o s s .
Wlien com paring l e g a l game f i s h lo s s in c a n a ls h av in g d iv e rs io n dams
w ith t h a t i n c a n a ls n o t h av in g dams^ th e fo rm er group o f c a n a ls s u s ta in e d
th e h ig h e s t l o s s .
However, t h i s h ig h e r lo s s i s th o u g h t to be a r e s u l t o f
o th e r f a c t o r s , p a r t i c u l a r l y volume o f flo w .
In c o n s id e rin g f i s h lo s s in r e l a t i o n to bottom, ty p e s i n th e in ta k e s
.and a d ja c e n t r i v e r a r e a s , th e d iv e rs io n s which have g ra v e l-ru b b le bottom s
s u s ta in e d a h ig h e r l o s s th a n th o s e w hich have s i l t - s a n d b o tto m s.
A gain,
t h i s h ig h e r l o s s i s th o u g h t to be a r e s u l t o f o th e r f a c t o r s in c lu d in g
volume o f flo w .
R egarding th e e f f e c t o f c o v e r 'a t th e in ta k e s and a d ja c e n t r i v e r
a r e a s , th e r e g r e s s io n o f f i s h lo s s on th e th r e e ty p e s o f c o v e r, i n d i v i ­
d u a lly and c o l l e c t i v e l y , was t e s t e d and found n o t s i g n i f i c a n t .
I t is
th o u g h t t h a t c o v er may n o t e f f e c t l e g a l game f i s h l o s s o th e r th a n what
in f lu e n c e i t e x e r ts i n com binatio n w ith in ta k e s which a re lo c a te d on
r i v e r b e n d s.
SUMMARY
I.
F is h l o s s was d eterm in ed and th e v a rio u s p h y s ic a l c h a r a c te r ­
i s t i c s o f th e c a n a l in ta k e s and h e a d g a te s were m easured d u rin g th e sum­
m ers o f 1951 and 1952 f o r 12 i r r i g a t i o n d iv e rs io n s o f th e W est G a lla t in
-2 0 -
R iv e r , M o n tan a..
2.
The p h y s ic a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s c o n sid e re d w ere:
h e a d g a te l o ­
c a ti o n , c o n s tr u c tio n and m a n ip u la tio n ; in ta k e v e l o c i t y , volum e, g r a d ie n t,
w id th , d e p th and a n g le w ith r i v e r ; lo c a t io n o f in ta k e s in r e l a t i o n to
r i v e r flo w , d iv e rs io n dams, bottom ty p e s , c o v er and amount o f w ater '
d iv e r te d i n r e l a t i o n to th e amount r e t a i n e d b y th e r i v e r .
3.
No c o r r e l a t i o n was a p p a re n t betw een l e g a l game f i s h lo s s and
l o c a t i o n , c o n s t r u c t i o n ' o r m a n ip u la tio n o f h e a d g a te s.
k'
The l i n e a r r e g r e s s io n o f l e g a l game f i s h lo s s on v e l o c i t y ,
g r a d ie n t, w id th o r d ep th o f in ta k e s d id n o t p ro v e ■s i g n i f i c a n t w ith th e ■
a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e t e s t .
5>.
The r e g r e s s io n o f l e g a l game f i s h l o s s on th e an g le o f th e i n ­
ta k e w ith r i v e r o r amount o f co v er a t th e in ta k e o r a d ja c e n t r i v e r a re a s
d id n o t p ro v e s i g n i f i c a n t .
6.
Bottom ty p e s i n th e in ta k e and a d ja c e n t r i v e r a re a s o r th e
e x is te n c e o f d iv e r s io n dams a t th e in ta k e a p p a r e n tly h ad no o b se rv a b le
in flu e n c e on l e g a l game f i s h l o s s .
7.
L eg al game f i s h l o s s was h ig h e s t i n c a n a ls w ith th e h ig h e r
\
volumes o f flo w and in th o se w ith in ta k e s lo c a te d on r i v e r bends. '
8.
The h ig h e s t l e g a l l o s s i n 195>2 o c c u rre d i n a c a n a l in to which
a l l b u t a. n e g l i g i b l e amount o f w a te r was d iv e r te d from th e r i v e r channel
on which i t was lo c a t e d .
-2 1 -
LIIERATURE CITED
C l o th ie r , DiT. D»
19^3a.
F is h l o s s and movements in i r r i g a t i o n d iv e rs io n s
from th e "West G a lla t in R iv e r, Montana.
J o u r . W ild l. M g t., 1 7 ( 2 ) :
lhU-1^8.
------:-----------------*
d iv e r s io n s .
L e i t r i t z , E a rl.
C a lifo rn ia .
19531.
Methods o f re d u c in g f i s h lo s s e s i n i r r i g a t i o n
Montana F is h and Game D e p t., 1953, 5 PP•
1952.
S to p p in g them : th e developm ent o f f i s h s c re e n s i n
C a l i f . F is h and Game, 3 8 ( l) :5 3 - 6 2 .
M isso u ri R iv e r B asin S tu d ie s , F is h and W ild life S e r v ic e , TI. S . D. I . and
Montana F is h and Game D epartm ent.
1952.
F is h s tra n d e d by th e c lo s ­
u re o f th e P ishkun S upply C an al, 1950-1951» mimeographed.
Montana F is h and Game D epartm ent.
19^2.
F is h s c re e n in g and p la n tin g .
Mont. F is h and Game Comm., B ie n n ia l r e p o r t , 1 9 h l-l9 h 2 .
W ales, J . H.
19h8.
20 p p .
C a l i f o r n i a ’s f i s h s c re e n program .
122 p p .
C a l i f . F is h and
Game, 3 U (2 ):h 5 -5 i»
% l c h , P a u l S«
Penn.
36k
19h8.
p p.
L im n o lo g ic al m ethods.
The B la k is to n C o ., P h i l a . ,
-2 2 -
SUPPLEMENT
Maps o f e le v e n i r r i g a t i o n c a n a l in ta k e s and a d ja c e n t a re a s o f th e
lflfest G a lla t in R iv e r, Montana (F ig u re s 2-12) showing th e fo llo w in g p h y s ic a l
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s : lo c a t io n and c o n s tr u c tio n o f p rim ary h e a d g a te s j in ta k e
w idth and a n g le w ith r i v e r ; d ep th c o n to u rs , lo c a t io n o f in ta k e s in r e ­
l a t i o n to r i v e r flo w , d iv e rs io n dams and c o v e r.
LEGEND
O
0___ 52__ 22__ S0
i:::::::::::::::::::::::-
SCALE IN FEET
underwater concrete apron
CONCRETE H EADGATE
WOODEN HEADGATE
------------------------- >
++++++++++++++++
DIRECTION OF WATER FLOW
UNDERCUT BANK
CHARACTERS OF BANK
HA- HIGH ABRUPT
SHADING
O - OPEN
HS- HIGH SLOPING
P S - PARTLY SHADED
GS- GENTLY SLOPING
D S - DENSLY SHADED
L A - LOW ABRUPT
G - GRASS
SH- SHRUBS
T - TREES
RD- ROCK DAM
RP-ROCK PILING
23-
CONCkE TE
O-HA
P S - SH- HA
APRON
F igu re 2 .
K lein sch m id t ca n a l
—2lx~
PS-SHar-LA
PS-SH a ! - L A
a T-
F igure 3
H ig h lin e ca n a l
-2 5 -
P S -S H 8 T -L A
PS-SH a T-
LA y
O-GS
DS-SH
a T-HA
1O-GS
DS-SH BT-HA
PS-SH a T - H A
F ig u re It.
P S -S H S T - L A
L ow line c a n a l.
F ig u re
D S - S H -L A
O -LA
—26 -
Mammoth c a n a l•
-2 7 -
.O-GS
F ig u re 6 .
Keughen c a n a l.
PS- SH a T - L A
—2 8 -
F igu re 7«
Beck and Border c a n a l.
-2 9 -
O-LA
PS-SH-L
rO-LA
PS-SH a T-LA
O-GS
O-GS
p s-snar-L A
F ig u re 8 .
N oble c a n a l.
-S*-
-3 0 -
F ig u re 9 .
Creamery c a n a l.
O-LA
-3 1 -
F igure 1 0 .
C lark c a n a l.
-3 2 -
/
F ig u re 1 1 .
Bopt-Mc C u llo ch c a n a l.
-3 3 -
F igu re 1 2 .
C o c k r ill c a n a l.
110377
MONTANA STATE UNTVFnsrrv i Td c q t ^
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